In this epilogue we will deal with using our knowledge of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. There is always an interest in basic science arising from the curiosity to learn and understand more. However, at the same time there is a demand to apply the knowledge or principles of our discipline for the good of society – a utilitarian demand. Terrestrial ecosystem ecology serves then as a base for understanding, utilising and managing natural resources.

Humanity depends on natural resources. The sustainable use of services which ecosystems provide us with has today come into focus. These ecosystem services are essential components for our wellbeing and while this has increased, it is at the cost of fast degradation of our ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem services. There are international and national rules, laws or constraints setting the framework within which we use our natural resources, but there is an increased need to modify present policies, institutions and practices. Therefore, we need close links between society and science.