Abbatt, J. P. D., Benz, S., Cziczo, D. J., Kanji, Z., Lohmann, U., and Möhler, O. (2006). Solid ammonium sulfate aerosols as ice nuclei: A pathway for cirrus cloud formation. Science, 313, 1770–1773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abdul-Razzak, H., and Ghan, S. J. (2000). A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837–6844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abdul-Razzak, H., and Ghan, S. J. (2004). Parameterization of the influence of organic surfactants on aerosol activation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03205, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abdul-Razzak, H., Ghan, S. J., and Rivera-Carpio, C. (1998). A parameterization of aerosol activation: 1. Single aerosol type. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6123–6131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abraham, F. (1970). Functional dependence of drag coefficient of a sphere on Reynolds number. Phys. Fluids, 13, 2194–2195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackerman, S., and Stephens, G. L. (1987). The absorption of solar radiation by cloud droplets: An application of anomalous diffraction theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1574–1588.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agee, E. M. (1985). Extratropical cloud-topped boundary layers over the oceans. Rep. JSC/CAS Workshop on Modeling of CTBL, Fort Collins, CO, USA, WMO/TD No 75, 67 pp.Google Scholar

Agee, E. M. (1987). Mesoscale cellular convection over the oceans. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 10, 317–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albrecht, B. (1989). Aerosols, cloud microphysics and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245, 1227–1230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aleksandrov, E. L., and Yudin, K. B. (1979). On the vertical profile of the cloud microstructure in stratiform clouds. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., 12, 47–61.Google Scholar

Ally, M. R., Clegg, S. I., Braunstein, J., and Simonson, J. M. (2001). Activities and osmotic coefficients of tropospheric aerosols: (NH4)2SO4 (aq) and NaCl (aq). J. Chem. Themodynamics, 33, 905–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Naimi, R., and Saunders, C. P. R. (1985). Measurements of natural deposition and condensation-freezing ice nuclei with a continuous flow chamber. Atmos., Environ., 19, 1871–1882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Angell, C. A. (1982). In: Water: A comprehensive treatise, vol. 7. Ed.: Franks, F., Plenum, New York, 1–81.Google Scholar

Ångström, A. (1929). On the atmospheric transmission of sun radiation and on dust in the air. Geogr. Ann., 11, 156–166.Google Scholar

Ångström, A. (1964). The parameters of atmospheric turbidity. Tellus, 16, 64–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archuleta, C. M., DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (2005). Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2617–2634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkins, P. W. (1982). Physical chemistry, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press., 1095 pp.Google Scholar

Auer, A. H.., and Veal, D. L. (1970). The dimensions of ice crystals in natural clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 919–926.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, P. H., Baker, M. B., Blyth, A. M., and Jensen, J. B. (1985). Small-scale variability in warm continental cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1123–1138.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakan, S. (1984). Note on cellular convection with nonisotropic eddies. Tellus, 36A, 87–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, M. B. (1993). Variability in concentrations of CCN in the marine cloud-top boundary layer. Tellus, Ser. B, 45, 458–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, M. B., and Baker, M. (2004). A new look at homogeneous freezing of water. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19102, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, M. B., and Latham, J. (1979). The evolution of the droplet spectra and the rate of production of embryonic raindrops in small cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1612–1615.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, M. B., Corbin, R. G., and Latham, J. (1980). The influence of entrainment on the evolution cloud droplet spectra: I. A model of inhomogeneous mixing. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 581–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, M. B., Briedenthal, R. E., Choularton, T. W., and Latham, J. (1984). The effects of turbulent mixing in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 299–304.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakhanov, V. P., and Buikov, M. V. (1985). Modeling artificial crystallization, precipitation formation and dispersal of supercooled stratiform clouds. Review. Proc. Sov. Inst. Sci. Inf., ser. Meteorology, No. 6, 50 pp., Obninsk, Moscow Region (in Russian).Google Scholar

Barahona, D., and Nenes, A. (2008). Parameterization of cirrus formation in large scale models: Homogenous nucleation. J. Geophys. Res., 113, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barahona, D., and Nenes, A. (2009). Parameterizing the competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in cirrus cloud formation monodisperse ice nuclei. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 369–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartlett, J. T., and Jonas, P. R. (1972). On the dispersions of the sizes of droplets growing by condensation in turbulent clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 150–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barton, E. F., and Oliver, W. F. (1936). The crystal structure of ice at low temperatures. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., A 153, 166–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bashkirova, T. A., and Pershina, T. A. (1964). On the mass of snow crystals and their fall velocity. Proc. Main Geophys. Observ., 165, 83–100.Google Scholar

Bauer, S. E. and Koch, D. (2005), Impact of heterogeneous sulfate formation at mineral dust surfaces on aerosol loads and radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 110, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. V. (1976). Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851–864.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. V. (1980). The effect of altitude and electrical force on the terminal velocity of hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1363–1374.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. V., and Chuang, C. (1987). A new model for the equilibrium shape of raindrops. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1509–1524.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. V., and Ochs, H. T. (1993). Warm-rain initiation: an overview of microphysical mechanisms. J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 608–625.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, K. V., and Pruppacher, H. R. (1971). A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of small water drops at terminal velocity in air. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1455–1464.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, R., and Döring, W. (1935). Kinetische Behandlung der Keimbildung in übersättigten Dämpfen. Ann. Physik, 24, 719–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belyaev, V. I. (1961). Size distribution of drops in a cloud during its condensation stage of development. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., 8, 1209–1213.Google Scholar

Belyaev, V. I. (1964). The method of Lagrange in the kinetics of cloud processes. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 119 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar

Berezinsky, N. A., and Stepanov, G. V. (1986). Dependence of natural ice-forming nuclei concentration of different size on the temperature and supersaturation. Izv. Acad Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 22, 722–727.Google Scholar

Bergeron, T. (1935). On the physics of clouds and precipitation. Proc. Vth Assembly General of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Lisbon, Portugal, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 156–180.

Berjulev, G. P., Chernikov, A. A., Danelyan, B. G., Khvorostyanov, V. I., Seregin, Y. A., Toroyan, G. R., and Vlasyuk, M. V. (1989). Field study and numerical simulation of an orographic cloud system: Natural evolution and seeding. Proc. IVth International Conf. on Weather Modification, Beijing, China, 128–132.Google Scholar

Berlyand, T. G., and Strokina, L. A. (1980). Global distribution of total cloud amount. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 71 pp. (in Russian) (English translation by S. Warren).Google Scholar

