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11 - Protection to and From Radar Systems

from Part IV - Protection Processes for Incumbents and Peers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Preston Marshall
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Summary

Unique Aspects of Radar Systems

Although most spectrum sharing discussion revolves around communications services sharing with communications services, radars consume massive amounts of spectrum, and meaningful spectrum sharing will require that this spectrum be meaningfully shared. Technical and operational issues impacting consideration and implementation of radar and communications spectrum sharing are many, including:

  1. • Radars have very high peak power, and also very high gain antennas, so their interference potential could appear to be quite significant over an extensive region.

  2. • Radars are often used for safety of life (aviation, maritime) or national security (military) related applications, so the tolerance for interference is low or non-existent.

  3. • The emission characteristics of some radars are not publicly available from the Government or military users, and thus sensing design for detecting some radars is difficult. Others are so variable in pulse structure and scanning patterns that they are essentially random to the sensor designer. Similarly, the interference susceptibility of these radars is also not publicly available for use in determining protection modalities.

  4. • Military radar users are concerned about the detection of some of their operations and characteristics.

  5. • Although the transmission duty cycle for a radar is very low, the radar is “using” the spectrum while it is listening for a return signal, and is impacted by interference for a period twice the time it takes light to reach the outer radius of the radar.

  6. • Bi-static radars have receivers that are not located at the same location as the transmitters (the illuminator), and therefore the angle or distance to these radar receivers cannot be determined by a sensing regime.

For these reasons, other than the Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) band at 5 GHz, there are few success stories for radar spectrum sharing.

A General Model of Radar System Design and Performance

This section introduces some basic parameters of radar operation, with only the factors related to the detection, protection, and mitigation of interference from radars considered. In most cases, the models are fairly simple radar modes of operation. Specialized military and space-borne radars have typically much more complex operational modes, but still have the basic characteristics provided in this discussion.

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Three-Tier Shared Spectrum, Shared Infrastructure, and a Path to 5G , pp. 174 - 188
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

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References

1 International Telecommunications Union, Technical Characteristics of Maritime Radionavigation RADARS, Recommendation ITU-R M.1313 (1997).
2 International Telecommunications Union, Characteristics of Radiolocation Radars, and Characteristics and Protection Criteria for Sharing Studies for Aeronautical Radionavigation and Meteorological Radars in the Radiodetermination Service Operating in the Frequency Band 2700–2900 MHz, Recommendation ITU-R M.1464-1 (2003).
3 G., Brooker, Sensors and Signals (Sydney: Australian Centre for Field Robotics, 2009).
4 US Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Agency (NTIA), An Assessment of the Near Term Viability of Accommodating Wireless Broadband Systems in the 1675–1710 MHz, 1755–1780 MHz, 3500–3650 MHz, and 4200–4220 MHz, 4380–4400 MHz bands. Technical report (y).
5 J. H., Reed, A.W., Clegg, A. V., Padaki, T., Yang, R., Nealy, C., Dietrich, C. R., Anderson, and D.M., Mearns, On the co-existence of TD-LTE and Radar over 3.5 GHz band: An experimental study. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 5/4 (2016) 368–371.Google Scholar
6 M., Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 2nd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980).
7 A., Khawar, A., Abdelhadi, and T. C., Clancy, Coexistence analysis between radar and cellular system in LoS channel. IEEE Antennas and wireless propagation letters, 15 (2016).Google Scholar
8 G. M., Jacyna, B., Fell, and D., McLemore, A high-level overview of fundamental limits studies for the DARPA SSPARC program. 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (2016). 1–6.Google Scholar
9 M. P., Fitz, T. R., Halford, I., Hossain, and S. W., Enserink, Towards simultaneous radar and spectral sensing. 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (2014). 15–19.Google Scholar
10 J., Guerci, Cognitive Radar: The Knowledge-Aided Fully Adaptive Approach (Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2010).
11 J. R., Guerci, R. M., Guerci, A., Lackpour, and D., Moskowitz, Joint design and operation of shared spectrum access for radar and communications. 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (2015) 761–766.Google Scholar

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