Abratt, R., Nel, D. and Higgs, N. S. (1992) An examination of the ethical beliefs of managers using selected scenarios in a cross-cultural environment, Journal of Business Ethics 11: 29–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abudu, F. (1986) Work attitudes of Africans, with special reference to Nigeria, International Studies of Management and Organization 16(2): 17–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abuznaid, S. (2006) Islam and management: what can be learned?Thunderbird International Business Review 48(1): 125–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acar, M. (2009) Towards a synthesis of Islam and the market economy? The Justice and Democracy Party's economic reforms in Turkey, Economic Affairs 29(2): 16–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agbese, P. O. (1994) The state versus human rights advocates in Africa: the case of Nigeria, in McCarthy-Arnolds, E., Penna, D. and Sobrepena, J. Cruz (eds.) Africa, Human Rights and the Global System, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Ahluwalia, P. (2001) Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alderson, S. and Kakabadse, A. (1994) Business ethics and Irish management: a cross-­cultural study, European Management Journal 12(4): 432–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, A. J. (1995) Cultural discontinuity and Arab management thought, International Studies of Management and Organization 25(3): 7–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, A. J (2005) Islamic Perspectives on Management and Organization, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Ali, A. J., Taqi, A. and Krishnan, K. (1997) Individualism, collectivism, and decision styles of managers in Kuwait, Journal of Social Psychology 137(5): 629–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, T. (2002) The Clash of Fundamentalism: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Al-Kazemi, A. and Ali, A. J. (2002) Managerial problems in Kuwait, Journal of Management Development 21(5): 366–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Amnesty International (1991) Protecting Human Rights, London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar

Annan, K. (1999) Business and the UN: a global compact of shared values and principles, World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, and reprinted in Vital Speeches of the Day 65(9): 260–1.Google Scholar

An-Na'im, A. A. and Deng, F. (1990) (eds.) Human Rights in Africa: A Cross-cultural Perspective, Washington DC: Brooking Institute.

Ansari, M. A., Ahmad, Z. A. and Aafaqi, R. (2004) Organizational leadership in the Malaysian context. In Tjosvold, D. and Leung, K. (eds.), Leading in High Growth Asia: Managing Relationships for Teamwork and Change, Singapore: World Scientific, pp. 109–38.Google Scholar

Apressyan, R. G. (1997) Business ethics in Russia, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1561–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Argyle, M. (1967) The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Argyris, C. (1992) On Organizational Learning, Oxford/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Aristotle, (1953) Ethics: The Nicomachean Ethics (trans. J. A. K. Thomson), Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Avtonomov, V. (2006) Balancing state, market and social justice: Russian experience and lessons to learn, Journal of Business Ethics 66: 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aycan, Z. (2006) Paternalism: towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In Yang, K. S., Hwang, K. K. and Kim, U. (eds.) Scientific Advances in Indigenous Psychologies: Empirical, Philosophical and Cultural Contributions, Cambridge University Press, pp. 445–66.Google Scholar

Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N. and Sinha, J. B. P. (1999) Organizational culture and human resource management practice: the model of cultural fit, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30(4): 501–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N., Mendonca, M.et al. (2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: a ten country comparison, Applied Psychology: An International Review 49(1): 192–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayittey, G. B. N. (1991) Indigenous African Institutions, New York: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar

Bae, K. and Chung, C. (1997) Cultural values and work attitudes of Korean industrial workers in comparison with those of the United States and Japan, Work and Occupations 24(1): 80–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barratt Brown, M. (1995) Africa's Choices: After Thirty Years of the World Bank, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

,BBC News (2004) Q&A: Turkey and the EU, accessed from http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/Europe/3682828.stm, on 13/06/09.

Beals, R. (1953) Acculturation. In Kroebner, A. L. (ed.) Anthropology Today, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Beaty, D. T. (1998) Colgate Palmolive in post-apartheid South Africa, reprinted in Oddou, G. and Mendenhall, M., Cases in International Organizational Behavior, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 136–42.Google Scholar

Becker, H. and Fritzsche, D. J. (1987) Business ethics: a cross-cultural comparison of managers' attitudes, Journal of Business Ethics 6: 289–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beekun, I. R. and Badawi, J. A. (2005) Balancing ethical responsibility among multiple organizational stakeholders: the Islamic perspective, Journal of Business Ethics 60: 131–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Begley, T. (1998) Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd in China. In Oddou, G. and Mendenhall, M., Cases in International Organizational Behavior, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 151–4.Google Scholar

Beinart, W. (1994) Twentieth Century South Africa, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, T. (1966) The Social Construction of Reality, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Degall, M. H. and Dasen, P. R. (1992) Cross-cultural Psychology: Research and Applications, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Beschorner, T. (2006) Ethical theory and business practices: the case of discourse ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 66: 127–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhabha, H. K. (1994) The Location of Culture, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Biko, S. (1984) Some African cultural concepts, in Frank Talk 1(4): 29–31, and reprinted in Coetzee, P. H. and Roux, A. P. J. (eds.) (1998) Philosophy for Africa: A Text with Readings, Johannesburg: International Thomson Publishing, ch. 2, pp. 26–30.Google Scholar

