Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Figure credits
- Part I Structural features of minerals
- Part II Physical investigation of minerals
- 7 Experimental studies of crystal structures. X-ray diffraction
- 8 Physical properties
- 9 Optical properties
- 10 Identification of minerals with the petrographic microscope
- 11 Color
- 12 Additional analytical methods
- 13 Mechanical properties and deformation
- Part III Variety of minerals and mineral-forming processes
- Part IV A systematic look at mineral groups
- Part V Applied mineralogy
- Appendices
- Glossary
- References
- Index
- Plate section
- References
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core
12 - Additional analytical methods
from Part II - Physical investigation of minerals
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Figure credits
- Part I Structural features of minerals
- Part II Physical investigation of minerals
- 7 Experimental studies of crystal structures. X-ray diffraction
- 8 Physical properties
- 9 Optical properties
- 10 Identification of minerals with the petrographic microscope
- 11 Color
- 12 Additional analytical methods
- 13 Mechanical properties and deformation
- Part III Variety of minerals and mineral-forming processes
- Part IV A systematic look at mineral groups
- Part V Applied mineralogy
- Appendices
- Glossary
- References
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
Introduction
Mineralogy relies on a quantitative characterization of minerals and many different techniques are available. We have discussed X-ray diffraction (see Chapter 7) and analyses with the petrographic microscope (see Chapters 9 and 10). In this chapter we will describe briefly some other methods. Reading it you will not become experts, but at least you will have an idea of how to pursue more in-depth studies, particularly if you happen to find employment in a mineralogical laboratory. We have put this chapter into Part II of the book, which deals with physical investigations. You may want to skip it for now and return to it after knowing more about mineral systems (Part IV), in order to better appreciate the discussion of examples.
Every mineralogist must be able to use a petrographic microscope to identify minerals in thin sections, or opaque minerals in polished sections, and to determine their associations and intergrowths. A quick look at a thin section provides a wealth of information about the geological history of an assemblage of minerals. For example Figure 12.1a is olivine basalt, recognizable by phenocrysts of olivine and plagioclase of labradorite composition, and by a fine groundmass. Figure 12.1b is a metamorphic amphibolite with hornblende, plagioclase (An50), and biotite. The plagioclase composition in this metamorphic rock indicates that it is of similar bulk chemical composition to the basalt, crystallized at 600–700 ℃ and 400–600 MPa. The alignment of the hornblende crystals suggests that crystallization was associated with tectonic deformation.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- MineralsTheir Constitution and Origin, pp. 217 - 244Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2004
References
Marfunin, A. S. (ed.) (1995). Advanced Mineralogy, vol. 2: Methods and Instrumentations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 441pp
Azaroff, L. V. (1968). Elements of X-ray Crystallography. McGraw-Hill, New York, 610pp
Bacon, G. E. (1975). Neutron Diffraction. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 436pp
Cullity, B. B. (1978). Elements of X-ray Diffraction. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 555pp
Stout, G. H. and Jensen L. H. (1989). X-ray Structure Determination. Wiley, New York, 467pp
Young, R. A. (1993). The Rietveld Method. Oxford Univ. Press, 298 pp
Buseck, P. R., Cowley, J. M. and Eyring, L. (1988). High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 645pp
Cowley, J. M. (1968). Crystal Structure Determination by Electron Diffraction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 321pp
DiNardo, N. J. (1994). Nanoscale Characterization of Surfaces and Interfaces. VCH, Weinheim, 163pp
Hirsch, P. B., Howie, A., Nicholson, R. B., Pashley, D. W. and Whelan, M. J. (1977). Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, 2nd edn. Krieger Publ., Malabar, FL, 563pp
McLaren, A. C. (1991). Transmission Electron Microscopy of Minerals and Rocks. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 387ppCrossRef
Thomas, G. and Goringe, M. J. (1979). Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials. Wiley, New York, 388pp
Von Heimendahl, M. (1980). Electron Microscopy of Materials. An Introduction. Academic Press, New York, 228pp
Wells, O. C. (1974). Scanning Electron Microscopy. McGraw-Hill, New York, 421pp
Wenk, H.-R. (ed.) (1976). Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 564pp
Williams, D. B. and Carter, C. B. (1996). Transmission Electron Microscopy. A Textbook for Materials Science. Plenum Press, New York, 729ppCrossRef
Ebdon, L. (1982). An Introduction to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A Self-Teaching Approach. Heyden, London, 138pp
Heinrich, K. F. J. (1981). Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 578pp
Hren, J. J., Goldstein, J. I. and Joy, D. C. (eds.) (1979). Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy. Plenum Press, New York, 601pp
Jeffery, P. G. and Hutchinson, D. (1981). Chemical Methods of Rock Analysis, 3rd edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 533pp
Johnson, W. M. and Maxwell, J. A. (1981). Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, 489pp