Berry, E. X. (1967). Cloud drop growth by coalescence. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 688–701.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, E. X., and Reinhardt, R. L. (1974a). An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part I. Double distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1814–1824.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, E. X., and Reinhardt, R. L. (1974b). An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part II. Single initial distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1825–1831.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertram, A. K., Patterson, D. D., and Sloan, J. J. (1996). Mechanisms and temperatures for the freezing of sulfuric acid aerosols measured by FTIR spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 2376–2383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertram, A. K., Koop, T., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J. (2000). Ice formation in (NH4)2SO4-H2O particles. J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 584–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigg, E. K. (1953). The supercooling of water. Proc. Phys. Soc., B 66, 688–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigg, E. K., and Leck, C. (2001a). Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D23), 32,155–32,166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigg, E. K., and Leck, C. (2001b). Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D23), 32,101–32,109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigg, E. K., Brownscombe, J. L., and Thompson, W. (1969). Fog modification with long-chain alcohols. J. Appl. Met., 8, 75–82.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biskos, G., Malinowski, A., Russell, L. M., Buseck, P. R., and Martin, S. T. (2006a). Nanosize effect on the deliquescence and the efflorescence of sodium chloride particles. Aeros. Sci. Technol., 40, 97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biskos, G., Russell, L. M., Buseck, P. R., and Martin, S. T. (2006b). Nanosize effect on the hygroscopic growth factor of aerosol particles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, (1–4), L07, 801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bleck, R. (1970). A fast, approximative method for integrating the stochastic coalescence equation. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 5165–5171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blüthgen, J. (1966). Allgemeine klimageographie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, v. 2, 710 pp.Google Scholar

Bogdan, A., and Molina, M. J. (2009). Why does large relative humidity with respect to ice persist in cirrus ice clouds? J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 14,123–14,130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogdan, A., Molina, M. J., Kulmala, M., Tenhu, H., and Loerting, T. (2013). Solution coating around ice particles of incipient cirrus clouds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blyth, A. (1993). Entrainment in cumulus clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32, 626–641.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Böhm, J. P. (1989). A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2419–2427.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Böhm, J. P. (1992). A general hydrodynamic theory for mixed-phase microphysics. Part I: Drag and fall speeds of hydrometeors. Atmos. Res., 27, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borick, S. S., Debenedetti, P. G., and Sastry, S. (1995). A lattice model of network-forming fluids with orientation-dependent bonding: Equilibrium, stability, and implications for the phase behavior of supercooled water. J. Phys. Chem., 99, 3781–3792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Born, M. (1963). Atomic physics, Blackie and Son, Ltd., London-Glasgow, 493 pp.Google Scholar

Borovikov, A. M., Mazin, I. P., and Nevzorov, A. N. (1965). Some features of distribution of the large particles in clouds of various forms. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 1 (3), 357–369.Google Scholar

Borovikov, A. M., Gaivoronsky, I. I., Zak, E. G., Kostarev, V. V., Mazin, I. P., Minervin, V. E., Khrgian, A. Kh., and Shmeter, S. M. (1963). The physics of clouds. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 1961, Transl. by Israel Program Scientif. Translation, U.S. Dept. Commerce, Washington, DC, 459 pp., 1963.Google Scholar

Bott, A. (1998). A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2284–2293.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bott, A. (2000). A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation: Extension to two-dimensional particle distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 284–294.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bott, A. (2001). A new method for the solution of the stochastic collection equation in cloud models with spectral aerosol and cloud drop microphysics. Atmos. Res., 59–60, 361–372.Google Scholar

Boville, B. A., Rasch, P. J., Hack, J. J., and McCaa, J. R. (2006). Representation of clouds and precipitation processes in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). J. Climate, 19, 2184–2198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braham, R. R. (1976). CCN spectra in c-k space. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 343–346.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J. (2003). An evaluation of a drop distribution-based polarimetric radar rainfall estimator. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 652–660.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brechtel, F. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (2000a). Predicting particle critical supersaturation from hygroscopic growth measurements in the humidified TDMA. Part I: Theory and sensitivity studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1854–1871.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brechtel, F. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (2000b). Predicting particle critical supersaturation from hygroscopic growth measurements in the humidified TDMA. Part II: Laboratory and ambient studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1872–1887.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenguier, J.-L., and Chaumat, L. (2001). Droplet spectra broadening in cumulus clouds. Part I: broadening in adiabatic cores. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 628–641.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bretherton, C. S., MacVean, M. K., Bechtold, P., Chlond, A., Cotton, W. R., et al. (1999a). An intercomparison of radiatively-driven entrainment and turbulence in a smoke cloud, as simulated by different numerical models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 391–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bretherton, C. S., Krueger, S. K., Bechtold, P., van Meijgaard, E., Stevens, B., and Teixeira, J. (1999b). A GCSS boundary layer model intercomparison study of the first ASTEX Lagrangian experiment. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 93, 341–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bridgman, P. W. (1912). Water, in the liquid and five solid forms, under pressure. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 47, 441–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broadwell, J. E., and Briedenthal, R. E. (1982). A simple model of mixing and chemical reaction in a turbulent shear layer. J. Fluid. Mech., 125, 397–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brock, J. R. (1962). On the theory of thermal forces acting on aerosol particles. J. Colloid Sci., 17, 768–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, A. J., and Whalley, E. (1966). Preliminary investigation of the phase boundaries between ice VI and VII and ice VI and VIII. J. Chem. Phys., 45, 4360–4361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, P. S. (1991). Parameterization of the evolving drop-size distribution based on analytic solution of the linearized coalescence breakup equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 200–210.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, P. S. (1997). Mass conservation considerations in analytic representation of rain drop fragment distribution. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1675–1687.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, R. A. (1974). Analytical methods in planetary boundary layer modeling. Adam Higler, London, 150 pp.Google Scholar

Brown, S. R. (1970). Terminal velocities of ice crystals. M. S. Thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, 52 pp.Google Scholar

Brüggeller, P., and Mayer, E. (1980). Complete vitrification in pure water and dilute aqueous solutions. Nature, 288, 569–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brümmer, B. (1985). Structure, dynamics and energetics of boundary layer rolls from KonTur aircraft observations. Contr.Atm.Phys., 58, 237–254.Google Scholar

Brümmer, B., Rump, B., and Kruspe, G. (1992). A cold air outbreak near Spitsbergen in springtime: Boundary-layer modification and cloud development. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 61, 13–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bryant, F. D., and Latimer, P. (1969). Optical efficiencies of large particles of arbitrary shape and orientation. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 30, 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buikov, M. V. (1961). Kinetics of distillation in a polydisperse fog. Izvestia Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Geophys., 7, 1058–1065.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V. (1963). A method of the kinetic equations in the theory of clouds. Proc. All-Union Meteorol. Conf., Leningrad, 5, 122–128.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V. (1966a). Kinetics of heterogeneous condensation at adiabatic cooling. Part 1: Diffusion regime of droplet growth. Colloid J., 28 (5), 628–634.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V. (1966b). Kinetics of heterogeneous condensation at adiabatic cooling. Part 2: Kinetic regime of droplet growth. Colloid J., 28 (5), 635–639.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., and Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1976). Numerical simulation of radiation fog and stratus clouds formation with account for interaction among dynamic, radiative and microphysical processes. Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. Cloud Phys., Boulder, CO, USA, 392–395.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., and Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1977). Formation and evolution of radiative fog and stratus clouds in the boundary layer of the atmosphere with explicit account for microphysical processes. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 13(4), 356–370.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., and Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1979). Dispersal of fogs with surface-active reagents. A review. Soviet Meteorol. Hydrol. 5, 28–35.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., and Pirnach, A. M. (1973). A numerical model of a two-phase stratiform cloud with explicit account for microstructure. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 9 (5), 486–499.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., and Pirnach, A. M. (1975). Numerical modeling of microphysical processes of precipitation formation in stratiform mixed-phase clouds with a 1D spectral bin microphysical model. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 11(5), 469–480.Google Scholar