Bilimoria, P. (1993) Indian ethics. In Singer, P. (ed.) A Companion to Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell, ch. 4, pp. 43–57.Google Scholar

Binet, J. (1970) Psychologie Economique Africaine, Paris: Payot.Google Scholar

Bird, F. B. (1996) The Muted Conscience: Moral Silence and the Practice of Ethics in Business, Stamford, CT: Quorum.Google Scholar

Blanchard, K. and Peale, N. V. (1988) The Power of Ethical Management, New York: Cedar/Heinemann.Google Scholar

Blunt, P. and Jones, M. L. (1992) Managing Organizations in Africa, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blunt, P. and Jones, M. L. (1997) Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa, Personnel Review 26(1/2): 6–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, M. H., Fu, P. P. and Pasa, S. F. (2001) A declaration of independence for editing an International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(1): 24–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyacigiller, N. A. and Adler, N. J. (1991) The parochial dinosaur: organizational science in a global context, Academy of Management Review 16(2): 262–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyatzis, R. E. (1982) The Competent Manager, New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Brady, F. N. (1990) Ethical Management: Rules and Results, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Briggs, J. and Sharpe, J. (2004) Indigenous knowledge and development: a postcolonial caution, Third World Quarterly 25(4): 661–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budhwar, P. S. (2001) HRM in India. In Budhwar, P. S. and Debrah, Y. A., Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge, ch. 5, pp. 75–90.Google Scholar

,Business Week (2005) Commentary: The Real Scandal at Volkswagen, 18 July 2005, www.­businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_29/b3943064_mz054.htm, accessed 23/06/09.

Cam, S. (2002) Neo-liberalism and labour within the context of an ‘emerging market’ economy: Turkey, Capital and Class 77: 89–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, H. (2008) China in Africa: challenging US global hegemony, Third World Quarterly 29(1): 89–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlin, W. B. and Strong, K. C. (1995) A critique of Western philosophical ethics: multidisciplinary alternatives for framing ethical dilemmas, Journal of Business Ethics 14: 387–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlsson, J. (1998) Organization and leadership in Africa. In Wohlgemuth, L., Carlsson, J. and Kifle, H. (eds.) Institution Building and Leadership in Africa, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 13–32.Google Scholar

Carroll, S. J. and Gannon, M. J. (1997) Ethical Dimensions of International Management, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castellino, J. (2009) The End of the Liberal State and the First Terrorist, London: Middlesex University Press.Google Scholar

,CCC (Chinese Cultural Connection) (1987) Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18: 143–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Centre for Chinese Studies (2008) The China Monitor Issue 28: China's Development Assistance to Africa, April, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, www.ccs.org.za/downloads/monitors/China%20Monitor%20April_2008.pdf, accessed 15/06/09.Google Scholar

Chakraborty, S. K. (1995) Ethics in Management: Vedantic Perspectives, Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Chan, G. (2008) The relevance and value of Confucianism in contemporary business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 77(3): 347–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, R. Y. K., Cheng, L. T. W. and Szeto, R. W. F. (2002) The dynamics of guanxi and ethics for Chinese executives, Journal of Business Ethics 41(4): 327–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chatterjee, P. (1986) Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse, London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, P. (1993) The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Cheung, C.-K. and Chan, A. C.-F. (2005) Philosophical foundations of eminent Hong Kong Chinese CEOs' leadership. Journal of Business Ethics 60(1): 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Child, J. (1994) Management in China During the Age of Reform, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (2003) Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Christie, P. M. J., Kwon, I. G., Stoeberl, P. A. and Baumhart, R. (2003) A cross-cultural comparison of ethical attitudes of business managers: India, Korea and the United States, Journal of Business Ethics 46(3): 263–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cicourel, A. V. (1964) Methods and Measurement in Sociology, New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Clarke, S. and Pringle, T. (2008) Trade unions in Russia, China and Vietnam: from governmental to non-governmental public actors, NGPA Working Paper Series, No. 22, London: LSE/ESRC, www.lse.ac.uk/collections/NGPA/publications/WP22_GovtoNonGov_ Clark_Web.pdf, accessed 08/07/09.Google Scholar

Clegg, S. and Kono, T (2002) Trends in Japanese management: an overview of embedded continuities and disembedded discontinuities, Asia Pacific Journal of Management 19: 269–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colella, A., Garcia, F., Reidel, L. and Triana, M. (2005) Paternalism: ‘hidden’ discrimination. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Coleman, I. (2006) Women, Islam, and the new Iraq, Foreign Affairs 85(1): 24–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (2001) Participation: The New Tyranny?London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Cortina, A. (1998) Business ethics in the Catholic value system: the Spanish case. In Kumar, and Steinmann, (eds.).