Cranshaw, T. E., Dale, B. W., Longworth, G. O. and Johnson, C. E. (1985). Mössbauer Spectroscopy and its Applications. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 119pp
Farmer, V. C. (ed.) (1974). The Infra-Red Spectra of Minerals. Monograph no. 4. Mineralogy Society, London, 539pp
Gardiner D. J. and Graves, P. R. (1989). Practical Raman Spectroscopy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 157pp
Harris, R. K. (1987). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Physicochemical View. Longman, London, 260pp
Hawthorne, F. C. (ed.) (1988). Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology. Rev. Mineral., vol. 18. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 698pp
Lazarev, A. N. (1972). Vibrational Spectra and Structures of Silicates. Consultants Bureau, New York, 302pp
(1989). Raman spectroscopy in mineralogy and geochemistry. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 17, 255–283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, S. A. T. and Carpenter, M. A. (ed.) (2000). Transformation Processes in Minerals. Rev. Mineral., vol. 39. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 361pp
Sanders, J. K. M. and Hunter, B. K. (1987). Modern NMR Spectroscopy. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 308pp
Turrell, G. (1972). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Crystals. Academic Press, New York, 384pp
Hemley, R. J. (ed.) (1998). Ultra-High Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior. Rev. Mineral., vol. 37. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 671pp
Marfunin, A. S. (ed.) (1995). Advanced Mineralogy, vol. 2: Methods and Instrumentations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 441pp
Azaroff, L. V. (1968). Elements of X-ray Crystallography. McGraw-Hill, New York, 610pp
Bacon, G. E. (1975). Neutron Diffraction. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 436pp
Cullity, B. B. (1978). Elements of X-ray Diffraction. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 555pp
Stout, G. H. and Jensen L. H. (1989). X-ray Structure Determination. Wiley, New York, 467pp
Young, R. A. (1993). The Rietveld Method. Oxford Univ. Press, 298 pp
Buseck, P. R., Cowley, J. M. and Eyring, L. (1988). High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 645pp
Cowley, J. M. (1968). Crystal Structure Determination by Electron Diffraction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 321pp
DiNardo, N. J. (1994). Nanoscale Characterization of Surfaces and Interfaces. VCH, Weinheim, 163pp
Hirsch, P. B., Howie, A., Nicholson, R. B., Pashley, D. W. and Whelan, M. J. (1977). Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, 2nd edn. Krieger Publ., Malabar, FL, 563pp
McLaren, A. C. (1991). Transmission Electron Microscopy of Minerals and Rocks. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 387ppCrossRef
Thomas, G. and Goringe, M. J. (1979). Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials. Wiley, New York, 388pp
Von Heimendahl, M. (1980). Electron Microscopy of Materials. An Introduction. Academic Press, New York, 228pp
Wells, O. C. (1974). Scanning Electron Microscopy. McGraw-Hill, New York, 421pp
Wenk, H.-R. (ed.) (1976). Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 564pp
Williams, D. B. and Carter, C. B. (1996). Transmission Electron Microscopy. A Textbook for Materials Science. Plenum Press, New York, 729ppCrossRef
Ebdon, L. (1982). An Introduction to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A Self-Teaching Approach. Heyden, London, 138pp
Heinrich, K. F. J. (1981). Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 578pp
Hren, J. J., Goldstein, J. I. and Joy, D. C. (eds.) (1979). Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy. Plenum Press, New York, 601pp
Jeffery, P. G. and Hutchinson, D. (1981). Chemical Methods of Rock Analysis, 3rd edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 533pp
Johnson, W. M. and Maxwell, J. A. (1981). Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, 489pp
Cranshaw, T. E., Dale, B. W., Longworth, G. O. and Johnson, C. E. (1985). Mössbauer Spectroscopy and its Applications. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 119pp
Farmer, V. C. (ed.) (1974). The Infra-Red Spectra of Minerals. Monograph no. 4. Mineralogy Society, London, 539pp
Gardiner D. J. and Graves, P. R. (1989). Practical Raman Spectroscopy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 157pp
Harris, R. K. (1987). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Physicochemical View. Longman, London, 260pp
Hawthorne, F. C. (ed.) (1988). Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology. Rev. Mineral., vol. 18. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 698pp
Lazarev, A. N. (1972). Vibrational Spectra and Structures of Silicates. Consultants Bureau, New York, 302pp
(1989). Raman spectroscopy in mineralogy and geochemistry. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 17, 255–283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, S. A. T. and Carpenter, M. A. (ed.) (2000). Transformation Processes in Minerals. Rev. Mineral., vol. 39. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 361pp
Sanders, J. K. M. and Hunter, B. K. (1987). Modern NMR Spectroscopy. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 308pp
Turrell, G. (1972). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Crystals. Academic Press, New York, 384pp
Hemley, R. J. (ed.) (1998). Ultra-High Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior. Rev. Mineral., vol. 37. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 671pp