The properties, antecedents, and relationships of aggression and altruism can be examined from a number of different perspectives, each focusing attention on different relevant parameters and processes. The examination of aggression and altruism from a biological viewpoint is oriented to the role of neurochemical and genetic factors and to possible evolutionary functions of these behaviors. A socialization perspective leads to a consideration of child-rearing patterns, to variations in experiences believed to influence aggression and altruism, and particularly, to reinforcement histories. Related to the socialization perspective is the cultural perspective, the latter emphasizing the cultural norms and rules that regulate appropriate and inappropriate expressions of aggressive and altruistic behaviors.

This chapter assumes still another stance in approaching the question of the development of aggression and altruism – that of the child's personality structure and dynamics. These perspectives are not mutually exclusive – there is interaction between the variables each emphasizes, and an understanding of aggression and altruism and their interrelationship must reflect considerations from all these perspectives. However, the realities of research impose a more constrained and defined approach. In addition, in our judgment, personality-related issues of aggressive and altruistic behaviors are central to an understanding of the development and meaning of these behaviors.

We first address issues concerning the relationship(s) that might be expected between these two behavior domains, as well as the mediating personality processes and antecedent developmental factors implicated in these relationships.