Cortina, A. (2008) European economic ethics research: a diagnosis, Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik 9(1): 10–25.Google Scholar

Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2004) Business Ethics, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cray, D. and Mallory, G. R. (1998) Making Sense of Managing Culture, London: Thomson.Google Scholar

Cyr, D. J. and Schneider, S. C. (1998) Creating a learning organization through HRM: a German-Czech joint venture, INSEAD case collection, and reproduced as ch. 17 in Oddou, G. and Mendenhall, M. (eds.) (1998) Cases in International Organizational Behaviour, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 197–210.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1957) The concept of power, Behavioural Science 2: 201–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darwish, Y. (2000) Organizational commitment as a mediator of the relationship between Islamic work ethic and attitudes toward organizational change, Human Relations 35(4): 513–37.Google Scholar

Sardan, J. P. O. (1999) A moral economy of corruption in Africa?The Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1): 25–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Decalo, S. (1992) The process, prospects and constraints of democratization in Africa, African Affairs 91(362): 7–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deegan, H. (2009) Africa Today: Culture, Economics, Religion, Security, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Demenchono, E. (2009) The universal concept of human rights as a regulative principle: freedom versus paternalism, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 68(1): 273–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dia, M. (1996) Africa's Management in the 1990s and Beyond, Washington DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobbs-Higginson, M. S. (1993) Asia Pacific: Its Role in the New World Disorder, London: Mandarin.Google Scholar

Dolecheck, M. and Dolecheck, C. (1987) Business ethics: a comparison of attitudes of managers in Hong Kong and the United States, Hong Kong Managers 1: 28–43.Google Scholar

Donaldson, T. (1989) The Ethics of International Business, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Donaldson, T. and Dunfee, T. (1994) Towards a unified conception of business ethics: integrative social contracts theory, Academy of Management Review 19(2): 252–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, S., Massey, D. S. and Magaly Sanchez, R. M. (2007) Latino and American identities as perceived by immigrants, Qualitative Sociology 30: 81–107.Google Scholar

Durkheim, E. (1915/1971) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (trans. Swain, J. W.), London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Elenkov, D. S. (1997) Differences and similarities in managerial values between US and Russia managers, International Studies of Management and Organization 27(1): 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Encel, S. (1970) Equality and Authority, London: Tavistock.Google Scholar

Enderle, G. (1996) A comparison of business ethics in North America and continental Europe, Business Ethics: A European Review 5(1): 31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erben, G. S. and Güneşer, A. B. (2007) The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: investigating the role of climate regarding ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 82: 955–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Etzioni, A. (1975) A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Fan, Y. (2002) Ganxi's consequences: personal gains at social cost. Journal of Business Ethics 38(4): 371–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fang, T. (2003) A critique of Hofstede's fifth national cultural dimension, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 3(3): 347–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fannon, L. I. (2003) Working Within Two Kinds of Capitalism: Corporate Governance and Employee Stakeholder: US and EU Perspectives. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar

Farh, J. L. and Cheng, B. S. (2000) A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In Li, J. T.., Tsui, A. S. and Weldon, E. (eds.), Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context, London: Macmillan, pp. 84–127.Google Scholar

Farh, J. L., Cheng, B. S., Chou, L. F. and Chu, X. P. (2006) Authority and benevolence: Employees' responses to paternalistic leadership in China. In Tsui, A. S., Bian, Y. and Cheng, L. (eds.), China's Domestic Private Firms: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Management and Performance, New York: Sharpe, pp. 230–60.Google Scholar

Ferguson, N. (2003) Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Ferrell, O. C. and Weaver, K. M. (1978) Ethical beliefs of marketing managers, Journal of Marketing 42(3): 69–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Firth, R. (1951) Elements of Social Organization, London: Watts.Google Scholar

Flyvbjerg, B. (2001) Making Social Science Matter, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foucault, M. (1979) Discipline and Punish, New York: Vintage Books, p. 194.Google Scholar

Frank, A. G. (1969) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar

Frankenberg, R. (2001) Mirage of an unmarked whiteness. In Rasmussen, B. B., Klinenberg, E., Nexica, I. J., Wray, M. (eds.), The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 72–96.Google Scholar

Frenkel, M. (2008) The multinational corporation as a third space: rethinking international management discourse on knowledge transfer through Homi Bhabha, Academy of Management Review 33(4): 924–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friedman, M. (1962) Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, E. (1995) Trust: The Social Virtue and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Gannon, M. J. and associates (1994) Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Gatley, S., Lessem, R. and Altman, Y. (1996) Comparative Management: A Transcultural Odyssey, London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Ghorbani, M. and Tung, R. L. (2007) Behind the veil: an exploratory study of the myths and realities of women in the Iranian workforce, Human Resource Management Journal 17(4): 376–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giddens, A. (1986) The Constitution of Society, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Glenn, E. S., Witmeyer, D. and Stevenson, K. A. (1977) Cultural styles of persuasion, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1(3): 52–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glenny, M. (1993) The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Gluckman, M. (1956/1970) Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Goody, J. (1994) Culture and its boundaries: a European perspective. In Borofsky, R. (ed.) Assessing Cultural Anthropology, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 250–61.Google Scholar

Gu, F. F., Hung, K. and Tse, D. K. (2008) When does guanxi matter? Issues of capitalization and its dark sides, Journal of Marketing 72: 12–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gupta, R. K. (1991) Employees and organizations in India: need to move beyond American and Japanese models, Economic and Political Weekly, 25 May, 16–21.Google Scholar

Gutmann, B. (1995) Tandem training: the Volkswagen–Skoda approach to know-how transfer, Journal of European Industrial Training 19(4): 21–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, V. and Mattock, J. (1991) The New International Manager: An Action Guide for Cross-Cultural Business, London: Kogan Page.Google Scholar

Hailey, J. (2002) Beyond the formulaic: process and practice in South Asia NGOs. In Cooke, B. and Kothari, U., Participation: The New Tyranny, London: Zed Books, ch. 6, pp. 88–101.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1959) The Silent Language, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.Google Scholar

Hansen, C. (1993) Classical Chinese ethics. In Singer, (ed.), ch. 6, pp. 69–81.

