Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vpsfw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T16:50:57.216Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - REGIONAL AND SOCIAL VARIATION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Manfred Görlach
Edited by
Roger Lass
Roger Lass
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Get access

Summary

General background

Homogeneity versus heterogeneity

No language in the world is homogeneous, or ever will be. Whereas earlier forms of English were characterised by extreme variation on all levels and Middle English is in fact best described as a loose conglomerate of unstable varieties, we usually lack any more detailed insight into what functions this variation had for the individual speaker. The social correlates so well known from modern sociolinguistics, such as age, sex, education, religion, can normally not be applied to the existing texts, nor can even the geographical range of recorded forms be determined with any degree of certainty. Finally, if modern dialect or other non-standard features are contrasted with (as the term non-standard implies) an accepted standard form of a language, this method would necessarily fail with Middle English even if we knew more about it than we do and, in view of the state of surviving documents, ever will. It is safe to assume that for its speakers the linguistic heterogeneity of Middle English was ordered in some way, but it was so only for continually shifting speech communities, whose number and individual geographical spread we know very little about. The scene changed dramatically in the fifteenth century: the emergence of a new standard language began to re-institute a linguistic norm for written supraregional English. This development was a natural consequence of the acceptance of English in public domains, and was speeded up by the change-over to English as the Chancery language in 1430.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of the English Language , pp. 459 - 538
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J. (1799). The Pronunciation of the English Language. Edinburgh: for the author. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 72, 1968]Google Scholar
Alston, R. C. (1965ff.). A Bibliography of the English Language from the Invention of Printing to the Year 1800. Leeds: Arnold.Google Scholar
Axon, W. E. A. (1883). English Dialect Words of the Eighteenth Century as Shown in the Universal Etymological Dictionary of Nathaniel Bailey. E.D.S., Series B. Reprinted Glossaries.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. (1727). Universal Etymological Dictionary, vol. II. London.Google Scholar
Baker, R. (1770). Reflections on the English Language. London: for J. Bell [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 87, 1968]Google Scholar
Bald, M. A. (1926). ‘The anglicization of Scottish printing’. Scottish Historical Review 23.Google Scholar
Barber, C. (1976). Early Modern English. London: André Deutsch.Google Scholar
Bately, J. M. (1967). ‘Ray, Worlidge, and Kersey's revision of The New World of English Words’. Anglia 85.Google Scholar
Baugh, A. C. and Cable, T.. 3(1978). A History of the English Language. Boston: Routledge. (41993)Google Scholar
Blake, N. F. (1981). Non-standard Language in English Literature. (The Language Library). London: André Deutsch.Google Scholar
Bliss, A. (1979). Spoken English in Ireland. Representative Texts Assembled and Analysed. Dublin: Dolmen Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, W. F. (ed.). (1966). The English Language. Essays by English and American Men of Letters, I, 1490–1839. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brengelman, F. H. (1981). Dialectology in seventeenth-century dictionaries. Papers of the Dictionary Society of North America.Google Scholar
Bullokar, W. (1580). Booke at Large for the Amendement of Orthography for English Speech. London: H. Denham; reprinted Leeds University (1970).Google Scholar
Burchfield, R. (ed.). (1994). The Cambridge History of the English Language. V: English in Britain and Overseas. Origins and Development. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bysshe, E. (1702). The Art of English Poetry. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 75, 1968]Google Scholar
Cobbett, W. (1817). A Grammar of the English Language. London (2nd edn. 1833).Google Scholar
Coles, E. (1676). English Dictionary. London: S. Crouch. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 268, 1971]Google Scholar
Collins, A. S. (1972). ‘Language 1660–1784’. In Ford, B. (ed.). The Pelican Guide to English Literature 4: From Dryden to Johnson. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Cooper, C. (1685). Grammatica linguae anglicanae. London: Tooke. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 86, 1968]Google Scholar
Cooper, C. (1687). The English Teacher. London: the author. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 175, 1969]Google Scholar
Coote, E. (1596). The English Schoole-Maister. London: Jackson & Dexter. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 98, 1968]Google Scholar
Craigie, W. A. (1937). ‘Northern words in Modern English’. S. P. E. Tract 50. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Craigie, W. A. (1945). ‘Pure English of the soil’. S. P. E. Tract 64. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Craigie, W. A. (1946). ‘The critique of pure English from Caxton to Smollett’. S. P. E. Tract 65. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. & Davy, D.. (1969). Investigating English Style. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Daines, S. (1640). Orthoepia anglicana. London: The Company of Stationers. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 31, 1967]Google Scholar
Darby, H. C. (ed.) (1973). A New Historical Geography of England. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, H. S. (1970). Milton and the vocabulary of verse and prose. In Watson, G. (ed.). Literary English since Shakespeare. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, N. (1955). The language of the Pastons. Publications of the British Academy 40.Google Scholar
Davis, N. (ed.). (1971). Paston Letters and Papers, I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Devitt, A. J. (1989). Standardizing Written English. Diffusion in the Case of Scotland 1520–1659. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dobson, E. J. (1968). English Pronunciation, 1500–1700. 2nd edn. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Dobson, E. J. (1969 [1955]). “Early Modern Standard English”. In Lass, R. (ed.). Approaches to English Historical Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Eckhardt, E. (1910). Die Dialekt- und Ausländertypen des älteren englischen Dramas. Teil I: Die Dialekttypen. Louvain: A. Uystpruyst.Google Scholar
Elyot, T. (1531). The Boke Named Gouernour. London: Tho. Berthelet. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 246, 1970]Google Scholar
Finkenstaedt, T. (1963). You and Thou. Studien zur Anrede im Englishchen. Berlin: E. Schmidt.Google Scholar
Fisher, J. H. (1977). Chancery and the emergence of standard written English in the fifteenth century. Speculum 52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förster, D. & , M. (1901). Dialekt-materialien aus dem 18. Jahrhundert – III. Dialektwörter bei Kersey (1708). Anglia 24: N.F. 12.Google Scholar
Fraunce, A. (1588). The Arcadian Rhetorike. London: Thomas Orwin [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 176, 1969]Google Scholar
Gil, A. (1787). A Provincial Glossary. London: S. Hooper. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 63, 1968] (2nd edn. 1790)Google Scholar
Gil, A. 2(1621). Logonomia anglica. London: Joh. Beale (first 1619). [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 68, 1968] Grose, F. (1785). A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. London: S. Hooper. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 80, 1968]Google Scholar
Glauser, B. (1991). Transition areas versus focal areas in English dialectology. English World-Wide 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, M. (1990a). Studies in the History of the English Language. (Anglistische orschungen 210). Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1990b). ‘The development of Standard Englishes’. In Görlach, (1990a).Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1990c). ‘Renaissance English’. In Görlach, , (1990a), 95–107 (first edn. 1984).Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1990d). ‘The study of Early Modern English variation – the Cinderella of English historical linguistics?’ In Görlach, (1990a) 108–22 (1st edn. 1988).Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1990e). ‘Lexical loss and lexical survival – the case of Scots and English’. In Görlach, (1990a) 123–43 (1st edn. 1987).Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1991). Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge University Press. (German original 1978, 2nd edn 1994.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, M. (1995a). New Studies in the History of the English Language. (Anglistische Forschungen 232.) Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (1995b). Dialect lexis in Early Modern English dictionaries. In Görlach, (1995a).Google Scholar
Gregory, M. & Carroll, S.. (1978). Language and Situation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K., et al. (1964). The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. ch. 4: ‘The users and uses of English’. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hanham, Alison. (ed.). (1975). The Cely Letters, 1472–1488. (EETS 273.) Oxford.Google Scholar
Harris, John. (1985). Phonological Variation and Change. Studies in HiBerno-English. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, John. (1986). ‘Expanding the superstrate: habitual aspect markers in Atlantic Englishes’. English World-Wide 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, J. (1569). An Orthographie. London: Seres. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 209, 1969]Google Scholar
Head, R. (1673). The Canting Academy. London.Google Scholar
Holmberg, B. (1964). On the Concept of Standard English and the History of Modern English Pronunciation. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Honey, J. (1988). ‘Talking proper’: schooling and the establishment of English ‘Received Pronunciation’. In Nixon, G. & Honey, J.. (eds.). An Historic Tongue. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Horn, W. and Lehnert, M.. (1954). Laut und Leben. Englishe Lautgeschichte der neueren Zeit. (1400–1950). Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Howatt, A. P. R. (1984). A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, A. (c. 1617). Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britain Tong, Wheatley, H. B. (ed.), 1865. Early English Text Society, old series 5.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, O. (1994). The dialects of England since 1776. In Burchfield, (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1909–1949). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. 7 vols. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. (1755). Dictionary of the English Language. London; reprinted London: Times Books (1983); new edition by Todd, H. J., London: Longman et al., (1818); “Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language”. In Bolton, (1966).Google Scholar
Jones, J. (1701). Dr John Jones's Practical Phonography. London: Richard Smith. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 167, 1969]Google Scholar
Jonson, B. (1640). The English Grammar. In Works, London. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 349, 1972]Google Scholar
Kersey, J. (1702). A New English Dictionary. London. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 140, 1969]Google Scholar
Kersey, J. (1708). Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum. London. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 156, 1969]Google Scholar
Kibbee, D. A. (1991). For to Speke French Trewely. The French Language in England, 1000–1600: its Status, Description and Instruction. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knorrek, M. (1938). Der Einfluβ des Rationalismus auf die englishe Sprache. Breslau: Priebatsch.Google Scholar
Kökeritz, H. (1938–1939). Gil, Alexander (1621) on the dialects of South and East England. Studia Neophilogica II.
Kökeritz, H. (1953). Shakespeare's Pronunciation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, M. (1991). Variation and Diachrony, with Early American English in Focus: Studies on CAN/MAY and SHALL/WILL. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1975). The use of the present to explain the past. In Heilman, H. (ed.). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Linguists. Bologna: Mulino.Google Scholar
Lass, R. (1987). The Shape of English. Structure and History. London & Melbourne: J. M. Dent & Sons.Google Scholar
Lawton, G. (1962). John Wesley's English. A Study of his Literary Style. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Leith, , (1983). A Social History of English. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Leonard, S. A. (1929). The Doctrine of Correctness in English Usage 1700–1800. (University of Wisconsin Studies in Language and Literature 25). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Levins, P. (1570). Manipulus Vocabulorum. London: Henrie Bynneman for John Waley [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 195, 1969]; ed. Wheatley, H. B., 1867, EETS 27.Google Scholar
Lisle, W. (1633). A Saxon Treatise Concerning the Old and New Testament. London.Google Scholar
Lowth, R. (1762). A Short Introduction to English Grammar. London: J. Hughs for Millar, A. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 18, 1967]Google Scholar
Manwayring, H. (1644). The Sea-mans Dictionary. London: G. M. for John Bellamy. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 328, 1972]Google Scholar
Markus, M. (1988). Middle English and Early Modern English letters as the basis of a linguistic corpus. In Mair, Christian, et al. (eds.). Historical English. Innsbruck University.Google Scholar
Martin, B. (1749). Lingua Britannica Reformata. London: for S. Birt etc. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 258, 1970] (2nd edn. 1754).Google Scholar
Mathews, M. M. (ed.). (1931). The Beginnings of American English. Essays and Comments. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, W. (1938). Cockney Past and Present. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
McClure, J. D. (1994). English in Scotland. In Burchfield, (1994).Google Scholar
Meriton, G. (1683). A Yorkshire Dialogue, ed. Cawley, A. C.. Leeds: Yorkshire Dialect Society (1959).Google Scholar
Meurman-Solin, A. (1993). Variation and Change in Early Scottish Prose, Studies Based on the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.Google Scholar
Michael, I. (1970). English Grammatical Categories and the Tradition to 1800. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. (1983). On the sociolinguistic history of /h/-dropping in English. In Davenport, M., et al., (eds.) Current Topics in English Historical Linguistics. Odense University Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. (1992). Middle English dialectology. In Blake, N. F., (ed.). The Cambridge History of the English language, II. 1476-1776. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. R. & Deane, P. M.. (1962). Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mossé, F. (1952). A Handbook of Middle English, tr. Walker, J. A.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mulcaster, R. (1582). The First Part of the Elementarie. London: Vautroullier. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 219, 1970]Google Scholar
Murray, L. (1795). English Grammar. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 106, 1968]Google Scholar
Nevalainen, T. (1983). A corpus of colloquial Early Modern English for a lexical–syntactic study: evidence for consistency and variation. In Jacobson, S. (ed.). Papers from the Second Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation. (Acta Universitatis Stockholmensis 57.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, W. R. & Todd, L. (1980). Variety in Contemporary English. London: Allen & Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osselton, N. E. (1958). Branded Words in English Dictionaries before Johnson. Groningen: Wolters.Google Scholar
Page, N. 2(1988). Speech in the English Novel. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partridge, E. (1935). Slang To-day and Yesterday. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peacham, H. (1577). The Garden of Eloquence. London: H. Iackson. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 267, 1971]Google Scholar
Phillips, K. C. (1984). Language and Class in Victorian England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Priestley, J. (1761). The Rudiments of English Grammar. London: for R. Griffiths. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 210, 1969]Google Scholar
Puttenham, G. (1589). The Arte of English Poesie. London: R. Field. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 110, 1968]Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Swartvik, J.. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London & New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Ray, J. (1674). A Collection of English Words not Generally Used. London (21691). [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 145, 1969]Google Scholar
Reddick, A. (1990). The Making of Johnson's Dictionary, 1746–1773. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Romaine, S. (1982). Socio-Historical Linguistics: its Status and Methodology. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydén, M. & Brorström, S.. (1987). The ‘be/have’ Variation with Intransitives in English. (Stockholm Studies in English 70.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Samuels, M. L. (1972). Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schäfter, J. (1989). Early Modern English Lexicography. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Scragg, D. G. (1974). History of English Spelling. Manchester University Press & New York: Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, W. (1623). Comedies, Histories jc Tragedies [First Folio], facs. by Hinman, Ch., The Norton Facsimile. New York: Norton, 1968.Google Scholar
Sheridan, T. (1761). A Dissertation on the Causes of the Difficulties which Occur in Learning the English Language. London: for R. and J. Dodsley [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 40, 1967]Google Scholar
Sheridan, T. (1762). A Course of Lectures on Elocution. London: W. Strahan. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 129, 1968]Google Scholar
Sheridan, T. (1780). A Geneal Dictionary of the English Language. Two volumes. London: for J. Dodsley. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 50, 1967]Google Scholar
Sidney, P. (1595). An Apologie for Poetry. London: H. Olney.Google Scholar
Skeat, W. W. (ed.). (1873). Reprinted Glossaries. English Dialect Society, Series B; reprinted Vaduz: Kraus, 1965.Google Scholar
Smith, G. G. (ed.). (1904). Elizabethan Critical Essays. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Speght, T. (ed.). 2(1602). The Workes of our Ancient and Learned English Poet, Geffrey Chaucer. London: Adam Islip for Bonham Norton.Google Scholar
Sprat, T. (1667). The History of the Royal-Society of London, for the Improving of Natural Knowledge. London.Google Scholar
Starnes, Witt T. & Noyes., G. E. (1946). The English Dictionary from Cawdrey to Johnson, 1604–1755. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. (2nd edn. Stein, G. (ed.). (1991). Amsterdam: Benjamins.)Google Scholar
Strang, B. M. H. (1970). A History of English. London & New York: Methuen.Google Scholar
Sundby, B. (1985). Towards a Dictionary of English Normative Grammar. Dictionaries 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundby, B., Bjørge, A. K. & Haugland, K. E.. (1991). A Dictionary of English Normative Grammar 1700–1800 (DENG). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, J. (1712). ‘A proposal for correcting, improving and ascertaining the English tongue.’ London: for Benj. Tooke. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 213, 1969]Google Scholar
Tieken-BoonOstade, I. (1987). The Auxiliary ‘do’ in Eighteenth-Century English: a Sociohistorical-Linguistic Approach. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, P. (1986). Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trusler, J. (1766). The difference between words esteemed synonymous, in the English language; and, the proper choice of them determined. London: for J. Dodsley. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 207, 1970]Google Scholar
Viles, E. & Furnivall, F. J. (eds.). (1869). The Fraternitye of Vacabondes etc. London: Early English Text Society, extra series 9.Google Scholar
Wakelin, M. F. (1982). Evidence for spoken regional English in the sixteenth century. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 5.Google Scholar
Wakelin, M. F. (1987). The treatment of dialect in English dictionaries. In Burchfield, R. W. (ed.). Studies in Lexicography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Wakelin, M. F. (1988). The phonology of South-Western English 1500–1700. In Fisiak, J.. (ed.). Historical Dialectology, Regional and Social. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wakelin, M. F. 2(1977). English Dialects. An Introduction. London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1791). A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: Robinson. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 117, 1968]Google Scholar
Wallis, J. (1653). Grammatica linguae anglicanae. Oxford: L. Lichfield. [English Linguistics 1500–1800, Alston (1970. Menston: Scolar Press) 142, 1969]Google Scholar
Weinstock, H. (1976). The aims, problems and values of A Dictionary of Early Modern English Pronunciation 1500–1800. In DEMEP.Google Scholar
Wyld, H. C. 3(1936). A History of Modern Colloquial English. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Zachrisson, R. E. (1914). Northern English or London English as the standard pronunciation. Anglia 38.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×