Buikov, M. V., Ibragimov, K. Y., Pirnach, A. M., and Sorokina, L. P. (1976). A study of the two-phase stratiform clouds in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Astrophys. J., 53, 596–602.Google Scholar

Bunker, K. W., China, S., Mazzoleni, C., Kostinski, A., and Cantrell, W. (2012). Measurements of ice nucleation by mineral dusts in the contact mode, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 20,291–20,309, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butorin, G. T., and Skripov, K. P. (1972). Crystallizaton of supercooled water. Soviet Phys. Crystallogr., 17, 322–326.Google Scholar

Callen, H. B. (1960). Thermodynamics: An introduction to the physical theories of equilibrium thermostatics and irreversible thermodynamics. J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 376 pp.Google Scholar

Cantrell, W., and Robinson, C. (2006). Heterogeneous freezing of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions by long chain alcohols. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07802, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charlson, R. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Nenes, A., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Faccini, M. C. (2001). Reshaping the theory of cloud formation, Science, 292, 20205–2026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chen, J.-P. (1994). Theory of deliquescence and modified Köhler curves, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3505–3516.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J.-P., Hazra, A., and Levin, Z. (2008). Parameterizing ice nucleation rates using contact angle and activation energy derived from laboratory data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7431–7449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Y., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rogers, D. C., and Sherman, E. (2000). Ice formation by sulfate and sulfur acid aerosols under upper-tropospheric conditions, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3752–3766.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., McInnes, L. M., Rogers, D. C., and DeMott, P. J. (1998). Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1391–1394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chlond, A. (1992). Three-dimensional simulation of cloud street development during a cold air outbreak. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 58, 161–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chuang, P. (2003). Measurement of the timescale of hygroscopic growth for atmospheric aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4282, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chukin, V. V., and Platonova, A. S. (2012). Model of crystallization of supercooled droplets of aqueous solution. Proc. Intl. Conf. Clouds and Precipitation, Leipzig, August 2012.Google Scholar

Chukin, V. V., Pavlenko, E. A., and Platonova, A. S. (2010). Homogeneous ice nucleation rate in supercooled droplets of aqueous solutions. Rus. Meteorol. Hydrol., 35, No. 8, pp. 524–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chylek, P., and Klett, J. D. (1991a). Extinction cross sections of non-spherical particles in the anomalous diffraction approximation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 8, 274–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chylek, P., and Klett, J. D. (1991b). Absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by prismatic columns: Anomalous diffraction approximation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 8, 1713–1720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chylek, P. and , Videen (1994). Longwave radiative properties of polydispersed hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 175–190.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chylek, P., and Wong, J. G. D. (1998), Erroneous use of the modified Köhler equation in cloud and aerosol physics applications, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1473–1477.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cirrus (2002). Eds.: Lynch, D., Sassen, K., Starr, D. O’C., and Stephens, G., Oxford University Press, New York, 480 pp.

Clark, T. (1974). A study of cloud phase parameterization using the gamma distribution. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 142–155.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, T. L. (1976). Use of log-normal distributions for numerical calculations of condensation and collection. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 810–821.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clegg, S. L., and Brimblecombe, P. (1995). Application of a multicomponent thermodynamic model to activities and thermal properties of 0–40 mol kg−1 aqueous sulfuric acid from <200 to 328 K, J. Chem. Eng. Ref. Data, 40, 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S. (1998). A thermodynamic model of the system H+-NH4+-SO42+-NO3+-H2O at tropospheric temperatures. J. Phys. Chem., 102, 2137–2154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clegg, S. L., Ho, S. S., Chan, C. K., and Brimblecombe, P. (1995). Thermodynamic properties of aqueous (NH)2SO4 to high supersaturation as a function of temperature. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1079–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coakley, J. A.., et al. (1987). Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity. Science, 237, 1020–1022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohard, J.-M., and Pinty, J.-P. (2000). A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1815–1842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J.-P., and Bedos, C. (1998). Extending Twomey’s analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348–3357.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J.-P., and Suhre, K. (2000). On the parameterization of activation spectra from cloud condensation nuclei microphysical properties. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D9), 11,753–11,766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., Hack, J. J., McCaa, J. R., Williamson, D. L., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Lin, S. J., and Zhang, M. H. (2006). The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), J. Clim., 19 (11), 2144–2161, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comstock, J. M., Ackerman, T. P., and Turner, D. D. (2004). Evidence of high ice supersaturation in cirrus clouds using ARM Raman lidar measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10106, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comstock, J. M., Lin, R.-F., Starr, D. O’C., and Yang, P. (2008). Understanding ice supersaturation, particle growth, and number concentration in cirrus clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23211, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connolly, P. J., Möhler, O., Field, P. R., Saathoff, H., Burgess, R., Choularton, T., and Gallagher, M. (2009). Studies of heterogeneous freezing by three different desert dust samples, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2805–2824, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Considine, G. and Curry, J. A. (1996). A statistical model of drop size spectra for stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 611–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Considine, G. and Curry, J. A. (1998). Role of entrainment and droplet sedimentation on the microphysical structure in stratus and stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 24, 123–150.Google Scholar

Cooper, W. A. (1974). A possible mechanism for contact nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1832–1837.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, W. A. (1986). Ice initiation in natural clouds. In: Precipitation enhancement: A scientific challenge, Meteor. Monogr., 21, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, W. A. (1989). Effects of variable droplet growth histories on droplet size distributions. Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1301–1311.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, W. A. (1995). Ice formation in wave clouds: Observed enhancement during evaporation. In “Proc. Conf. on Cloud Physics.” pp. 147–152. Amer. Met. Soc, Dallas.Google Scholar

Cooper, W. A., and Vali, G. (1981). The origin of ice in mountain cap clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1244–1259.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cotton, R. J., and Field, P. R. (2002). Ice nucleation characteristics of an isolated wave cloud. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 2417–2437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cotton, W. R., and Pielke, R. A. (2007). Human impacts on weather and climate, 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, 315 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cotton, W. R., Bryan, G., and van den Heever, S. (2011). Storm and Cloud Dynamics, Intern. Geophys. Ser., v. 99, Academic Press, Elsevier Publishers, The Netherlands, 809 pp.Google Scholar

Cotton, W. R., Tripoli, G. J., Rauber, R. M., Mulvihill, E. A. (1986). Numerical simulation of the effects of varying ice nucleation rates and aggregation process on orographic snowfall. J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1658–1680.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cotton, W. R., Pielke, R. A.., Walko, R. L., Liston, G. E., Tremback, C. J., Jiang, H., McAnelly, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., Nicholls, M. E., Carrio, G. G., and McFadden, J. P. (2003). RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 82, 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CTBL (1985). Report of the JSC/CAS Workshop on modeling of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer. Fort Collins, CO, USA, 22–26 April 1985, 96 pp.Google Scholar