Hansen, R. S. (1992) A multidimensional scale for measuring business ethics: a purification and refinement, Journal of Business Ethics 11: 523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harré, R., Clarke, D. and Carlo, N. (1985) Motives and Mechanism: An Introduction to the Psychology and Action, London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Hegarty, W. H. and Sims, H. P. (1978) Some determinants of unethical decision behaviour: an experiment, Journal of Applied Psychology 63(4): 451–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hegarty, W. H. and Sims, H. P. (1979) Organizational philosophy, policies and objectives related to unethical decision behaviour: a laboratory experiment, Journal of Applied Psychology 64(3): 331–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herskovits, M. J. (1948) Man and His Works: The Science of Cultural Anthropology, New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Hickson, D. J. and McMillan, C. J. (1981) (eds.) Organization and Nation: The Aston Programme, IV, Aldershot: Gower.

Hickson, D. J. and Pugh, D. S. (1995) Management Worldwide, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Hirschmann, N. J. (1998) Western feminism, Eastern veiling, and the question of free agency, Constellations 5(3): 345–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ho, D. Y.-F. and Chiu, C.-Y. (1994) Component ideas of individualism, collectivism and social organization: an application in the study of Chinese culture, in Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kâğitçibaşi, Ç., Choi, S.-C. and Yoon, G., Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Application, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 137–56.Google Scholar

Hochschild, A. (1998) King Leopold's Ghost, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1980a/2003) Culture's Consequences (1st/2nd edns.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1980b) Motivation, leadership and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, Summer: 42–63.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Hooks, B. (1990) Marginality as a site of resistance. In Ferguson, R.et al. (eds.) Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Hosmer, L. T (1987) Ethical analysis and human resource management, Human Resource Management 26(3): 313–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

House, R., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W. and Gupta, V. (2004) Leadership, Culture and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Hui, C. H. (1990) Work attitudes, leadership styles, and managerial behaviour in different cultures. In Brislin, R. W., Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Hulpke, J. and Lau, C. (2008) Business ethics in China, The Chinese Economy 41(3): 58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human, L. (1996) Contemporary Conversations, Dakar, Senegal: The Goree Institute.Google Scholar

Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S. J. (1986) A general theory of marketing ethics, Journal of Macromarketing 6: 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Husted, B. W. (1999) Wealth, culture and corruption, Journal of International Business Studies 30(2): 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iankova, E. and Turner, L. (2004) Building the New Europe: western and eastern roads to social partnership, Industrial Relations Journal 35(1): 76–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,ICPSR (2005) Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR-STUDY/03975.xml, accessed 18/12/05.

Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, R. and Baker, W. E. (2000) Modernization, cultural change, and persistence of traditional values, American Sociological Review 65, February, 19–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, R. and Baker, W. E (2001) Modernization's challenges to traditional values: who's afraid of Ronald McDonald?The Futurist, March–April: 16–21.Google Scholar

Inglehart, R., Basanez, M. and Moreno, A. (1998) Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-cultural Sourcebook, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ip, P. K. (2009) Is Confucianism good for business ethics in China?Journal of Business Ethics 88: 463–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Izraeli, D. (1988) Ethical beliefs and behaviours among managers: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics 7: 263–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackman, M. R. (1994) The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, T. (1993a) Organizational Behaviour in International Management, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar

Jackson, T. (1993b) Ethics and the art of intuitive management, European Management Journal, EAP 20th Anniversary Edition, 57–65.Google Scholar

Jackson, T. (1999) Managing change in South Africa: developing people and organizations, International Journal of Human Resource Management 10(2): 306–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. (2000) Management ethics and corporate policy: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Management Studies 37(3): 349–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. (2001) Cultural values and management ethics, Human Relations 54(10): 1267–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. (2002a) The management of people across cultures: valuing people differently, Human Resource Management 41(4): 455–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. (2002b) International HRM: A Cross-cultural Approach, London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. (2004) Management and Change in Africa: A Cross-cultural Perspective, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T., Amaeshi, K. and Yavuz, Y. (2008) Untangling African indigenous management: multiple influences on the success of SMEs in Kenya, Journal of World Business 43(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. and Aycan, Z. (2006) Editorial: from cultural values to cross cultural interfaces, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 6(1): 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. and Bak, M. (1998) Foreign companies and Chinese workers: employee motivation in the People's Republic of China, Journal of Organizational Change Management 11(4): 282–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. and Calafell Artola, M. (1997) Ethical beliefs and management behaviour: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1163–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, T. and Nana Nzepa, O. (2004) Cameroon: managing cultural complexity and power. In Jackson, , Management and Change in Africa, London: Routledge, ch. 10, pp. 208–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jaeger, A. M. and Kanungo, R. N. (1990) Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

James, E. H. (2000) Race-related differences in promotions and support: underlying effects of human and social capital, Organizational Science 11(5): 493–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Javidan, M., House, R. J. and Dorfman, P. W. (2004) A nontechnical summary of GOBE findings. In House, , Hanges, , Javidan, , Dorfman, and Gupta, , pp. 29–48.

