Introduction

Availability of reliable and real-time information is essential for the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources and improving the efficiency and performance of the aging electrical power grid. Hence, an integrated high-performance, pervasive, and secure communications infrastructure is one of the key foundations of smart grid evolution. Much of the recent standardization efforts, such as that led by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [1], and the IEEE P2030 [2], has focused on defining high-level, technology-neutral architecture and reference models for smart grid communications networks. An abstract architecture offers a framework of logical connections between different system domains and high-level requirements to be followed by specific solutions. While such a conceptual architectural model is imperative for ensuring interoperability, it is not mapped directly to specific solutions, nor does it address detailed implementation issues.

This chapter is focused on physical communications and access techniques that support current and upcoming smart grid applications. We discuss in detail a variety of communications media and technologies and how they can be applied in smart grid communications networks. The rest of this section provides some background information on our discussion. Section 5.1.1 begins with a look at the history of utility communications networks. Such knowledge is important in understanding the existing utility communications infrastructure and necessary improvements needed en route to smart grid. The key objectives in establishing smart grid communications networks are discussed in Section 5.1.2, followed by data classification and requirements in smart grid in Section 5.1.3.