Party members, workers, shop heads, engineers, managers, and others in the factories became both agents and victims of a political culture bent on identifying and destroying enemies. No one in the factories was able to escape this culture. After each of the Moscow trials, workers attended mass demonstrations, factory-wide meetings, and small group discussions in the barracks and the shops. Radio loudspeakers in the factories blared news of the trials. Workers across the country took mass, public pledges to examine every industrial bottleneck and accident for signs of wrecking. The factory newspapers functioned as small motors of terror, informing workers and party activists of accusations and spurring them to investigate specific shops and individuals. The leaders of the factories were regularly humiliated in the press. Each day brought new, shocking headlines that set employees abuzz. At the same time, NKVD arrests affected the leadership of the factories at every level. Every director, organizer, instructor, shop and department head, engineer, and foreman, whether party member or not, had associational ties to others above and below. Arrests rippled outward to envelop the victims’ associates, friends, and relatives, at work and at home.