Joergensen, J. J. (1990) Organizational life-cycle and effectiveness criteria in state-owned enterprizes: the case of East Africa. In Jaeger, and Kanungo, (eds.), pp. 62–82.

Jones, M. T. (1999) The institutional determinants of social responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics 20: 163–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamoche, K. (2001) Human resource management in Kenya. In Budhwar, P. S. and Debrah, Y. A, Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge pp. 209–21.Google Scholar

Kanungo, R. N. and Jaeger, A. M. (1990) Introduction: the need for indigenous management in developing countries. In Jaeger, and Kanungo, (eds.), pp. 1–23.

Kaplinsky, R. (2008) What does the rise of China do for industrialization in sub-Saharan Africa?Review of African Political Economy 115: 7–22.Google Scholar

Kapoor, I. (2002) Capitalism, culture, agency: dependency versus postcolonial theory, Third World Quarterly 23(4): 647–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, D. and Kahn, R. L. (1978) The Social Psychology of Organizations (2nd edn.), New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Kerr, C., Dunlop, J. T., Harbison, F. H. and Myers, C. A. (1960) Industrialism and Industrial Man, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kiggundu, M. N. (1989) Managing Organizations in Developing Countries, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar

Kluckhohn, F. and Strodtbeck, F. (1961) Variations in Value Orientation, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Koçer, R. G. (2007) ‘Trade unions at whose service?’ Coercive partnerships and partnership in coercion in Turkey's metal sector, Industrielle Beziehungen 14(3): 245–69.Google Scholar

Koopman, A. (1991) Transcultural Management, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kumar, B. N. and Steinmann, H. (eds.) (1998) Ethics in International Management, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRef

Langlois, C. C. and Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1990) Do corporate codes of ethics reflect national character? Evidence from Europe and the United States, Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, 519–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larrain, J. (1979) The Concept of Ideology, London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar

Lee, K.-H. (1982) Ethical beliefs in marketing management, European Journal of Marketing 3: 58–67.Google Scholar

Lessem, R. (1994) Four worlds: the Southern African businessphere. In Christie, P., Lessem, R. and Mbigi, L. (eds.) African Management: Philosophy, Concepts and Applications, Cape Town: Knowledge Resources.Google Scholar

Lobel, S. A. (1997) In praise of the ‘soft’ stuff: a vision for human resource leadership, Human Resource Management 36(1): 135–9.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lyonski, S. and Gaidis, W. (1991) A cross-cultural comparison of the ethics of business students, Journal of Business Ethics 10: 141–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maier, K. (2000) This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Makgoba, M. W. (ed.) (1999) African Renaissance, Johannesburg/Cape Town: Mafube/Tafelberg.

Marsden, D. (1991) Indigenous management, The International Journal of Human Resource Management 2(1): 21–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, G. S., Resick, C. J., Keating, M. A. and Dickson, M. W. (2009) Ethical leadership across cultures: a comparative analysis of German and US perspectives, Business Ethics: A European Review 18(2): 127–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martinez, P. G. (2003) Paternalism as a positive form of leader-subordinate exchange: evidence from Mexico. Journal of Iberoamerican Academy of Management 1: 227–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Massey, D. S. and Sanchez, M. R. (2007) Latino and American identities as perceived by immigrants, Qualitative Sociology 30(1): 81–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbigi, L. (1997) Ubuntu: The African Dream in Management, Randburg, S. Africa: Knowledge Resources.Google Scholar

McDermott, M. and Samson, F. L. (2005) White racial and ethnic identity in the United States, Annual Review of Sociology 31: 245–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McDonald, G. M. and Pak, C. K. (1997) Ethical perceptions of expatriates and local managers in Hong Kong, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1605–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLaughlin, A. (2003) Americans are bringing home baby – increasingly from Africa, Christian Science Monitor, 4 December 2003, and reproduced at www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27631.html, accessed 21/08/09.Google Scholar

McSweeney, B. (2002) Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences: a triumph of faith – a failure of analysis, Human Relations 55(1): 89–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mellahi, K. (2006) Human resource management in Saudi Arabia. In Budhwar, P. S. and Mellahi, K., Managing Human Resources in the Middle East, London: Routledge, ch. 6, pp. 97–120.Google Scholar

Mellahi, K., Frynas, J. G. and Finlay, P. (2005) Global Strategic Management, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Merton, R. K. (1949) Social Theory and Social Structure, Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Metcalfe, B. D. (2007) Gender and human resource management in the Middle East, International Journal of Human Resource Management 18(1): 54–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mohan, G. (2002) Beyond participation: strategies for deeper empowerment. In Cooke, B. and Kothari, U., Participation: The New Tyranny?London: Zed Books, pp. 153–67.Google Scholar

Mohanty, C. T. (1991) Under Western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. In Mohanty, C. T., Russo, A. and Torres, L. (eds.) Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Bloomingdale, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 51–80.Google Scholar

Montgomery, J. D. (1987) Probing managerial behaviour: image and reality in Southern Africa, World Development 15(7): 911–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moreno, A. (2003) Corruption and democracy: a cultural assessment. In Inglehart, R. (ed.) Human Values and Social Change: Findings from the Values Surveys, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 265–78.Google Scholar

Mulat, T. (1998) Multilateralism and Africa's regional economic communities, Journal of World Trade 32(4): 115–38.Google Scholar

Munene, J. C., Schwartz, S. H. and Smith, P. B. (2000) Development in sub-Saharan Africa: cultural influences and managers' decision behaviour, Public Administration and Development, 20(4): 339–51.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mutabazi, E. (2002) Preparing African leaders. In Derr, C. B., Roussillon, S. and Bournois, F. (eds.) Cross-cultural Approaches to Leadership Development, Westport, CT: Quorum, ch. 15, pp. 202–23.Google Scholar

Mutwa, C. (1964/1998) Indaba, My Children, Edinburgh: Payback Press.Google Scholar

Nakano, C. (1997) A survey study on Japanese managers' views of business ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1737–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nanji, A. (1993) Islamic ethics. In Singer, (ed.), ch. 9, pp. 106–18.

Neal, M., Finlay, J. L., Catana, G. A. and Catana, D. A. (2007) Comparison of leadership prototypes of Arab and European females, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 7(3): 291–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neimanis, G. J. (1997) Business ethics in the former Soviet Union: a report, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 357–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newstrom, J. W. and Ruch, W. A. (1975) The ethics of management and the management of ethics, MSU Business Topics, Winter, pp. 29–37.Google Scholar

Nonaka, I. and Toyama, R. (2007) Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom (phronesis), Industrial and Corporate Change 16(3): 371–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noorderhaven, N. G. and Tidjani, B. (2001) Culture, governance, and economic performance: an exploratory study with a special focus on Africa, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1(1): 31–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Northouse, P. G. (1997) Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ntuli, P. P. (1999) The missing link between culture and education: are we still chasing gods that are not our own? In Makgoba, (ed.), ch. 12, pp. 184–99.

Nyambegera, S. M. (2002) Ethnicity and human resource management practices in sub-Saharan Africa: the relevance of managing diversity discourse, International Journal of Human Resource Management 13(7): 1077–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okleshen, M. and Hoyt, R. (1996) A cross-cultural comparison of ethical perspectives and decision approaches of business students: United States of America versus New Zealand, Journal of Business Ethics 15: 537–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ornatowski, G. K. (1999) Confucian values, Japanese economic development, and the creation of a modern Japanese business ethics. In Enderle, G. (ed.) International Business Ethics: Challenges and Approaches, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 386–405.Google Scholar

Paine, L. S. (1994) Managing for organizational integrity, Harvard Business Review, March–April, pp. 106–17.Google Scholar

Pakenham, T. (1991) The Scramble for Africa, London: Phoenix Press.Google Scholar

Palazzo, B. (2002) US–American and German business ethics: an intercultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics 41: 195–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parker, L. (2005) Uniform jilbab: inside Indonesia, in ‘Sharia inspired bylaws the scourge of democracy?’The Jakarta Post, July–September 2005: 21–2, retrieved February 2009, www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp.Google Scholar

Parsons, T. (1949) The Structure of Social Action, Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System, Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (eds.) (1951) Towards a General Theory of Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef

Pascale, R. T. and Athos, A. G. (1981) The Art of Japanese Management, New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Paul, J. (1990) Participatory approaches to human rights in sub-Saharan Africa. In An-Na'im, and Deng, F. (eds.).

Pellegrini, E. K. and Scandura, T. A. (2006) Leader-member exchange (LMX), paternalism and delegation in the Turkish business culture: an empirical investigation, Journal of International Business Studies 37(2): 264–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pellegrini, E. K (2008) Paternalistic leadership: a review and agenda for future research, Journal of Management 34(3): 566–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peltro, P. J. (1968) The difference between ‘tight’ and ‘loose’ societies, Transaction, April, 37–40.

Peterson, M. F. and Pike, K. L. (2002) Emics and etics for organizational studies: a lesson in contrasts from linguistics, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2(1): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pickens, S. D. B. (1987) Values and value related strategies in Japanese corporate culture, Journal of Business Ethics 6: 137–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pityana, N. B. (1999) The renewal of African moral values. In Makgoba, M. W. (ed.) African Renaissance, Sandton: Mafube/Cape Town: Tafelberg, ch. 9, pp. 137–48.Google Scholar

Posner, B. Z. and Schmidt, W. H. (1987) Ethics in American companies: a managerial perspective, Journal of Business Ethics 6: 383–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prasad, A. (ed.) (2003) Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Reader, London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef

Priem, R. L., Love, L. G. and Shaffer, M. (2000) Industrialization and values evolution: the case of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China, Asia Pacific Journal of Management 17(3): 473–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Puffer, S. M. and McCarthy, D. J. (1998) Business ethics in a transforming economy: applying the integrative social contrasts theory to Russia. In Kumar, and Steinmann, (eds.), pp. 419–37.CrossRef

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1952) Structure and Function in Primitive Society, London: Cohen and West.Google Scholar

Radhakrishnan, S. (1923) Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1, London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Ralston, D. A., Gaicalone, R. A. and Terpstra, R. H. (1994) Ethical perceptions of organizational politics: a comparative evaluation of American and Hong Kong managers, Journal of Business Ethics 13: 989–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ralston, D. A., Gustafson, D. J., Terpstra, R. H. and Holt, D. H. (1993) The impact of managerial values on decision-making behavior: a comparison of the United States and Hong Kong, Asia Pacific Journal of Management 10(1): 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Reader, J. (1998) Africa: A Biography of the Continent, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Redding, S. G. (1990) The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rees, C. J. and Althakhri, R. (2008) Organizational change strategies in the Arab region: a review of critical factors, Journal of Business Economics and Management 9(2): 123–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reidenbach, R. E. and Robin, D. P. (1988) Some initial steps towards improving the measurement of ethical evaluation of marketing activities, Journal of Business Ethics 7: 871–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reidenbach, R. E. and Robin, D. P. (1990) Towards the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 9: 639–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robertson, D. C. (2002) Business ethics across cultures. In Gannon, M. J. and Newman, K. L. (eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 361–92.Google Scholar

Rohmetra, N. (1998) Human Resource Development in Commercial Banks in India, London: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Rotter, J. B. (1966) General expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement, Psychological Monographs 80(1), Whole No. 609, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saeed, M. and Ahmed, Z. U. (1998) An Islamic framework for international marketing ethics. In Kumar, and Steinmann, (eds.), pp. 341–66.CrossRef

Said, E. (1978/1995) Orientalism, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Sanyal, R. (2005) Determinants of bribery in international business: the cultural and economic factors, Journal of Business Ethics 59: 139–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saunders, E. (1998) Leadership the South African way, People Dynamics, February, 31–4.Google Scholar

Schech, S. and Haggis, J. (2000) Culture and Development: A Critical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Schein, E. (2004) Organization Culture and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Schildkraut, D. J. (2007) Defining American identity in the twenty-first century: how much ‘there’ is there?The Journal of Politics 69(3): 597–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schlegelmilch, B. B. and Robertson, D. C. (1995) The influence of country and industry on ethical perceptions of senior executives in the US and Europe, Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, pp. 859–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schutz, A. (1972) Phenomenology of the Social World, London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. (1994) Beyond individualism/collectivism: new cultural dimensions of values. In Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kâğitçibaşi, Ç., Choi, S.-C. and Yoon, G., Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Application, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 85–119.Google Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. (1999) A theory of cultural values and some implications for work, Applied Psychology: An International Review 48(1): 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Rodriguez, L. and Wang, S. C. (2007) The structure of cultural identity in an ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 29(2): 159–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Selznick, P. (1949) TVA and the Grass Roots, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Shaw, T. M., Cooper, A. F. and Antkiewicz, A. (2007) Global and/or regional development at the start of the 21st century? China, India, and (South) Africa, Third World Quarterly 28(7): 1255–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shenkar, O. and Ronen, S. (1987) The cultural context of negotiation: the implications of Chinese interpersonal norms, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 23: 263–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverman, D. (1970) The Theory of Organizations, Aldershot: Gower.Google Scholar

Singer, P. (ed.) (1993) A Companion to Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell.

Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J. and Leelakulthanit, O. (1994) A cross-cultural study of moral philosophies, ethical perceptions and judgements: a comparison of American and Thai marketers, International Marketing Review 11(6): 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and Human Behavior, New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Smith, G. and Gilbert, N. (1985) The China guanxi. Forbes 136(3): 104.Google Scholar

Smith, P. B., Dugan, S. and Trompenaars, F. (1996) National culture and the values of organizational employees: a dimensional analysis across 43 nations, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27(2): 231–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sorge, A. (2004) Cross-national differences in human resources and organization. In Harzing, A. W. and Ruysseveldt, J., International Human Resource Management, London: Sage, ch. 5, pp. 117–40.Google Scholar

Sparks, A. (1990) The Mind of South Africa, London: Mandarin.Google Scholar

Spiegel, (2007a) Skoda workers want VW wages: Eastern Europe pricing itself out of cheap labor market? Spiegel Online, 18 April 2007, www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,478052,00.html, accessed 10/06/09.Google Scholar

Spiegel, (2007b) Eastern Europe's exodus: going west for the good life, Spiegel Online, 28 March 2007 (author: Jan Puhl) www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,474167,00.html, accessed 10/06/09.Google Scholar

Spivak, G. C. (1988) Can the subaltern speak? In Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. (eds) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, pp. 271–313.Google Scholar

Spivak, G. C. (1996) The Spivak Reader, Landry, D. and MacLean, G. (eds.), New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Stewart, E. C. and Bennett, M. J. (1991) American Cultural Patterns: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (2nd edn.), Boston: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Taka, I. and Dunfee, T. W. (1997) Japanese moralogy as business ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 507–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tannenbaum, A. S. (1968) Control in Organizations, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Tayeb, M. H. (2000) The internationalisation of HRM policies and practices: the case of Japanese and French companies in Scotland, 11éme Congrés de l'AGRH, 16–17 November 2000, ESCP-EAP, Paris.

Taylor, H. (2002) Insights into participation from critical management and labour process perspectives. In Cooke, B. and Kothari, U., Participation: The New Tyranny, London: Zed Books, ch. 8, pp. 122–38.Google Scholar

The Guardian (2009) Madonna, , Mercy, and Malawi, : her fight to adopt a second African child, www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jun/12/madonna-mercy-malawi, accessed 19/08/09.

The Telegraph (2005) The great Kabbalah con exposed, www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3634742/The-great-Kabbalah-con-exposed.html, accessed 19/08/09.

Theobold, R. (2002) Should the payment of bribes overseas be made illegal?Business Ethics: A European Review 11(4): 375–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomson, A. (2000) An Introduction to African Politics, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tönnies, F. (1887/1963) Community and Society, New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1990) Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. In Brislin, R. W. (ed.) Applied Cross-cultural Psychology, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 34–55.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C (1994) Culture and Social Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C (1995) Individualism and Collectivism, Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Trimiew, D. M. and Greene, M. (1997) How we got over: the moral teaching of the African-American church on business ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly 7(2): 133–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, London: Nicholas Brealey.Google Scholar

Tsalikis, J. and LaTour, M. S. (1995) Bribery and extortion in international business: ethical perceptions of Greeks compared to Americans, Journal of Business Ethics 14: 249–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsalikis, J. and Nwachukwu, O. (1988) Cross-cultural business ethics: ethical beliefs differences between Blacks and Whites, Journal of Business Ethics 7: 745–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsalikis, J. and Nwachukwu, O. (1991) A comparison of Nigerian to American views of bribery and extortion in international commerce, Journal of Business Ethics 10: 85–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsutsui, W. M. (1998) Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Tylor, E. B. (1871) Primitive culture, cited in Levi-Strauss, C. (1963) (trans. Jacobson, C. and Schoel, B. G.), Structural Anthropology, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Ugwuegbu, D. C. E. (2001) The Psychology of Management in African Organizations, Westport, CT: Quorum.Google Scholar

Uhl-Bien, M., Tierney, P., Graen, G. and Wakabayashi, M. (1990) Company paternalism and the hidden investment process: identification of the ‘right type’ for line managers in leading Japanese organizations, Group and Organization Studies 15: 414–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,UN Global Compact (2000) www.unglobalcompact.org/, accessed 27/05/09.

,US Census Bureau (2000) US Census 2000, www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html/www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/files/2000/chap16.pdf, accessed 09/05/09.

,US State Department (2006) China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) International Religious Freedom Report 2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor at www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm, accessed 10/09/09.Google Scholar

Utomi, P. (1998) Managing Uncertainty: Competition and Strategy in Emerging Economies, Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books.Google Scholar

Luijk, H. J. L. (1997) Business ethics in Western and Northern Europe: a search for effective alliances, Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1579–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vogel, D. (1993a) Is US business obsessed with ethics? Across the Board: The Conference Board Magazine, November/December.

Vogel, D. (1993b) Differing national approaches to business ethics, Journal of Business Ethics 2(3): 164–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waiguchu, J. M., Tiagha, E. and Mwaura, M. (eds.) (1999) Management of Organizations in Africa, Westport, CT: Quorum.

Wall, J. (1990) Managers in the People's Republic of China. Academy of Management Executive 4(2): 19–32.Google Scholar

Weaver, G. R. and Agle, B. R. (2002) Religiosity and ethical behaviour in organizations: a symbolic interactionist perspective, Academy of Management Review 27(1): 77–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werner, A. (2008) The influence of Christian identity on SME owner-managers' conceptualization of business practice, Journal of Business Ethics 82: 449–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Westwood, R. J. and Posner, B. Z. (1997) Managerial values across cultures: Australia, Hong Kong and the United States, Asia Pacific Journal of Management 14: 31–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whipple, T. W. and Swords, D. F. (1992) Business ethics judgements: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics 11: 671–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, L. P. and Rhodeback, M. J. (1992) Ethical dilemmas in organizational development: a cross-cultural analysis, Journal of Business Ethics 11: 663–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whiteoak, J. W., Crawford, N. G. and Mapstone, R. H. (2006) Impact of gender and generational differences in work values and attitudes in an Arab culture, Thunderbird International Business Review 48(1): 77–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whitley, R. (1999) Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Williams, O. F. (2004) The UN Global Compact: the challenge and the promise, Business Ethics Quarterly 14(4): 755–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, R. (2006) Islam and business, Thunderbird International Business Review 48(1) 109–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Worden, S. (2003) The role of religious and nationalist ethics in strategic leadership: the case of J. N. Tata, Journal of Business Ethics 47(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zhuang, J. Y., Thomas, S. and Miller, D. L. (2005) Examining culture's effect on whistle-blowing and peer reporting, Business and Society 44(4): 462–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar