In the previous two chapters, we presented three arguments. First, oppositions have won power in mixed regimes in postcommunist Europe and Eurasia when they and their allies have mounted innovative and sophisticated campaigns for political office. Second, the electoral model is vital to the success of the opposition, because it is very effective at getting citizens to vote, support the opposition, and, if necessary, defend their choices in the streets. Finally, this model did not originate in the postcommunist region. Its origins can be found, instead, in the United States, where it became standard operating procedure in national and state elections, and in the Philippines and Chile, where it played a key role in ending authoritarian rule during the second half of the 1980s.

The purpose of this chapter is to build on these arguments by switching our approach from one that treats the elections of interest in this book as separate events to one that analyzes them as related developments. We are interested, therefore, in the question of whether the cross-national diffusion of the electoral model explains why oppositions won or lost and why there were so many electoral turnovers in the postcommunist region in such a short period of time.