Curry, J. A. (1983). On the formation of continental polar air. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2278–2292.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A. (1986). Interactions among turbulence, radiation and microphysics in Arctic stratus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 525–538.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A. (1995). Interactions among aerosols, clouds, and climate of the Arctic Ocean. Sci. Total Environ., 160, 777–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., and Herman, G. F. (1985). Infrared radiative properties of summertime Arctic stratus clouds. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 525–538.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., and Khvorostyanov, V. I. (2012). Assessment of some parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation in cloud and climate models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1151–1172, , .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., and Webster, P. J. (1999), Thermodynamics of atmospheres and oceans, Academic Press, London, 467 pp.Google Scholar

Curry, J. A., Ebert, E. E., and Herman, G. F. (1988). Mean and turbulent structure of the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 715–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., Schramm, J., and Ebert, E. E. (1993). Impact of clouds on the surface radiation budget of the Arctic Ocean. Meteor. and Atmos. Phys, 57, 197–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., Rossow, W. B., Randall, D., and Schramm, J. L. (1996). Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation properties. J. Clim., 9, 1731–1764.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., Meyer, F. G., Radke, L. F., Brock, C. A., and Ebert, E. E. (1990). The occurrence and characteristics of lower tropospheric ice crystals in the Arctic. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 749–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curry, J. A., Hobbs, P. V., King, M. D., Randall, D. A., Minnis, P., et al. (2000). FIRE Arctic clouds experiment, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 5-29.2.3.CO;2>CrossRef

Cziczo, D. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D. (1999). Deliquescence, efflorescence and supercooling of ammonium sulfate aerosols at low temperature: Implications for cirrus cloud formation and aerosol phase in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13,781–13,790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cziczo, D. J., Murphy, D. M., Hudson, P. K., and Thomson, D. S. (2004). Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTAL-FACE, J. Geophys. Res., 109, (D4), D04201, 10.1029/2003JD004032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dash, J. G., Fu, H., and Wettlaufer, J. S. (1995). The premelting of ice and its environmental consequences. Rep. Progr. Phys., 58, 115–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Debenedetti, P. K. (2003). Supercooled and glassy water. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 15, R1669–1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Debye, P. (1912). Zur theorie der spezifischen wärmen. Annaln. Phys., 39, 789–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Defay, R., Prigogine, I., Bellemans, A., and Everett, D. (1966). Surface tension and absorption, 432 pp., Wiley, New York.Google Scholar

Deirmendijan, D. (1969). Electromagnetic scattering on spherical polydispersions. Elsevier, 291 pp.Google Scholar

DeMott, P. J. (2002). Laboratory studies of cirrus cloud processes. In: Cirrus. Eds.: Lynch, D., Sassen, K., Starr, D. O’C., and Stephens, G., Oxford University Press, 102–135.Google Scholar

DeMott, P. J., and Rogers, D. C. (1990). Freezing nucleation rates of dilute solution droplets measured between −30 and −40°C in laboratory simulations of natural clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1056–1064.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeMott, P. J., Meyers, M. P., and Cotton, W. R. (1994). Parameterization and impact of ice initiation processes relevant to numerical model simulation of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 77–90.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeMott, P. J., Rogers, D. C., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (1997). The susceptibility of ice formation in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,575–19,584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeMott, P. J., Rogers, D. C., Kreidenweis, S. M., Chen, Y., Twohy, C. H., Baumgardner, D., Heymsfield, A. J., and Chan, K. R. (1998). The role of heterogeneous freezing nucleation in upper tropospheric clouds: Inferences from SUCCESS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1387–1390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeMott, P. J., Cziczo, D. J., Prenni, A. J., Murphy, D. M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Thomson, D. S., Borys, R., and Rogers, D. C. (2003). Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 14,655–14,660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S. M., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H., Richardson, M. S., Eidhammer, T., and Rogers, D. C. (2010). Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 11,217–11,222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Denbigh, K. (1981). The principles of chemical equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, 494 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennis, A. S. (1980). Weather modification by cloud seeding. Academic Press, New York, 274 pp.Google Scholar

Deryagin, B. V. and Kurgin, Y. S. (1972). The theory of passivation of the droplet condensation growth by the vapor of cetyl alcohol. Colloid. J., 35, 26–42.Google Scholar

Deryagin, B. V., Fedoseev, V. A., and Rosentsveig, L. A. (1966). A study of the adsorption of the cetyl alcohol vapor and its impact on evaporation of water drops. Docl. Acad. Sci. USSR, 167 (3), 616–620.Google Scholar

Dick, W. D., Saxena, P., and McMurry, P. H. (2000). Estimation of water uptake by organic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D1), 1471–1479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diehl, K., and Wurzler, S. (2004). Heterogeneous drop freezing in the immersion mode: Model calculations considering soluble and insoluble particles in drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2063–2072.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Djikaev, Y. S. and Ruckenstein, E. (2008). Thermodynamics of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in contact and immersion modes. J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 11,677–11,687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Djikaev, Y. S., Tabazadeh, A., Hamill, P., and Reiss, H. (2002). Thermodynamic conditions for the surface-stimulated crystallization of atmospheric droplets. J. Phys. Chem., A106, 10,247–10,253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dmitrieva-Arrago, L. R, and Akimov, I. V. (1998). A method for calculation of nonconvective precipitation on the basis of liquid water content forecast with account for cloud microphysics. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., 11, 47–59.Google Scholar

Dorsey, N. E. (1968). Properties of ordinary water-substance. Hafner Publish. Co., 637 pp.Google Scholar

Dufour, L., and Defay, R. (1963). Thermodynamics of clouds. Academic Press, New York, 255 pp.Google Scholar

Durant, A. J., and Shaw, R. A. (2005). Evaporating freezing by contact nucleation inside-out. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20814, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eadie, W. J. (1971). A molecular theory of the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled water. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Cloud Physics Lab, Tech. Note 40, 117 pp.Google Scholar

Ebert, E. E., and Curry, J. A. (1992). A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831–3836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ECMWF-2007: European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), (2007). “IFS documentation cycle 31rl, Part IV: Physical processes.” 155 pp., .Google Scholar

Eidhammer, T., DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M. (2009). A comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterization using a parcel model framework. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06202, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Einstein, A. (1906). Die plancksche theorie der Strahlung und die spezifischen Wärme. Annaln. Phys., 22, 180–190.Google Scholar

Elbaum, M., and Schick, M. (1991). Application of the theory of dispersion forces to the surface melting of ice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1713–1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elbaum, M., Lipson, S. G., and Dash, J. D. (1993). Optical study of surface melting on ice. J. Cryst. Growth, 129, 491–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ervens, B., and Feingold, G. (2012). On the representation of immersion and condensation freezing in cloud models using different nucleation schemes. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5807–5826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R. (1999). Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets. Nature, 401, 257–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Falkovich, A. H., Ganor, E., Levin, Z., Formenti, P., and Rudich, Y. (2001). Chemical and mineralogical analysis of individual mineral dust particles, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D16), 18,029–18,036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fan, J., Ghan, S., Ovchinnikov, M., Liu, X., Rasch, P. J., and Korolev, A. (2011). Representation of Arctic mixed-phase clouds and the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process in climate models: Perspectives from a cloud-resolving study. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00T07, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farkas, L. (1927). Keimbildungsgeschwindigkeit in übersättigten Dämpfen. Z. Phyik Chem., A125, 236–242.Google Scholar

