Abegg, C., & Thierry, B. (2002). Macaque evolution and dispersal in insular South-East Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75:555–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abello, M. A., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E., & Candela, A. M. (2012). Paleobiology of the Paucituberculata and Microbiotheria (Mammalia, Marsupialia) from the late Early Miocene of Patagonia. In Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia. High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Vizcaíno, S. F., Kay, R. F., & Bargo, M. S., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackermann, R. R. (2007). Hybrids, spandrels, and the evolution of development: insights from baboons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132 (supplement 44):60.Google Scholar

Ackermann, R. R. (2010). Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: recognizing admixture in the fossil record. Evolutionary Anthropology 19:258–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackermann, R. R., Rogers, J., & Cheverud, J. M. (2006). Identifying the morphological signatures of hybridization in primate and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 51:632–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agustí, J., & Antón, M. (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Ajmone-Marsan, P. A., Garcia, J. F., Lenstra, J. A., & The Globaldiv Consortium. (2010). On the origin of cattle: how aurochs became cattle and colonized the world. Evolutionary Anthropology 19:148–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alemseged, Z., Spoor, F., Kimbel, W. H., et al. (2006). A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443:296–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, R. McN. (1985). Body size and limb design in primates and other mammals. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, Jungers, W. L., ed. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 337–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, R. McN. (1989). Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Alexander, R. McN., Jayes, A. S., Maloiy, G. M. O., & Wathuta, E. M. (1979). Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). Journal of Zoology, London 189:305–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, R. McN., Jayes, A. S., Maloiy, G. M. O., & Wathuta, E. M. (1981). Allometry of leg muscles of mammals. Journal of Zoology, London 194:539–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alfaro, J. W., Boubli, J. P., Olsen, L. E., et al. (2012). Explosive Pleistocene range expansion leads to widespread Amazonian sympatry between robust and gracile capuchin monkeys. Journal of Biogeography 39:272–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, J. A., & Huber, M. (2010). Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature 463:653–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allman, J. (1982). Reconstructing the evolution of the brain in primates through the use of comparative neurophysiological and neuroanatomical data. In Primate Brain Evolution, Armstrong, E., & Falk, D., eds. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 13–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alroy, J. (1998). Diachrony of mammalian appearance events: implications for biochronology. Geology 26:23–26.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altenhoff, A. M., Studer, R. A., Robinson-Rechavi, M., & Dessimoz, C. (2012). Resolving the ortholog conjecture: orthologs tend to be weakly, but significantly, more similar in function than paralogs. PLoS Computational Biology 8. .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anonymous (2011a). Chimpanzees in research: statement on Institute of Medicine report by NIH Director Francis Collins. .

Anonymous. (2011b). Origin of species. Nature 475:424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antoine, P.-O., De Franceschi, D., Flynn, J. J., et al. (2006). Amber from Western Amazonia reveals Neotropical diversity during the middle Miocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Arnold, M. (1997). Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Asher, R. J., Novacek, M. J., & Geisler, J. H. (2003). Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10:131–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, C., Smith, T. M., Brodman, A., et al. (2013). Barium distributions in teeth reveal early-life dietary transitions in primates. Nature 498:216–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Avise, J. (2000). Cladists in wonderland. Evolution 54:1828–1832.Google Scholar

Basmajian, J. V. (1963). Control and training of individual motor units. Science 141:440–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Basmajian, J. V. (1972). Electromyography comes of age. Science 176:603–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Basmajian, J. V. (1974). Muscles Alive. Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography, 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD: Wiliiams & Wilkins Co.Google Scholar

Bauer, K., & Schreiber, A. (1997). Double invasion of Tertiary island South America by ancestral New World monkeys?Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 60:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. C. (1990). Gliding behaviour and palaeoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera). Nature 345:340–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. C. (1998a). A new genus of Tarsiidae (Mammalia: Primates) from the middle Eocene of Shanxi Province, China, with notes on the historical biogeography of tarsiers. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:260–277.Google Scholar

Beard, K. C. (1998b). East of Eden: Asia as an important center of taxonomic origination in mammalian evolution. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:5–39.Google Scholar

Beard, K. C. (2004). The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey. Unearthing the Origins of Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Beard, K. C., Krishtalka, L., & Stucky, R. K. (1991). First skulls of the Early Eocene primate Shoshonius cooperi and the anthropoid-tarisier dichotomy. Nature 349:64–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beard, K. C., Qi, T., Dawson, M. R., Wang, B., & Li, C. (1994). A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368:604–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Behrensmeyer, A. K., & LaPorte, L. F. (1981). Footprints of a Pleistocene hominid in northern Kenya. Nature 289:167–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, P. R., Snively, E., & Shychoski, L. (2009). A comparison of the jaw mechanics in hadrosaurid and ceratopsid dinosaurs using finite element analysis. The Anatomical Record 292:1338–1351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benefit, B. R. (1999). Victoriapithecus: the key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 7:155–174.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benjamin, M., Toumi, H., Ralphs, J. R., Bydder, G., Best, T. M., & Milz, S. (2006). Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (‘entheses’) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. Journal of Anatomy 208:471–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bennett, M. R., Harris, J. W. K., Richmond, B. G., et al. (2009). Early hominin foot morphology based on 1.5-million-year-old footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323:1197–1201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benton, M. J. (2010). Naming dinosaur species: the performance of prolific authors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1478–1485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bermejo, M., Rodríguez-Teijeiro, J. D., Illera, G., Barroso, A., Vilà, C., & Walsh, P. D. (2006). Ebola outbreak killed 5000 gorillas. Science 314:1564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berner, R. A., VandenBrooks, J. M., & Ward, P. D. (2007). Oxygen and evolution. Science 316:557–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berry, A., & Browne, J. (2008). The other beetle-hunter. Nature 453:1188–1190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bertrand, O. C., Flynn, J. J., Croft, D. A., & Wyss, A. R. (2012). Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile). American Museum Novitates, no. 3750.CrossRef

Blanco, M. B., Dausmann, K. H., Ranaivoarisoa, J. F., & Yoder, A. D. (2013). Underground hibernation in a primate. Scientific Reports 3:1768. .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bloch, J. I., & Boyer, D. M. (2002). Grasping primate origins. Science 298:1606–1610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bloch, J. I., & Boyer, D. M. (2003). Response to comment on “Grasping primate origins”. Science 300:741. [DOI:10.1126/science.1082060].CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloch, J. I., Silcox, M. T., Boyer, D. M., & Sargis, E. J. (2007). New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:1159–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blois, L. J., & Hadly, A. E. (2009). Mammalian response to Cenozoic climate change. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37(8):1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boesch, C., & Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bown, T. M., & Rose, K. D. (1987). Patterns of Dental Evolution in Early Eocene anaptomorphine primates (Omomyidae) from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 61(supplement), Memoir no. 23.Google Scholar

Boyer, D. M., & Bloch, J. I. (2008). Evaluating the mitten-gliding hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, “Plesiadapiformes”) using comparative functional morphology of new Paleogene skeletons. In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology. A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Sargis, E. J., & Dagosto, M., eds. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 233–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyer, D. M., Yapuncich, G. S., Chester, S. G. B., Bloch, J. I., & Godinot, M. (2013). Hands of early primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 57:33–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brncic, T. M., Willis, K. J., Harris, D., & Washington, R. (2007). Culture or climate? The relative influences of past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362:229–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brooks, T. M., & Helgen, K. M. (2010). A standard for species. Nature 467:540–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, J. H., & Maurer, B. A. (1987). Evolution of species assemblages: effects of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of the North American avifauna. The American Naturalist 130:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. H., & Maurer, B. A. (1989). Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243:1145–1150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, J. H., Marquet, P. A., & Taper, M. L. (1993). Evolution of body size: consequences of an energetic definition of fitness. The American Naturalist 142:573–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budd, G. E. (2008). The earliest fossil record of the animals and its significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. .CrossRef

Burney, D. A., Burney, L. P., Godfrey, L. R., et al. (2004). A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. Journal of Human Evolution 47:25–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bush, E. C., Simons, E. L., & Allman, J. M. (2004). High-resolution computed tomography study of the cranium of a fossil anthropoid primate, Parapithecus grangeri: new insights into the evolutionary history of primate sensory systems. Anatomical Record A 281A:1083–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cachel, S. (n.d.) Evolutionary processes and interpretation of the archaeological record. In Apocalypse Then and Now, Fernandez, D., et al., ed. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.

Cachel, S. (1979a). A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50:1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cachel, S. (1979b). A paleoecological model for the origin of higher primates. Journal of Human Evolution 8:351–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cachel, S. (1981). Plate tectonics and the problem of anthropoid origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 24:139–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cachel, S. (1984). Growth and allometry in primate masticatory muscles. Archives of Oral Biology 29:287–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cachel, S. (1992). The theory of punctuated equilibria and evolutionary anthropology. In The Dynamics of Evolution. The Punctuated Equilibrium Debate in the Natural and Social Sciences, Somit, A., & Peterson, S. A., eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 187–220.Google Scholar

Cachel, S. (1996). Megadontia in the teeth of early hominids. Kaupia 6:119–128.Google Scholar

Cachel, S. (2006). Primate and Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cachel, S. (2009). Using sexual dimorphism and development to reconstruct mating systems in ancient primates. In Primatology: Theories, Methods and Research, Potocki, E., & Krasiński, J., eds. New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 75–93.Google Scholar

Cande, S. C., & Stegman, D. R. (2011). Indian and African plate motions driven by the push force of the Réunion plume head. Nature 475:47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carotenuto, E., Barbera, C., & Raia, P. (2010). Occupancy, range size and phylogeny in Eurasian Pliocene to recent large mammals. Paleobiology 36:399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cartelle, C., & Hartwig, W. C. (1996). A new extinct primate among the Pleistocene megafauna of Bahia, Brazil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:6405–6409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cartmill, M. (1972). Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the Order Primates. In The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, Tuttle, R. H., ed. Chicago, IL: Aldine, pp. 97–122.Google Scholar

Cartmill, M. (1974a). Daubentonia, Dactylopsila, woodpeckers and klinorhynchy. In Prosimian Biology, Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., & Walker, A. C., eds. London: Duckworth, pp. 655–670.Google Scholar

Cartmill, M. (1974b). Rethinking primate origins. Science 184:436–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cartmill, M. (1975). Primate Origins. Minneapolis: Burgess.Google Scholar

Cartmill, M. (1992). New views on primate origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 1:105–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P., & Schmitt, D. (2002). Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136:401–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cerling, T. E., & Ehleringer, J. R. (2000). Welcome to the C4 world. In Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Gastaldo, R. A., & DiMichele, W. M., eds. Paleontology Society Papers, no. 6, pp. 273–286.CrossRef

Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., Leakey, M. G., Passey, B. H., & Levin, N. E. (2010). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in East African mammals: modern and fossil. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 941–952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cerling, T. E., Wynn, J. G., Andanje, S. A., et al. (2011). Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years. Nature 476:51–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cerling, T. E., Chritz, K. L., Jablonski, N. G., Leakey, M. G., & Manthi, F. K. (2013). Diet of Theropithecus from 4 to 1 Ma in Kenya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110:10507–10512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chaimanee, Y., Jolly, D., Beammi, M., et al. (2003). A Middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins. Nature 422:61–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., Jintasakul, P., Vidthayanon, C., Marandat, B., & Jaeger, J.-J. (2004). A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand. Nature 427:439–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chaimanee, Y., Yamee, C., Tian, P., et al. (2006). Khoratpithecus piriyai, a Late Miocene hominoid of Thailand. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131:311–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chaimanee, Y., Chavasseau, O., Beard, K. C., et al. (2012). Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Chaitra, M. S., Vasudevan, K., & Shanker, K. (2004). The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it. Current Science 86:897–899.Google Scholar

Charles-Dominique, P. (1977). Ecology and Behavior of Nocturnal Primates. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Charrier, C., Joshi, K., Coutinho-Budd, J., et al. (2012). Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation. Cell 149:923–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciochon, R. (1988). Gigantopithecus: the king of all the apes. Animal Kingdom 91(2):32–39.Google Scholar

Ciochon, R. (2009). The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia. Nature 459:910–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciochon, R, Piperno, D. R., & Thompson, R. G. (1990a). Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape, Gigantopithecus blacki: implications for paleodietary studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87:8120–8124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciochon, R., Olsen, J., & James, J. (1990b). Other Origins. The Search for the Giant Ape in Human Prehistory. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar

Collard, M., & Wood, B. (2000). How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:5003–5006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conniff, R. (2006). For the love of lemurs. Smithsonian 37(1):102–109.Google Scholar

Conniff, R. (2010). Unclassified. Discover 31(5):52–57.Google Scholar

Conroy, G. C. (1987). Problems of body-weight estimation in fossil primates. International Journal of Primatology 8:115–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conroy, G. C. (1990). Primate Evolution. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Conroy, G. C., & Vannier, M. W. (1984). Noninvasive three-dimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high-resolution computed tomography. Science 226:456–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conway Morris, S. (1998). The Crucible of Creation. The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, K. L., & Tabin, C. J. (2008). Understanding of bat wing evolution takes flight. Genes & Development 22:121–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Copeland, S. R., Sponheimer, M., de Ruiter, D. J., et al. (2011). Strontium isotope evidence for landscape use by ancient hominins. Nature 474:76–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coxall, H. K., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Lear, C. H., & Backman, J. (2005). Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean. Nature 433:53–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cracraft, J. (1989). Speciation and its ontology. In Speciation and Its Consequences, Otte, D., & Endler, J. A., eds. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 28–59.Google Scholar

Crampton, J. S., Beu, A. G., Cooper, R. A., Jones, C. M., Marshall, B., & Maxwell, P. A. (2003). Estimating the rock volume bias in paleobiodiversity studies. Science 301:358–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cretekos, C. J., Wang, Y., Green, E. D., et al. (2008). Regulatory divergence modifies limb length between mammals. Genes & Development 22:141–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dabney, J., Knapp, M., Glocke, I., et al. (2013). Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110:15758–15763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dagosto, M., Gebo, D. L., & Beard, K. C. (1999). Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of central Wyoming. Part 14. Postcranium of Shoshonius cooperi (Mammalia, Primates). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 68:175–211.Google Scholar

Dalén, L., Nyström, V., Valdiosera, C., et al. (2007). Ancient DNA reveals lack of postglacial habitat tracking in the Arctic fox. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:6726–6729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dashzeveg, D., & McKenna, M. C. (1977). Tarsioid primate from the Early Tertiary of the Mongolian People’s Republic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 22:119–137.Google Scholar

Dashzeveg, D., Novacek, M. J., Norell, M. A., et al. (1995). Extraordinary preservation in a new vertebrate assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 374:446–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Chardin, P. T. (1922). Les mammifères de l’éocène inférieure francais et leurs gisements. Annales de paléontologie. 10:169–176; 11:1–108.Google Scholar

de Menocal, P. (1995). Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science 270:53–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Menocal, P. (2004). African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220:3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Wit, M., & Masters, J. C. (2004). The geological history of Africa, India and Madagascar: dispersal scenarios for vertebrates. Folia primatologica 75:117.Google Scholar

Delisle, R. G. (2006). Debating Humankind’s Place in Nature, 1860–2000: The Nature of Paleoanthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Delson, E. (1973). Fossil Colobine Monkeys of the Circum-Mediterranean Region and the Evolutionary History of the Cercopithecidae. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Paleontology, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar

Delson, E. (1979). Oreopithecus is a cercopithecoid after all. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50:431–432.Google Scholar

Delson, E. (1986). An anthropoid enigma: historical introduction to the study of Oreopithecus bambolii. Journal of Human Evolution 15:523–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delson, E. (2000). Cercopithecinae. In Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory, Delson, E., Tattersall, I., Van Couvering, J. A., & Brooks, A. S., eds. New York: Garland, pp. 166–171.Google Scholar

Delson, E., & Rosenberger, A. (1984). Are there any anthropoid primate living fossils? In Living Fossils, Eldredge, N., & Stanley, S. M., eds. New York: Springer, pp. 50–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennis, M. Y., Nuttle, X., Sudmant, P. H., et al. (2012). Evolution of human-specific neural SRGAP2 genes by incomplete segmental duplication. Cell 149:912–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Desmond, A. (1997). Huxley. From Devil’s Disciple to Evolution’s High Priest. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Dewar, R. E., Radimihaly, C., Wright, H. T., Jacobs, Z., Kelly, G. O., & Berna, F. (2013). Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Dillon, M. E., Wang, G., & Huey, R. B. (2010). Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

DiMichele, W. A., Falcon-Lang, H. J., Nelson, W. J., Elrick, S. D., & Ames, P. R. (2007). Ecological gradients within a Pennsylvanian mire forest. Geology 35:415–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douady, C. J., Catzeflis, F., Kao, D. J., Springer, M. S., & Stanhope, M. J. (2002). Molecular evidence for the monophyly of Tenrecidae (Mammalia) and the timing of the colonization of Madagascar by Malagasy tenrecs. Molecular and Phylogenetic Evolution 22:357–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dobson, A. (2005). Monitoring global rates of biodiversity change: challenges that arise in meeting the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2010 goals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360:229–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dumont, E. R., Strait, S. G., & Friscia, A. R. (2000). Abderitid marsupials from the Miocene of Patagonia: an assessment of form, function, and evolution. Journal of Paleontology 74:1161–1172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Dunsworth, H. M., Warrener, A. G., Deacon, T., Ellison, P. T., & Pontzer, H. (2012). Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109:15212–15216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dupont-Nivet, G., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Abels, H. A., Dai, S., & Fang, X. (2007). Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nature 445:635–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duval, L., Fourment, M., Nerrienet, E., et al. (2010). African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Eberle, J. J., & Greenwood, D. R. (2012). Life at the top of the Eocene greenhouse world—a review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada’s High Arctic. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124:3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eberle, J., Fricke, H., & Humphrey, J. (2009). Lower-latitude mammals as year-round residents in Eocene Arctic forests. Geology 37:499–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eldredge, N., & Gould, S. J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology, Schopf, T. J. M., ed. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, pp. 82–115.Google Scholar

Eldredge, N., & Cracraft, J. (1980). Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Elliot Smith, G. (1924). Essays on the Evolution of Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Emmons, L. H., & Gentry, A. H. (1983). Tropical forest structure and the distribution of gliding and prehensile-tailed vertebrates. The American Naturalist 121:513–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erikson, G. E. (1963). Brachiation in the New World monkeys and in anthropoid apes. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 10:135–164.Google Scholar

Erickson, G. M., Makovicky, P. J., Inouye, B. D., Zhou, C.-F., & Gao, K.-Q. (2009). A life table for Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: initial insights into ornithischian dinosaur population biology. The Anatomical Record 292:1514–1521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Evans, A., Wilson, G. P., Fortelius, M., & Jernvall, J. (2007). High-level similarity of dentitions in carnivorans and rodents. Nature 445:78–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ewald, P. W. (1980). Evolutionary biology and the treatment of signs and symptoms of infectious disease. Journal of Theoretical Biology 86:169–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feibel, C. S. (2011). Anthropology: shades of the savannah. Nature 476:39–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fischer, T. P., Burnard, P., Marty, B., et al. (2009). Upper-mantle volatile chemistry at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano and the origin of carbonatites. Nature 459:77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fitzgerald, J. T. (2007). 1.5 Ma Hominid Fossil Footprints Found at FwJj 14 East, Koobi Fora, Kenya. Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.Google Scholar

Flannery, T. (2001). The Eternal Frontier. An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.Google Scholar

Flynn, J. J. (1986). Faunal provinces and the Simpson Coefficient. In Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy, Flanagan, K. M., & Lillegraven, J. A., eds. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper no. 3, pp. 317–338.Google Scholar

Flynn, J. J. (2009). Splendid isolation. Natural History 118(5):26–32.Google Scholar

Flynn, J. J., & Wyss, A. R. (1998). Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:449–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Flynn, J. J., Wyss, A. R., Charrier, R., & Swisher, C. C. (1995). An Early Miocene anthropoid skull from the Chilean Andes. Nature 373:603–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fortelius, M. (1990). Problems with using fossil teeth to estimate body sizes of extinct mammals. In Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications, Damuth, J., & MacFadden, B. J., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 207–228.Google Scholar

Fourie, N. H., Lee-Thorp, J. A., & Rogers Ackermann, R. (2008). Biogeochemical and craniometric investigation of dietary ecology, niche separation, and taxonomy of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecoids from the Makapansgat Limeworks. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135:121–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frankel, N., Erezyilmaz, D. F., McGregory, A. P., Wang, S., Payre, F., & Stern, D. L. (2011). Morphological evolution caused by many subtle-effect substitutions in regulatory DNA. Nature 474:598–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Franzen, J. L., Gingerich, P. D., Habersetzer, J., Hurum, J. H., von Koenigswald, W., & Smith, B. H. (2009). Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: morphology and paleobiology. PLoS One 4(5):1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Franzen, J. L., Habersetzer, J., Schlosser-Sturm, E., & Franzen, E. L. (2012). Paleopathology and fate of Ida (Darwinius masillae, Primates, Mammalia). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. .CrossRef

Freedman, L. (1957). The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23(part 2):121–262 with 52 plates.Google Scholar

Garber, P. A. (1992). Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88:469–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Garber, P. A. (2007). Primate locomotor behavior and ecology. In Primates in Perspective, Campbell, C. J., Fuentes, A., Mackinnon, K. C., Panger, M., & Bearder, S. K., eds. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 543–560.Google Scholar

Garcia-Castellanos, D., Estrada, F., Jiménez-Munt, I., et al. (2009). Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature 462:778–781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gebo, D. L. (2004). A shrew-sized origin for primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 47:40–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., Beard, K. C., & Qi, T. (2000). The smallest primates. Journal of Human Evolution 38:585–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Geschwind, D. H., & Konopka, G. (2012). Genes and human brain evolution. Nature 486:481–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gibbons, A. (2012). Turning back the clock: slowing the pace of prehistory. Science 338:189–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gingerich, P. D. (1973). Anatomy of the temporal bone in the Oligocene anthropoid Apidium and the origin of Anthropoidea. Folia primatologica 19:329–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gingerich, P. D. (1974). Dental function in the Paleocene primate Plesiadapis. In Prosimian Biology, Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., & Walker, A. C., eds. London: Duckworth, pp. 531–541.Google Scholar

Gingerich, P. D. (1975a). A new genus of Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates) from the Late Eocene of southern France, and its significance for the origin of higher primates. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 24:163–170.Google Scholar

Gingerich, P. D. (1975b). Systematic position of Plesiadapis. Nature 253:111–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingerich, P. D. (1976). Cranial Anatomy and Evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). Museum of Paleontology, Papers on Paleontology, no. 15. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Gingerich, P. (1979). The stratophenetic approach to phylogeny reconstruction in vertebrate paleontology. In Phylogenetic Analysis and Paleontology, Cracraft, J., & Eldredge, N., eds. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 41–77.Google Scholar

Gingerich, P. D. (1981). Early Cenozoic Omomyidae and the evolutionary history of tarsiiform primates. Journal of Human Evolution 10:345–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingerich, P. D., & Smith, B. H. (1985). Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and insectivores. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, Jungers, W. L., ed. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 257–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glikson, A. Y., Jablonski, D., & Westlake, S. (2010). Origin of the Mt. Ashmore structural dome, West Bonaparte Basin, Timor Sea. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57:411–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glob, P. V. (1971). The Bog People. Iron-Age Man Preserved. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar

Godfray, H. C. J. (2007). Linnaeus in the information age. Nature 446:259–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Godfrey, L. R., Schwartz, G. T., Samonds, K. E., Jungers, W. L., & Catlett, K. K. (2006). The secrets of lemur teeth. Evolutionary Anthropology 15:142–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Godfrey, L. R., Jungers, W. L., & Burney, D. A. (2010). Subfossil lemurs of Madagascar. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 351–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Godinot, M. (2010). Paleogene prosimians. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 319–331.Google Scholar

Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. I. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar

Goodman, S. M., & Benstead, J. P., eds. (2003). The Natural History of Madagascar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Gordon, C. L. (2003). A first look at estimating body size in dentally conservative marsupials. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm. A critique of the adaptationist program. Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon B 205:581–598.Google Scholar

Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., et al. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, P. R., & Grant, B. R. (1992). Hybridization of bird species. Science 256:193–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., et al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. Science 328:710–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregory, W. K. (1916). Studies on the evolution of the primates. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35:239–355.Google Scholar

Gregory, W. K. (1920). On the structure and relations of Notharctus, an American Eocene primate. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 3, part 2.Google Scholar

Gregory, W. K. (1949). The bearing of the Australopithecinae upon the problem of man’s place in nature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7:485–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gregory, W. K. (1951). Evolution Emerging. A Survey of Changing Patterns from Primeval Life to Man, 2 vols. New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar

Gregory, W. K., & Hellman, M. (1926). The dentition of Dryopithecus and the origin of man. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 28, part 1.Google Scholar

Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

Gursky-Doyen, S. (2010). Married to the mob. Natural History 119:20–26.Google Scholar

Hamon, N., Sepulchre, P., Donnadieu, Y., et al. (2012). Growth of subtropical forests in Miocene Europe: the roles of carbon dioxide and Antarctic ice sheets. Geology 40:567–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamrick, M. W. (2012). The developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the primate limb skeleton. Evolutionary Biology 39:447–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J., & Vail, P. R. (1987). The chronology of fluctuating sea level since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harjunmaa, E., Kallonen, A., Voutilainen, M., Hämäläinen, K., Mikkola, M. L., & Jernvall, J. (2012). On the difficulty of increasing dental complexity. Nature 483:324–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, T. (2010a). Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 429–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrison, T. (2010b). Later Tertiary Lorisiformes. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 333–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrison, T., Ji, X., & Zheng, L. (2008). Renewed investigations at the Late Miocene hominoid locality Leilao, Yunnan, China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135(supplement 46):113.Google Scholar

Hartenberger, J.-L. (1998). An Asian Grande Coupure. Nature 394:321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartwig, W. C. (1995). A giant New World monkey from the Pleistocene of Brazil. Journal of Human Evolution 28:189–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartwig, W. C., Ed. (2002). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hartwig, W. C., & Cartelle, C. (1996). A complete skeleton of the giant South American primate Protopithecus. Nature 381:307–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hatala, K. G., Dingwall, H. L., Wunderlich, R. E., & Richmond, B. G. (2012). An experimentally-based interpretation of 1.5 million-year-old fossil hominin footprints: implications for the evolution of human foot function. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 54:161.

Hawks, J. (2004). How much can cladistics tell us about early hominid relationships?American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:207–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hayssen, V. D. (1984). Mammalian reproduction: constraints on the evolution of infanticide. In Infanticide. Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, Hausfater, G., & Hrdy, S. B., eds. New York: Aldine, pp. 105–123.Google Scholar

Heads, M. (2010). Evolution and biogeography of primates: a new model based on molecular phylogenetics, vicariance and plate tectonics. Zoologica Scripta 39:107–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heard-Booth, A. N., & Kirk, E. C. (2012). The influence of maximum running speed on eye size: a test of Lueckart’s law in mammals. The Anatomical Record. .CrossRef

Heesy, C. P. (2005). Function of the mammalian postorbital bar. Journal of Morphology 264:263–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Held, Jr., L. I. (2010). The evolutionary geometry of human anatomy: discovering our inner fly. Evolutionary Anthropology 19:227–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hendry, A. P. (2007). Darwin in the fossils. Nature 451:779–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henneberg, M. (1997). The problem of species in hominid evolution. Perspectives in Human Biology 3:21–31.Google Scholar

Henneberg, M., & Brush, G. (1994). Similum, a concept of flexible, synchronous classification replacing rigid species in evolutionary thinking. Evolutionary Theory 10:278.Google Scholar

Hennig, W. (1966). Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Henry, A. G., Ungar, P. S., Passey, B. H., et al. (2012). The diet of Australopithecus sediba. Nature 487:90–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hershkovitz, P. (1974). A new genus of Oligocene monkey (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) with notes on postorbital closure and platyrrhine evolution. Folia primatologica 21:1–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hershkovitz, P. (1977). Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) with an Introduction to Primates. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Heuvelmans, B. (1995). On the Track of Unknown Animals, 3rd edn. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Hill, T. M., Kennett, J. P., Valentine, D. L., et al. (2006). Climatically driven emissions of hydrocarbons from marine sediments during deglaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Hine, C. (2008). Systematics in Cyberscience: Computers, Change, and Continuity in Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffstetter, R. (1971). Le peuplement mammalien de l’Amérique du Sud. Rôle des continents austraux comme centres d’origine, de diversification et de dispersion pour certains groups mammaliens. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cièncias 43(supplement):125–144.Google Scholar

Hoffstetter, R. (1972). Relationships, origins, and history of the ceboid monkeys and caviomorph rodents: a modern reinterpretation. In Evolutionary Biology, vol. 6, Dobzhansky, T., Hecht, M. K., & Steere, W. C., eds. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 323–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffstetter, R. (1977). Phylogénie des primates. Confrontation des résultats obtenus par les diverses voies d’approche du problème. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 4:327–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hopper, S. D. (2007). New life for systematics. Science 316:1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hull, D. L. (1988). Science as a Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunt, G. (2007a). Evolutionary divergence in directions of high phenotypic variance in the ostracode genusPoseidonamicus. Evolution 61:1560–1576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hunt, G. (2007b). The relative importance of directional change, random walks, and stasis in the evolution of fossil lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:18404–18408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hürzeler, J. (1958). Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais. A preliminary report. Verhandlungen der Naturforschung Gesellschaft Basel 69(1):1–48.Google Scholar

Hürzeler, J. (1960). The significance of Oreopithecus in the genealogy of man. Triangle 4:164–175.Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. (1959). Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals?The American Naturalist 93:145–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huxley, J. S. (1932). Problems of Relative Growth. London: MacVeagh.Google Scholar

Huxley, T. H. (1863). Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press [reprinted in 1959].Google Scholar

Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999). Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 238:1–95.Google Scholar

Jablonski, D. (1999). The future of the fossil record. Science 284:2114–2116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jablonski, D., Roy, K., Valentine, J. W., Price, R. M., & Anderson, P. S. (2003). The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of marine diversity. Science 300:1133–1135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jablonski, N. G., Ed. (1993). Theropithecus: Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jablonski, N. G. (2002). Fossil Old World monkeys: the Late Neogene radiation. In The Primate Fossil Record, Hartwig, W. C., ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 255–299.Google Scholar

Jablonski, N. G., & Frost, S. (2010). Cercopithecoidea. In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, Werdelin, L., & Sanders, W. J., eds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 393–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, G. H. (2008). Primate color vision: a comparative perspective. Visual Neuroscience 25:619–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jacobs, G. H., & Nathans, J. (2009). The evolution of primate color vision. Scientific American April:56–63.

Jaeger, J.-J., Beard, K. C., Chaimanee, Y., et al. (2010a). Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids. Nature 467:1095–1098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jaeger, J.-J., Marivaux, L., Salem, M., et al. (2010b). New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of Central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeogeographical implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:195–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janečka, J. E., Miller, W., Pringle, T. H., et al. (2007). Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science 318:792–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H. (1967). Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. The American Naturalist 101:233–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H., & Martin, P. H. (1983). Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science 215:19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, Jr., F. A., & Krause, D. W. (1983). Adaptations for climbing in North American multituberculates (Mammalia). Science 220:712–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenner, R. A., & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2008). Problematica old and new. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B. .CrossRef

Jernvall, J., & Wright, P. C. (1998). Diversity components of impending primate extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:11279–11283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ji, X., Jablonski, N. G., Su, D. F., et al. (2013). Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin. .CrossRef

Jolly, A. (2004). Lords and Lemurs: Mad Scientists, Kings with Spears, and the Survival of Diversity in Madagascar. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Jolly, A. (2006). A global vision. Nature 443:148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jolly, C. J. (1970). The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man 5:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, F. C., Grabherr, M. G., Chan, Y. F., et al. (2012). The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Nature 484:55–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jones, N. (2010). Battle to degas deadly lakes continues. Nature 466:1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jones, P. (1994). Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation 3:772–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jungers, W. L. (1977). Hindlimb and pelvic adaptations to vertical climbing and clinging in Megaladapis, a giant subfossil prosimian from Madagascar. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 20:508–524.Google Scholar

Jungers, W. L. (1978). The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 19:303–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junker, J., Blake, S., Boesch, C., et al. (2012). Recent decline in suitable environmental conditions for African great apes. Diversity and Distributions 18:1077–1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kangas, A. T., Evans, A. R., Thesleff, L., & Jernvall, J. (2004). Nonindependence of mammalian dental characters. Nature 432:211–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaplan, M. (2012). Primates were always tree-dwellers. Nature. .CrossRef

Karanth, K. P., Delefosse, T., Rakotosumimanana, B., Parsons, T. J., & Yoder, A. D. (2005). Ancient DNA from giant extinct lemurs confirms single origin of Malagasy primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:5090–5095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kavanagh, K. D., Evans, A. R., & Jernvall, J. (2007). Predicting evolutionary patterns of mammalian teeth from development. Nature 449:427–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kay, R. F. (1975). The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 43:195–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kay, R. F. (1980). Platyrrhine origins. A reappraisal of the dental evidence. In Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift, Ciochon, R. L., & Chiarelli, A. B., eds. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 159–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, R. F. (2012). Evidence of an Asian origin for stem anthropoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Kay, R. F., Thorington, Jr., R. W., & Houde, P. (1990). Eocene plesiadapiform shows affinities with flying lemurs and primates. Nature 345:342–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, R. F., Williams, B A., & Anaya, F. (2001). The adaptations of Branisella boliviana, the earliest South American monkey. In Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record, Plavcan, J. M., van Schaik, C., Kay, R. F., & Jungers, W. L., eds. New York: Kluwer/Plenum, pp. 339–370.Google Scholar

Kay, R. F., Campbell, V. M., Rossie, J. B., Colbert, M. W., & Rowe, T. B. (2004). Olfactory fossa of Tremacebus harringtoni (Platyrrhini, Early Miocene, Sacanana, Argentina): implications for activity pattern. The Anatomical Record A 281:1157–1172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, R. F., Simons, E. L., & Ross, J. L. (2008). The basicranial anatomy of African Eocene/Oligocene anthropoids. Are there any clues for platyrrhine origins? In Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins, Fleagle, J. G., & Gilbert, C. C., eds. New York: Springer, pp. 125–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kay, R. F., Perry, J. M. G., Malinzak, M., et al. (2012). Paleobiology of Santacrucian primates. In Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Vizcaíno, S. F., Kay, R. F., & Bargo, M. S., eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 306–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kermack, D. M., & Kermack, K. A. (1984). The Evolution of Mammalian Characters. Washington DC: Kapitan Szabo.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, S. J., Arrigo-Nelson, S., Pochron, S. T., et al. (2005). Dental senescence in a long-lived primate links infant survival to rainfall. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:16579–16583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirk, E. C. (2004). Effects of activity pattern on eye and orbit morphology in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123(supplement 38):126.Google Scholar

Kirk, E. C. (2006). Effects of activity pattern on eye size and orbital aperture size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 51:159–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kirk, E. C., & Simons, E. L. (2001). Diets of fossil primates from the Fayum Depression of Egypt: a quantitative analysis of molar shearing. Journal of Human Evolution 40:203–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kist, R., Watson, M., Wang, X., et al. (2005). Reduction of Pax9 gene dosage in an allelic series of mouse mutants causes hypodontia and oligodontia. Human Molecular Genetics 14:3605–3617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kivell, T. L., & Schmitt, D. (2009). Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(34):14241–14246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klepinger, L. L. (2006). Fundamentals of Forensic Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knapp, S., Polaszek, A., & Watson, M. (2007). Spreading the word. Nature 446:261–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knott, C. D., & Thompson, M. E. (2012). C-peptide and the cost of reproduction in Bornean orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 54:184.Google Scholar

Köhler, M., & Moyà-Solà, S. (1997). Ape-like or hominid-like? The positional behavior of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:11747–11750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Köhler, M., & Moyà-Solà, S. (1999). A finding of Oligocene primates on the European continent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:14664–14667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Köhler, M., Marín-Moratalla, N., Jordana, X., & Aanes, R. (2012). Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology. Nature 487:358–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kolbe, J. J., Leal, M., Schoener, T. W., Spiller, D. A., & Losos, J. B. (2012). Founder effects persist despite adaptive differentiation: a field experiment with lizards. Science 335:1086–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kordos, L., & Begun, D. R. (2002). Rudabánya: a Late Miocene subtropical swamp deposit with evidence of the origin of African apes and humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krause, D. W. (1986). Competitive exclusion and taxonomic displacement in the fossil record: the case of rodents and multituberculates in North America. In Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy, Flanagan, K. M., & Lillegraven, J. A., eds. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper no. 3, pp. 95–117.Google Scholar

Krause, D. W. (1991). Were paromomyids gliders? Maybe, maybe not. Journal of Human Evolution 21:177–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krause, D. W. (2010). Biogeography: washed up in Madagascar. Nature 463:613–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kull, C. A. (2004). Isle of Fire. The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ladevèze, S., de Muizon, C., Beck, R. M. D., Germain, D., & Cespedes-Paz, R. (2011). Earliest evidence of mammalian social behavior in the Basal Tertiary of Bolivia. Nature 474:83–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laidler, K. (2005). Female Caligula. Ranavalona, the Mad Queen of Madagascar. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Langergraber, K. E., Prüfer, K., Rowney, C., et al. (2012). Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109:15716–15721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laporte, L. F. (2000). George Gaylord Simpson. Paleontologist and Evolutionist. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawlor, T. E. (1986). Comparative biogeography of mammals on islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:99–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1964). The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution, rev. edn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1971). The Antecedents of Man, 3rd edn. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.Google Scholar

Lee, A. K., & Cockburn, A. (1985). Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee-Thorp, J., & Sponheimer, M. (2006). Contributions of biogeochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 49:131–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee-Thorp, J. A., & Sponheimer, M. (2013). Hominin ecology from hard tissue biogeochemistry. In Early Hominin Paleoecology, Sponheimer, M., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Reed, K. E., & Ungar, P. S., eds. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, pp. 281–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leendertz, F. H., Lankester, P., Guislain, P., et al. (2006). Anthrax in Western and Central African great apes. American Journal of Primatology 68:928–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lei, R., Engberg, S. E., Andriantompohavana, R., et al. (2008). Nocturnal Lemur Diversity at Masoala National Park. Museum of Texas Tech University, Special Publication no. 53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewin, R. (1987). Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Lewitus, E., Hof, P. R., & Sherwood, C. C. (2012). Phylogenetic comparison of neuron and glial densities in the primary visual cortex and hippocampus of carnivores and primates. Evolution 66:2551–2563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewton, K. L. (2012). Evolvability of the primate pelvic girdle. Evolutionary Biology 39:126–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, W. H., & Tanimura, M. (1987). The molecular clock runs more slowly in man than in apes and monkeys. Nature 326:93–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Locke, D. P., Hillier, L. W., Warren, W. C., et al. (2011). Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes. Nature 469:529–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lockley, M. (1999). The Eternal Trail. A Tracker Looks at Evolution. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.Google Scholar

Lockley, M. (2007). A tale of two ichnologies: the different goals and potentials of invertebrate and vertebrate (tetrapod) ichnotaxonomy and how they relate to ichnofacies analysis. Ichnos 14:39–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loope, D. B., Dingus, L., SwisherIII, C. C., & Minjin, C. (1998). Life and death in a Cretaceous dune field, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia. Geology 26:27–30.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lucas, P. W. (2004). Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luo, Z.-X., Yuan, C.-X., Meng, Q.-J., & Ji, Q. (2011). A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature 476:442–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mack, J. (1986). Madagascar. Island of the Ancestors. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar

MacLeod, N., Benfield, M., & Culverhouse, P. (2010). Time to automate identification. Nature 467:154–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

MacPhee, R. D. E., & Fleagle, J. G. (1991). Postcranial remains of Xenothrix mcgregori (Primates, Xenotrichae) and other late Quaternary mammals from Long Mile Cave, Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206:287–321.Google Scholar

MacPhee, R. D. E., & Horovitz, I. (2004). New craniodental remains of the Quaternary Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori (Xenotrichini, Callicebinae, Pitheciidae) with a reconsideration of the Aotus hypothesis. American Museum Novitates 3434:1–51.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacPhee, R. D. E., & Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. (1995). Earliest monkey from Greater Antilles. Journal of Human Evolution 28:197–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacPhee, R. D. E., & Jacobs, L. L. (1986). Nycticeboides simpsoni and the morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Miocene Siwalik Lorisidae. In Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy, Flanagan, K. M., & Lillegraven, J. A., eds. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming. Special Paper no. 3, pp. 131–161.Google Scholar

Maiolano, S., Boyer, D. M., Bloch, J. I., Gilbert, C. C., & Groenke, J. (2012). Evidence for a grooming claw in a North American Adapiform primate: implications for anthropoid origins. PLoS ONE. .CrossRef

Malukiewicz, J., Grativol, A. D., Ruiz-Miranda, C. R., & Stone, A. C. (2012). Almost Carioca: hybridization between introduced populations of Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 54:202.Google Scholar

Marmi, J., Casanovas-Vilar, I., Robles, J. M., Moyà-Solà, S., & Alba, D. H. (2012). The paleoenvironment of Hispanopithecus laietanus as revealed by paleobotanical evidence from the Late Miocene of Can Llobateres 1 (Catalonia, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 62:412–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marques-Bonet, T., Kidd, J. M., Ventura, M., et al. (2009). A burst of segmental duplications in the genome of the African great ape ancestor. Nature 457:877–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marris, E. (2007a). The species and the specious. Nature 446:250–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marris, E. (2007b). What to let go. Nature 450:152–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marshall, C. R. (2006). Explaining the Cambrian “explosion” of animals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 34:355–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, L. (1985). Significance of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution. Nature 314:260–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martin, R. D. (1968). Towards a new definition of primates. Man 3:377–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, R. D. (1986). Primates: a definition. In Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution, Wood, B., Martin, L., & Andrews, P., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar

Martin, R. D. (1990). Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Martin, R. E. (1999). Taphonomy. A Process Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayaux, P., Holmgren, P., Achard, F., Eva, H., Stibig, H.-J., & Branthomme, A. (2005). Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360:373–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maynard Smith, J., & Savage, R. J. G. (1959). The mechanics of mammalian jaws. School Science Review 40:289–301.Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1950). Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 15:109–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McBrearty, S., & Jablonski, N. G. (2005). First fossil chimpanzee. Nature 437:105–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCrossin, M. L., & Benefit, B. R. (1993). Recently discovered Kenyapithecus mandible and its implications for great ape and human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:1962–1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCrossin, M. L., & Benefit, B. R. (1997). On the relationships and adaptations of Kenyapithecus, a large-bodied hominoid from the middle Miocene of eastern Africa. In Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations, Begun, D. R., Ward, C. V., & Rose, M. D., eds. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 241–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGhee, G. R. (2007). The Geometry of Evolution: Adaptive Landscapes and Theoretical Morphospaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McKenna, M. C. (1973). Sweepstakes, filters, corridors, Noah’s Arks, and Beached Viking Funeral Ships in palaeogeography. In Implications of Continental Drift to the Earth Sciences, vol. 1. Tarling, D. H., & Runcorn, S. K., eds. London: Academic Press, pp. 295–308.Google Scholar

McKenna, M. C. (1980). Eocene paleolatitude, climate and mammals of Ellesmere Island. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 30:349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenna, M. C. (1983). Holarctic landmass rearrangement, cosmic events, and Cenozoic terrestrial organisms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70:459–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNab, B. K. (1978). Energetics of arboreal folivores: physiological problems and ecological consequences of feeding on an ubiquitous food supply. In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, Montgomery, G. G., ed. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 153–162.Google Scholar

McNab, B. K. (1980). Food habits, energetics, and the population biology of mammals. The American Naturalist 116:106–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNab, B. K. (2012). Extreme Measures: The Ecological Energetics of Birds and Mammals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meiri, S., & Mace, G. M. (2007). New taxonomy and the origin of species. PLoS Biology 5:1385–1386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meng, J., & McKenna, M. C. (1998). Faunal turnovers of Palaeogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meng, J., Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2011). Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont. Nature 472:181–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Merceron, G., Scott, J., Scott, R. S., Geraads, D., Spassov, N., & Ungar, P. S. (2009). Folivory or fruit/seed predation for Mesopithecus, an earliest colobine from the late Miocene of Eurasia?Journal of Human Evolution 57:732–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meretsky, V. J. (1987). Basic techniques for analyzing movement and home range data. Journal of Raptor Research 21:135–137.Google Scholar

Meyer, M., Fu, Q., Aximu-Petri, A., et al. (2013). A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature. .

Milàn, J., & Bromley, R. G. (2006). True tracks, undertracks and eroded tracks, experimental work with tetrapod tracks in laboratory and field. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 231:253–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milàn, J., & Bromley, R. G. (2007). The impact of sediment consistency on track and undertrack morphology: experiments with emu tracks in layered cement. Ichnos 15:18–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milius, S. (2012). Earliest primate gets ankle bones. Science News 182(11):14.Google Scholar

Miller, K. G., Kominz, M. A., Browning, J. V., et al. (2005). The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level changes. Science 310:1293–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, W., Schuster, S. C., Welch, A. J., et al. (2012). Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. .CrossRef

Morley, R. J. (2000). Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rainforests. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Moyà-Solà, S., & Köhler, M. (1996). The first Dryopithecus skeleton: origins of great ape locomotion. Nature 379:156–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moyà-Solà, S., Köhler, M., & Rook, L. (1999). Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moyà-Solà, S., Köhler, M., Alba, D. M., Casanovas-Vilar, I., & Galindo, J. (2004). Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306:1339–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., O’Brien, S. J., et al. (2001). Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294:2348–2351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Murray, A. M., Cook, T. D., Attia, Y., Chatrath, P., & Simons, E. L. (2010). A freshwater ichthyofauna from the Late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:665–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Myers, P. Z. (2007). Prime vertebrae. Seed 11:24–25.Google Scholar

Napier, J. (1993). Hands, rev. edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Napier, J. R., & Walker, A. C. (1967). Vertical clinging and leaping. Folia primatologica 6:204–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ni, X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., & Li, C. (2004). A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427:65–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ni, X., Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., et al. (2013). The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498:60–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Niedźwiedzki, G., Szrek, P., Narkiewicz, K., Narkiewicz, M., & Ahlberg, P. E. (2010). Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland. Nature 463:43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nilsson, M. A., Churakov, G., Sommer, M., et al. (2010). Tracking marsupial evolution using archaic genomic retroposon insertions. PloS Biology 8(7):e1000436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nordt, L., Atchley, S., & Dworkin, S. (2003). Terrestrial evidence for two greenhouse events in the latest Cretaceous. GSA Today 13:4–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Norell, M., & Ellison, M. (2005). Unearthing the Dragon. The Great Feathered Dinosaur Discovery. New York: Pi Press.Google Scholar

Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Chiappe, L. M., & Dashzeveg, D. (1995). A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378:774–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Novacek, M. (2007). Terra. Our 100-Million-Year-Old Ecosystem—and the Threats That Now Put It at Risk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Novacek, M. J., Wyss, A. B., & McKenna, M. J. (1988). The major groups of eutherian mammals. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2: Mammals, Benton, M. J., ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 31–71.Google Scholar

Novacek, M. J. (1993). Patterns of diversity in the mammalian skull. In The Skull, vol. 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity, Hankin, J., & Hall, B. K., eds., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 438–545.Google Scholar

Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker’s Mammals of the World, 2 vols., 6th edn. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

O’Leary, M. A., Bloch, J. I., Flynn, J. J., et al. (2013). The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339:662–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Olsen, E. C., & Miller, R. L. (1958). Morphological Integration. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Osborn, H. F. (1908). New fossil mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 26:415–424.Google Scholar

Osman Hill, W. C. (1972). Evolutionary Biology of the Primates. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Pagani, M., Pedentchouk, N., Huber, M., et al. (2006). Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 442:671–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Herrle, J. O., et al. (2006). The heartbeat of the Oligocene climate system. Science 314:1894–1898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pancost, R. D., Steart, D. S., Handley, L., et al. (2007). Increased terrestrial methane cycling at the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 449:332–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pakskewitz, S. (2011). Species complexes: confusion in identifying the true vector of malaria and other parasites. The Biomedical and Life Sciences Collection. London: Henry Stewart Talks, Ltd. ().

Paterson, H. E. H. (1981). The continuing search for the unknown and unknowable: a critique of contemporary ideas on speciation. South African Journal of Science 77:113–119.Google Scholar

Paterson, H. E. H. (1982). Perspective on speciation by reinforcement. South African Journal of Science 78:53–57.Google Scholar

Paterson, H. E. H. (1986). Environment and species. South African Journal of Science 82:62–65.Google Scholar

Patterson, B. (2013). (Re)naming the lions of Africa. In the Field Summer 2013:9.

Pearson, P. N., Foster, G. L., & Wade, B. S. (2009). Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition. Nature 461:1110–1113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pennisi, E. (2012). The great guppy experiment. Science 337:904–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perelman, P., Johnson, W. E., Roos, C., et al. (2011). A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLoS Genetics 7(3):e1001342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perry, G. H., Dominy, N., Claw, K. G., et al. (2007). Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature Genetics 39:1256–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed