In this book, we have focused primarily on continuities in behavior problems and family dynamics that are linked to the difficulties experienced by the next generation. Yet numerous studies of children exposed to risky environments – from poverty to natural disasters – have documented that, like Kaley, some children are “managing to make it” in spite of this exposure (Furstenberg et al., 1999). Children who beat the odds have been labeled “invulnerable” or “resilient” (Anthony & Cohler, 1987; Haggerty et al., 1996; Luthar, 2003). We prefer the word “resilient” since the concept of invulnerability implies that the child has not been affected by or is impervious to the difficulties they have faced in those milieus. On the other hand, resilience connotes adaptability and an ability to “bounce back” that seems more consistent with the life-course approach and the dynamics we have explored in this investigation (Rutter, 1987).

Prior research in the area of youth resilience has highlighted the remarkable finding that a large number of youth, despite the presence of significant stressors, do appear to avoid serious difficulties and even to thrive.