Feingold, G., and Chuang, P. (2002). Analysis of the influence of film-forming compounds on droplet growth: Implications for cloud microphysical processes and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2006–2018.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feingold, G., and Levin, Z. (1986). The lognormal fit to raindrop spectra from frontal convective clouds in Israel. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 25, 1346–1363.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feingold, G., Tzivion, S., and Levin, Z. (1988). Evolution of raindrop spectra. Part I: Solution to the collection/breakup equation using the method of moments. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3387–3399.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feingold, G., Stevens, B., Cotton, W. R., and Walko, R. L. (1994). An explicit cloud microphysics/LES model designed to simulate the Twomey effect. Atmos. Res., 33, 207–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R. (2012). TEOS-10: A new international oceanographic standard for seawater, ice, fluid water and humid air. Intern. J. Thermophysics, 33, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R. and Hagen, E. (1995). On the Gibbs thermodynamic potential of seawater. Progr. Oceanogr., 36, 249–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R. and Hagen, E. (1998). A Gibbs thermodynamic potential of sea ice. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 28, 83–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R. and Hagen, E. (1999). Corrigendum to “A Gibbs thermodynamic potential of sea ice.”Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 29, 173–176.Google Scholar

Feistel, R., and Wagner, W. (2005). High-pressure thermodynamic Gibbs functions of ice and sea ice. J. Marine Res., 63, 95–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R., and Wagner, W. (2006). A new equation of state for H2O ice Ih. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35, 1021–1047, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R., and Wagner, W. (2007). Sublimation pressure and sublimation enthalpy of H2O ice Ih between 0 and 273.16 K. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 36–45, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., Jackett, D. R., Miyagawa, K., Reissmann, J. H., Wagner, W., Overhoff, U., Guder, C., Feistel, A., and Marion, G. M. (2010b). Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air – Part 1: Background and equations. Ocean Sci., 6, 633–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., Kretzschmar, H.-J., Hagen, E., Herrmann, S., and Span, R. (2010a). Thermodynamic properties of sea air. Ocean Sci., 6, 91–141, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., Miyagawa, K., Harvey, A. H., Hruby, J., Jackett, D. R., McDougall, T. J., and Wagner, W. (2008). Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: A new standard for oceanography. Ocean Sci., 275–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferrier, B. S. (1994). A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249–280.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Findeisen, W. (1938). Kolloid-Meteorologische Vorgänge bei Neiderschlags-bildung. Meteor. Z., 55, 121–133.Google Scholar

FIRE-SHEBA (2001). First international regional experiment: Surface heat budget of the Arctic. FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment (FIRE), J. Geophys. Res., 106, Special section, Ed.: Curry, J. A., 14,985–15,376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fitzgerald, J. W. (1975). Approximation formulas for the equilibrium size of an aerosol particle as function of its dry size and composition and ambient relative humidity. J. Appl. Meteorol., 14, 1044–1049.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fitzgerald, J. W., Hoppel, W. A., and Vietty, M. A. (1982). The size and scattering coefficient of urban aerosol particles at Washington D.C. as a function of relative humidity. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1838–1852.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1958). Size effects in heterogeneous nucleation. J. Chem. Phys., 29, 572–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1962). The physics of rainclouds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 390 pp.Google Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1968). Ice nucleation behavior of silver iodide smokes containing a soluble component. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1058–1060.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1969). Active sites and ice nucleation, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1266–1271.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1970a). The chemical physics of ice. Cambridge University Press, 265 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, N. H. (1970b). On contact nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1098–1099.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, A. N. (1972). High-temperature contact nucleation of supercooled water by organic aerosols. J. Appl. Meteorol., 11, 988–993.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flossmann, A. I., and Wobrock, W. (2010). A review of our understanding of the aerosol–cloud interaction from the perspective of a bin resolved cloud scale modeling. Atmos. Res., 97, 478–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flossman, A. I., Hall, W. D., and Pruppacher, H. P. (1985). A theoretical study of the wet removal of atmospheric pollutants. Part I: The redistribution of aerosol particles captured through nucleation and impaction scavenging by growing cloud droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 583–606.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flubacher, P., Leadbetter, A. J., and Morrison, J. A. (1960). Heat capacity of ice at low temperatures. J. Chem. Phys., 33, 1751–1755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ford, I. J. (1998a). How aircraft nucleate ice particles: A simple model. J. Aerosol Sci., 29, S1117, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ford, I. J. (1998b). Ice nucleation in jet aircraft exhaust plumes. In: Air pollution research report 68: Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor (POLINAT2). Ed.: Schumann, U., Report EUR 18877, European Commission, 1998, 269–287.Google Scholar

Fornea, A. P., Brooks, S. D., Dooley, J. B., and Saha, A. (2009). Heterogeneous freezing of ice on atmospheric aerosols containing ash, soot, and soil. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13201, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fountoukis, C, and Nenes, A. (2005). Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11212, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fowler, L. D., Randall, D. A., and Rutledge, S. A. (1996). Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes. J. Climate, 9, 489–529.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenkel, Ya. I. (1946). Kinetic theory of liquids. Oxford University Press, 592 pp.Google Scholar

Fridlind, A., Ackerman, A. S., Jensen, E. J., Heymsfield, A. J., Poellot, M. R., et al. (2004). Evidence for the predominance of midtropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei. Science, 304, 718–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Q. (1996). An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate, 9, 2058–2082.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Q., and Liou, K. N. (1993). Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008–2025.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Q., Yang, P., and Sun, W. B. (1998). An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate, 11, 2223–2237.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuchs, N. A. (1959). Evaporation and droplet growth in gaseous media, Pergamon, 242 pp.Google Scholar

Fuchs, N. A. (1964). The mechanics of aerosols. Pergamon, New York, 234 pp.Google Scholar

Fukuta, N. (1975). A study of the mechanism of contact ice nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1597–1603.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fukuta, N., and Schaller, R. C. (1982). Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Theory of condensation-freezing nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 648–655.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fukuta, N., and Walter, L. A. (1970). Kinetics of hydrometeors growth from a vapor-spherical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1160–1172.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaivoronsly, I. I., and Seregin, Y. A. (1962). Experiments on cloud dispersal over large areas. Proc. Centr. Aerolog. Obs., 44, 15–27 (in Russian).Google Scholar

Gao, R. S., Popp, P. J., Fahey, D. W., Marcy, T. P., et al. (2004). Evidence that nitric acid increases relative humidity in low-temperature cirrus clouds. Science, 303, 516–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gao, Y., Chen, S. B., and Yu, L. E. (2006). Efflorescence relative humidity for ammonium sulfate particles. J. Phys. Chem., 110, 7602–7608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gao, Y., Chen, S. B., and Yu, L. E. (2007). Efflorescence relative humidity of airborne sodium chloride particles: A theoretical investigation. Atmos. Environ., 41, 2019–2023, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gayet, J.-F., Ovarlez, J., Shcherbakov, V., Strom, J., Schumann, U., Minikin, A., Auriol, F., Petzold, A., and Monier, M. (2004). Cirrus cloud microphysical and optical properties at southern and northern midlatitudes during the INCA experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20206, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerber, H. (1991). Supersaturation and droplet spectral evolution in fog. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 2569–2588.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., and Ghan, S. J. (2008). A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part II: Single-Column and Global Results. J. Clim., 21, 3660–3679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghan, S., Chuang, C., and Penner, J. (1993). A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. Part 1, Single aerosol species. Atmos. Res., 30, 197–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghan, S., Chuang, C., Easter, R., and Penner, J. (1995). A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. Part 2, Multiple aerosol types. Atmos. Res., 36, 39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghan, S., Leung, L., Easter, R., and Abdul-Razzak, H. (1997). Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 777–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghan, S. J., Abdul-Razzak, H., Nenes, A., Ming, Y., Liu, X., Ovchinnikov, M., Shipway, B., Meskhidze, N., Xu, J., and Shi, X. (2011). Droplet nucleation: Physically-based parameterizations and comparative evaluation. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M10001, .Google Scholar

Giauque, W. F. and Stout, J. W. (1936). The entropy of water and the third law of thermodynamics. The heat capacity of ice from 15 to 273 K. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 58, 1144–1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gierens, K. M. (2003). On the transition between heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 437–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gierens, K. M., Monier, M., and Gayet, J.-F. (2003). The deposition coefficient and its role in cirrus clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D2), 4069, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Girard, E., and Curry, J. A. (2001). Simulation of Arctic low-level clouds observed during the FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment using a new bulk microphysics scheme. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15,139–15,154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Girard, E., and Blanchet, J.-P. (2001). Simulation of Arctic diamond dust, ice fog, and thin stratus using an explicit aerosol-cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1199–1221.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. J., and Eyring, H. (1941). The theory of rate processes. McGraw-Hill, New York, 354 pp.Google Scholar

Golovin, A. M. (1963). On the kinetic equation for coagulating cloud droplets with allowance for condensation. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Geophys., 10, 949–953.Google Scholar

Goody, R. M. (1995). Principles of atmospheric physics and chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, 324 pp.Google Scholar

Grabowski, W. W. and Morrison, H. (2008). Toward the mitigation of spurious cloud-edge supersaturation in cloud models. Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1224–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gradshteyn, I. S., and Ryzhik, I. M. (1994). Tables of integrals, series, and products, 5th ed., Ed.: Jeffery, A., Academic Press, 1204 pp.Google Scholar

Grassl, H. (1991). Possible climatic effects of contrails and additional water vapor. In Air traffic and the environment—Background, tendencies and potential global atmospheric effects. Ed.: Schumann, U., Springer-Verlag, 124–137.Google Scholar

Gu, Y., and Liou, K. N. (2000). Interactions of radiation, microphysics, and turbulence in the evolution of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2463–2479.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Williams, A., Marcotte, D., and Strawbridge, K. B. (2003). Turbulent heat fluxes over leads and polynyas and their effect on Arctic clouds during FIRE-ACE: aircraft observations for April 1998. Atmos. Ocean, 41, 15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunn, R., and Kinzer, G. D. (1949). The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air. J. Meteorol., 6, 243–248.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunn, R., and Marshall, J. S. (1958). The distribution with size of aggregates snowflakes. J. Meteorol., 15, 452–461.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutzow, I., and Schmelzer, J. W. P. (1995). The vitreous state. Thermodynamics, structure, rheology, and crystallization. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.Google Scholar

Gutzow, I. S., and Schmelzer, J. W. P. (2011). Glasses and the third law of thermodynamics. In Glasses and the glass tradition, edited by Schmelzer, J. W. P. and Gutzow, I. S., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 357–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haag, W., Kärcher, B., Ström, J., Minikin, A., Lohmann, U., Ovarlez, J., and Stohl, A. (2003). Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1791–1806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S., and Kell, G. S. (1982). The anatomy of the thermodynamic surface of water: The formulation and comparison with data. Proc. 8th Symp. Thermophys. Properties. Ed.: Sengers, J. V.. The Amer. Soc. Mechan. Engineers, vol. 2, New York, pp. 298–300.Google Scholar

Haar, L., Gallagher, J. S., and Kell, G. S. (1984). NBS/NRC steam tables: Thermodynamic and transport properties and computer programs for vapor and liquid states of water in SI units. Hemisphere, Washington, and McGraw-Hill, New York, 271–276.Google Scholar

Hagen, D. E., Anderson, R. J., and Kassner, Jr J. L.. (1981). Homogeneous condensation-freezing nucleation rate measurement for small water droplets in an expansion clouds chamber. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1236–1243.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hahn, C. J., and Warren, S. G. (2007). A gridded climatology of clouds over land (1971–96) and ocean (1954–97) from surface observations worldwide. Report, Numeric Data Product NDP-026E, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ,CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hahn, C. J., Warren, S. G., London, J., and Jenne, R. L. (1988). Climatological data for clouds over the globe from surface observations. NDP-026, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. [Also available from Data Support Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO.]Google Scholar

Hall, W. D. (1980). A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: Model description and preliminary results. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2486–2506.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, W. D. and Pruppacher, H. R. (1976). The survival of ice particles falling from cirrus clouds in subsaturated air. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1995–2006.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallett, J., and Mossop, S. C. (1974). Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature (London) 249, 26–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hämeri, K., Laaksonen, A., Vakeva, M., and Suni, T. (2001). Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine sodium chloride particles. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,749–20,757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hämeri, K., Vakeva, M., Hansson, H.-C., and Laaksonen, A. (2000). Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine ammonium sulphate aerosol measured using an ultrafine tandem differential mobility analyzer. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,231–22,242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Han, Q., Rossow, W. B., Chou, J., and Welch, R. (1998). Global variation of column droplet concentration in low-level clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1419–1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hänel, G. (1976). The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air, Adv. Geophys., 19, 73–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hare, D. E., and Sörensen, C. M. (1987). The density of supercooled water. II. Bulk samples cooled to the homogeneous nucleation limit. J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4840–4850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrington, J. Y., Meyers, M. P., Walko, R. L., and Cotton, W. R. (1995). Parameterization of ice crystal conversion process due to vapor deposition for mesoscale models using double-moment basis functions. Part I: Basic formulation and parcel model results. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4344–4366.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hegg, D. A., and Hobbs, P. V. (1992). Cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere: A review. In: Nucleation and atmospheric aerosols. Eds.: Fukuta, N., and Wagner, P. E., A. Deepack Publishing, 181–192.Google Scholar

Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Rood, M. J., and Hobbs, P. V. (1996). Measurements of aerosol optical properties in marine air. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D8), 12,893–12,903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heide, H.-G. (1984). Observations of ice layers. Ultramicroscopy, 14, 271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hellmuth, O., Khvorostyanov, V. I., Curry, J. A., Shchekin, A. K., Schmelzer, J. W. P., and Baidakov, V. G. (2012). Review on the phenomenology and mechanism of atmospheric ice formation: Selected questions of interest. In: Nucleation theory and applications. Eds.: Schmelzer, J. W. P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V. B., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Lab. Theor. Phys., Dubna, ISBN 978-5-9530-0301-8.Google Scholar

Hellmuth, O., Khvorostyanov, V. I., Curry, J. A., Shchekin, A. K., Schmelzer, J. W. P., Feistel, R., Djikaev, Y. S., and Baidakov, V. G. (2013). Selected aspects of atmospheric ice and salt crystallization. In: Nucleation theory and applications: Special issues. Review series on selected topics of atmospheric sol formation, vol. 1. Eds.: Schmelzer, J. W. P., and Hellmuth, O., Joint Inst. Nuclear Res., Bogoliubov Lab. Theor. Phys., Dubna, 548 pp.Google Scholar

Herman, G. F., and Curry, J. A. (1984). Observational and theoretical studies of solar radiation in Arctic stratus clouds. J. Clim. Appl. Met., 23, 5–24.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herman, G. F., and Goody, R. M. (1976). Formation and persistence of summertime Arctic stratus clouds. J. Atmos Sci., 33, 1537–1553.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J. (1972). Ice crystals terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1348–1357.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J. (2003). Properties of tropical and midlatitude ice cloud particle ensembles. Part 1: Median mass diameters and terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2573–2591.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Iaquinta, J. (2000). Cirrus crystals terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 916–938.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Kajikawa, M. (1987). An improved approach to calculating terminal velocities of plate-like crystals and graupel. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1088–1099.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and McFarquhar, G. M. (2002). Mid-latitude and tropical cirrus. In: Cirrus. Eds.: Lynch, D., Sassen, K., Starr, D. O’C., and Stephens, G., Oxford University Press, 78–101.Google Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Miloshevich, L. M. (1993). Homogeneous ice nucleation and supercooled liquid water in orographic wave clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2335–2353.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Miloshevich, L. M. (1995). Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: Observations from wave clouds and FIRE-II. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4302–4303.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Platt, C. M. R. (1984). A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846–855.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., and Sabin, R. M. (1989). Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogeneous freezing of solution droplets. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2252–2264.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heymsfield, A. J., Miloshevich, L. M., Twohy, C., Sachse, G., and Oltmans, S. (1998). Upper-tropospheric relative humidity observations and implications for cirrus ice nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1343–1346, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hicks, I., and Vali, G. (1973). Ice nucleation in clouds by liquefied propane spray. J. Appl. Met., 12, 1247–1258.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, T. A., and Choularton, T. W. (1985). An airborne study of the microphysical structure of cumulus clouds. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 517–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, P. V. (1969). Ice multiplication in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 315–318.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, P. V. (1974). Ice physics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 837 pp.Google Scholar

Hobbs, P. V., and Rangno, A. L. (1985). Ice particle concentrations in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2523–2549.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, P. V., and Rangno, A. L. (1990). Rapid development of high ice particle concentrations in small polar maritime cumuliform cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2710–2722.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, P. V., Politovich, M. K., Bowdle, D. A., and Radke, L. F. (1978). Airborne studies of atmospheric aerosol in the High Plains and the structure of natural and artificially seeded clouds in eastern Montana. Rep. No. XIII, Dep. Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, 125 pp.Google Scholar

Holten, V., Bertrand, C. E., Anisimov, M. A., and Sengers, J. V. (2011). Thermodynamic modeling of supercooled water. Tech. Rep., Intern. Assoc. for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) (September 2011), Inst. Phys. Sci. Technol., Dept. Chem. Biomolec. Eng., Univ. Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, 43 pp.Google Scholar

Holten, V., Bertrand, C. E., Anisimov, M. A., and Sengers, J. V. (2012). Thermodynamics of supercooled water, J. Chem. Phys., 136, 094507, .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoose, C., and Möhler, O. (2012). Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: A review of results from laboratory experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9817–9854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoose, C., Kristjansson, J. E., Chen, J.-P., and Hazra, A. (2010). A classical-theory-based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation by mineral dust, soot and biological particles in a global climate model. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2483–2503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Houze, R. A., Hobbs, P. V., Herzegh, P. H., and Parsons, D. B. (1979). Size distribution of precipitating particles in frontal clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 156–162.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howell, W. E. (1949). The growth of cloud drops in uniformly cooled air. J. Meteorol., 54, 134–149.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hu, Z., and Srivastava, R. C. (1995). Evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation: Theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1761–1783.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huang, J., and Bartell, L. S. (1995). Kinetics of homogeneous nucleation in the freezing of large water clusters. J. Phys. Chem., 99, 3924–3931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudson, J. G. (1984). Cloud condensation nuclei measurements within clouds. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 42–51.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huffman, P. J. (1973). Supersaturation spectra of AgI and natural ice nuclei. J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 1080–1082.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huffman, P. J., and Vali, G. (1973). The effect of vapor depletion on ice nucleus measurements with membrane filters. J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 1018–1024.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hung, H., Malinowski, A., and Martin, S. T. (2002). Ice nucleation kinetics of aerosols containing aqueous and solid ammonium sulfate particles. J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 293–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hung, H., Malinowski, A., and Martin, S. T. (2003). Kinetics of heterogeneous ice nucleation on the surfaces of mineral dust cores inserted into aqueous ammonium sulfate particles. J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 1296–1306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hussain, K., and Saunders, C. P. R. (1984). Ice nucleus measurement with a continuous flow chamber, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hyland, R. W., and Wexler, A. (1983). Formulations for the thermodynamic properties of the saturated phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K. Trans. Amer. Soc. Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 89 (2A), Atlanta, GA, USA, 500–519.Google Scholar

IAPWS (2009a). Revised release on the equation of state 2006 for H2O Ice Ih. Tech. Rep., The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Doorwerth, The Netherlands, September 2009, .

IAPWS (2009b). Revised release on the IAPWS formulation 1995 for the thermodynamic properties of ordinary water substance for general and scientific use. Tech. Rep., The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Doorwerth, The Netherlands, September 2009, .

IAPWS (2011). Revised release on the pressure along the melting and sublimation curves of ordinary water substance. Tech. Rep., The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Pilsen, Czech Republic, September 2011,.Google Scholar

IAPWS (2012). Guideline on a low-temperature extension of the IAPWS-95 formulation for water vapor. Tech. Rep., The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Boulder, CO, USA, September/October 2012.Google Scholar

Ibragimov, K. Y. (1990). Numerical modeling of stratiform cloudiness in the atmospheres of the giant planets. Izd. Nauka, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, 239 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar

Intrieri, J. M., Shupe, M. D., Uttal, T., and McCarty, B. J. (2002). Arctic cloud statistics from radar and lidar at SHEBA. J. Geophys., Res., 107, 8030–8039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO (2010). The international thermodynamic equation of seawater—2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. McDougall, T. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., Pawlowicz, R., Millero, F. J., Jackett, D. R., King, B. A., Marion, G. M, Seitz, S., Spitzer, P., C. T. A. Chen. Tech. Rep., Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56, UNESCO, 196 pp., Paris 2010, .Google Scholar

IPCC (2007). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Eds.: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York.Google Scholar

Jaenicke, R. (1988). Aerosol physics and chemistry. In: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Eds.: Fischer, G., Landolt-Börnstein New Series, vol. 4b, Springer, New York, pp. 391–457.Google Scholar

Jayaweera, L. O. L. F., and Cottis, R. E. (1969). Fall velocities of plate-like and column ice crystals. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 703–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jeffery, C. A., and Austin, P. H. (1997). Homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water: Results from a new equation of state. J. Ceophys. Res., 102 (D21), 25,269–25,279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jeffery, C. A., and Austin, P. H. (1999). A new analytic equation of state for liquid water. J. Chem. Phys., 110 (1), 484–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jeffery, C. A., Reisner, J. M., and Andrejczuk, M. (2007). Another look at stochastic condensation for subgrid cloud modeling: Adiabatic evolution and effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3953–3973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jeffreys, H. (1918). Some problems of evaporation. Phil. Mag., 35, 270–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Westphal, D. L., Kinne, S., and Heymsfield, A. J. (1994). Microphysical modeling of cirrus, 1. Comparison with 1986 FIRE IFO measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,421–10,442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Tabazadeh, A., Sachsse, G. W., Anderson, B. E., et al. (1998). Ice nucleation processes in upper tropospheric wave-clouds observed during SUCCESS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 (9), 1363–1366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Selkirk, H. B., Spinhirne, J. D., and Schoeberl, M. R. (1996). On the formation and persistence of subvisual cirrus near the tropical tropopause. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,361–21,375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, E., Pfister, L., Bui, T., Weinheimer, A., Weinstock, E., Smith, J, Pittman, J., Baumgardner, D., Lawson, P., and McGill, M. J. (2005). Formation of a tropopause cirrus layer observed over Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03208, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Vay, S. A., Ovarlez, J., May, R., Bui, T. P., Twohey, C. H., Gandrud, B. W., Pueschel, R. F., and Schumann, U. (2001). Prevalence of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere: implications for optically thin ice cloud formation. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17,253–17,266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ji, Q., and Shaw, G. E. (1998). On supersaturation spectrum and size distribution of cloud condensation nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1903–1906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jiusto, J. E., and Bosworth, G. E. (1971). Fall velocity of snowflakes. J. Appl. Meteorol., 10, 1352–1354.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jiusto, J. E., and Lala, G. G. (1981). CCN-supersaturation spectra slopes (k). J. Rech. Atmos., 15, 303–311.Google Scholar

Johari, G. P. (1998). An interpretation for the thermodynamic features of ice Ih ↔ ice XI transformations. J. Chem. Phys., 109 (21), 9543–9548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johari, G. P., Fleissner, G., Hallbrucker, A., and Mayer, E. (1994). Thermodynamic continuity between glassy and normal water. J. Phys. Chem., 98, 4719–4725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, D. B. (1982). The role of giant and ultragiant aerosol particles in warm rain initiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 448–460.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jonas, P. R. (1972). The collision efficiency of small drops. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 681–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joss, J., and Gori, E. G. (1978). Shapes of raindrop size distributions. J. Appl. Meteorol, 17, 1054–1061.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junge, C. E. (1952). Die Constitution der Atmospherischen Aerosols. Ann. Meteorol., 1, 128–135.Google Scholar

Junge, C. E. (1963). Air chemistry and radioactivity. Academic Press, New York and London, 424 pp.Google Scholar

Kabanov, A. S, Mazin, I. P., and Smirnov, V. I. (1970). Effect of spatial inhomogeneity of nucleating droplets on their size spectrum in a cloud. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 6, 265–277.Google Scholar

Kachurin, L. G. (1978). Physical foundations of artificial modification of the atmospheric processes. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 456 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar

Kanno, H., and Angell, C. A. (1977). Homogeneous nucleation and glass formation in aqueous alkali halide solutions at high pressures. J. Phys. Chem., 81(26), 2639–2643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kärcher, B., and Lohmann, U. (2002a). A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4010, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kärcher, B., and Lohmann, U. (2002b). A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing including effects or aerosol size. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4698, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kärcher, B., and Lohmann, U. (2003). A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Heterogeneous freezing, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4402, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kärcher, B. J.Hendricks, , and Lohmann, U. (2006). Physically based parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01205, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kärcher, B., Peter, T., Biermann, U. M., and Schumann, U. (1996). The initial composition of jet condensation trails. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3066–3083.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kashchiev, D. (2000). Nucleation: Basic theory with applications. Batterworth-Heineman, Oxford, 512 pp.Google Scholar

Kashchiev, D., Borissova, A., Hammond, R. B., and Roberts, K. J. (2010). Effect of cooling rate on the critical undercooling for crystallization. J. Cryst. Growth, 312, 698–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasten, F. (1969). Visibility forecast in the phase of pre-condensation. Tellus, 21(5), 631–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kell, G. S. (1975). Density, thermal expansivity, and compressibility of liquid water from 0° to 150°C: Correlations and tables for atmospheric pressure and saturation reviewed and expressed on 1968 temperature scale. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 20, 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ketcham, W. M., and Hobbs, P. V. (1969). An experimental determination of the surface energies of ice. Phil. Mag., 19, 1161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kessler, E. (1969). On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation. Meteor. Monogr., 10 (No. 32), Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.Google Scholar

Khain, A. P., Pokrovsky, A., Pinsky, M., Seifert, A., and Phillips, V. (2004). Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model. Part I: Model description and possible applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2963–2982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1991). Modeling of artificial dispersal of orographic cloudiness by seeding from aircraft. Atmos. Optics, 4 (10), 650–676.Google Scholar

Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Kogan, Y. L. (2000). A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 229–243.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Randall, D. (2003). Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP: Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sci., 60 (4), 607–625, .2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1982). A two-dimensional time-dependent microphysical model of advective-radiative fog and low clouds. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., No. 7, 16–28.Google Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1984). Modeling artificial crystallization and dispersal of supercooled fogs. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., No. 3, 35–45.Google Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1987). Three-dimensional microphysical model of cloud crystallization after seeding with dry ice. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., No. 4, 29–37.Google Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I. (1995). Mesoscale processes of cloud formation, cloud-radiation interaction and their modelling with explicit cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res. 39, 1–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I., Khain, A. P., and Kogteva, E. A. (1989). A two-dimensional time-dependent microphysical model of the three-phase convective cloud and evaluation of seeding with a crystallizing agent. Sov. Meteorol. Hydrol., No. 5, 33–45.Google Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I., and Curry, J. A. (1999a). A simple analytical model of aerosol properties with account for hygroscopic growth. Part I: Equilibrium size spectra and CCN activity spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D2), 2163–2174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I., and Curry, J. A. (1999b). A simple analytical model of aerosol properties with account for hygroscopic growth. Part II: Scattering and absorption coefficients. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D2), 2175–2184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I., and Curry, J. A. (1999c). Toward the theory of stochastic condensation in clouds. Part I: A general kinetic equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3985–3996.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I., and Curry, J. A. (1999d). Toward the theory of stochastic condensation in clouds. Part II. Analytical solutions of gamma distribution type. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3997–4013.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khvorostyanov, V. I, and Curry, J. A. (2000). A new theory of heterogeneous nucleation for application in cloud and climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 4081–4084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar