Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T23:32:29.170Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2013

Mark Cook
Affiliation:
University of Wales, Swansea
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Levels of Personality , pp. 413 - 452
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, K. (1921/1965). Contributions to the theory of the anal character. In Selected Papers of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
Adams, H. E., Wright, L. W. and Lohr, B. A. (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 440–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J. and Sanford, R. N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Ahern, F. M., Johnson, R. C., Wilson, J. R., McClearn, G. E. and Vandenberg, S. G. (1982). Family resemblances in personality. Behavior Genetics, 2, 261–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Harlaar, N., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P. et al. (2010). Common genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: a study of Finnish twins. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 39, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alker, H. A. (1972). Is personality situationally specific or intrapsychically constant? Journal of Personality, 40, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, M. and Burrell, N. (1996). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: meta-analysis of existing research. Journal of Sex Research, 32, 19–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Allport, G. W. (1928). A test for ascendance-submission. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 23, 118–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1966). Traits revisited. American Psychologist, 21, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, G. W. and Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: a psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47, no. 1 (whole no. 211).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsopp, J. F. (1986). Personality as a determinant of beer and cider consumption among young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 341–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almagor, M., Tellegen, A. and Waller, N. (1995). The Big Seven Model: a cross-cultural replication and further exploration of the basic dimensions of natural language of trait descriptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 300–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn.), Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google ScholarPubMed
Ames, D. R. (2008). Assertiveness expectancies: how hard people push depends on the consequences they predict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1541–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, C. A. and Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behaviour, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, K. E., Lytton, H. and Romney, D. M. (1986). Mothers’ interactions with normal and conduct-disordered boys: who affects whom? Developmental Psychology, 33, 604–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, J. A., Foster, S. L., Capaldi, D. and Hops, H. (2000). Adolescent and family predictors of physical aggression, communication, and satisfaction in young adult couples: a prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 195–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: a meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argyle, M. (1964). Introjection: a form of social learning. British Journal of Psychology, 55, 391–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aritzeta, A., Swailes, S. and Senior, B. (2007). Belbin's team role model: development, validity and application for team building. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 96–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronson, E. (1958). The need for achievement as measured by graphic expression. In Atkinson, J. W. (ed.), Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society. Princeton: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Rijsdijk, F. R., Jaffee, S. R. et al. (2003). Strong genetic effects on cross-situational antisocial behaviour among 5-year-old children, according to mothers, teachers, examiner-observers, and twins’ self-reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 832–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvey, R. D., Bouchard, T. J., Segal, N. L. and Abraham, L. M. (1989). Job satisfaction: environmental and genetic components. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 187–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asendorpf, J. B. and van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Personality-relationship transaction in adolescence: core versus surface personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 71, 629–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asendorpf, J. B. and Denissen, J. J. A. (2006). Predictive validity of personality types versus personality dimensions from early childhood to adulthood: implications for the distinction between core and surface traits. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 486–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asendorpf, J. B., Borkenau, P., Ostendorf, F. and van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Carving personality description at its joints: confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults. European Journal of Personality, 15, 169–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E. and Di Blas, L. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkins, M. S. and Stoff, D. M. (1993). Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 165–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, J. M. (2003). The Man who Would be Queen: The Science of Gender-bending and Transsexualism. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Bechtold, K. T. and Berenbaum, S. A. (2002). Who are tomboys and why should we study them? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 333–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M. P. and Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 524–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, J. M. and Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: a conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Willerman, L. and Parkes, C. (1991). A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 277–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, B. M., Le, K. and Lucas, R. E. (2006). On the nature of intraindividual variability: reliability, validity, and associations with well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 512–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, H. A., Arseneault, L., Taylor, A., Maughan, B., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T. E. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 104–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1962). Social learning through imitation. In Jones, M. R. (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 164–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. and Walters, R. (1963). Social Learning and Personality Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google Scholar
Bannister, D. (1963). The genesis of schizophrenic thought disorder: a serial invalidation hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 680–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannister, D. (1965). The genesis of schizophrenic thought disorder: re-test of the serial invalidation hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 377–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannister, D. (1966). A New Theory of Personality. In Foss, B. (ed.), New Horizons in Psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Bannister, D. and Fransella, F. (1966). A grid test of schizophrenic thought disorder. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannister, D. and Fransella, F. (1971). Inquiring Man. Harmondsworth: Penguin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bannister, D., Adams-Webber, J. R., Penn, W. I. and Radley, A. R. (1975). Reversing the process of thought disorder: a serial validation experiment. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 169–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bargh, J. A. and Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A. and Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: a practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In Reiss, H. T. and Judd, C. M. (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. and Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, R. G. and Wright, H. F. (1954). Midwest and its Children. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Barling, J. and Beattie, R. (1983). Self-efficacy beliefs and sales performance. Journal of Organisational Behavior Management, 5, 41–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, R. F. and McConaghy, N. (1972). A general factor of conditionability: a study of galvanic skin responses and penile responses. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 215–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. and Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: what do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, F. (1969). Creative Person and Creative Process. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. and Tice, D. M. (1988). Metatraits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 571–98.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I. and Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M., DeWall, C. N. and Oaten, M. (2006). Self-regulation and personality: how interventions increase regulatory success, and how depletion moderates the effects of traits on behavior. Journal of Personality, 74, 1773–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D. and Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Social Psychology, 16, 351–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, W. C. (1960). The matching of behavior rating and questionnaire personality factors. Psychological Bulletin, 57, 201–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beer, J. M. and Horn, J. M. (2000). The influence of rearing order on personality development within two adoption cohorts. Journal of Personality, 68, 789–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, A. P. and Weinberg, M. S. (1978). Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity among Men and Women. London: Mitchell Beazley.Google Scholar
Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S. and Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, S. T. (2007). Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 595–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beloff, H. (1957). The structure and origin of the anal character. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 45, 141–72.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. and Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: an evolutionary theory of socialisation. Child Development, 62, 647–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bem, D. J. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 320–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bem, D. J. and Allen, A. (1972). On predicting some of the people some of the time: the search for cross-situational consistencies in behaviour. Psychological Review, 81, 506–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, L. L. (1919). Instinct: A Study in Social Psychology. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Berry, C. M., Sackett, P. R. and Tobares, V. (2010). A meta-analysis of conditional reasoning tests of aggression. Personnel Psychology, 63, 361–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S. and Sackett, P. R. (2007a). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 410–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, C. M., Sackett, P. R. and Wiemann, S. (2007b). A review of recent developments in integrity test research. Personnel Psychology, 60, 271–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettencourt, B. A., Talley, A., Benjamin, A. J. and Valentine, J. (2006). Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 751–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S. and Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighbourhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths’ externalizing behaviors: a multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 35–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bieber, I., Dain, H., Dince, P., Dreelich, M., Grand, H., Gundlach, R. et al. (1962). Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study. New York: Basic Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkeland, S. A., Manson, T. M., Kisamore, J. L., Brannick, M. T. and Smith, M. A. (2006). A meta-analytic investigation of job applicant faking on personality measures. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 317–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, R. and Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Hulsheger, U. R., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A. and Spinath, F. M. (2010). Nature and nurture of the interplay between personality traits and major life goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 366–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. (1968). Some reasons for the apparent inconsistency of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 210–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. (1971). Lives through Time. Berkeley, California: Bancroft.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1977). Advancing the psychology of personality: paradigmatic shift or improving the quality of research. In Magnusson, D. and Endler, N. S. (eds.), Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. and Block, J. H. (2006). Venturing a 30 year longitudinal study. American Psychologist, 61, 315–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. and Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. and Thomas, H. (1955). Is satisfaction with self a measure of adjustment? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 254–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, J., Block, J. H. and Gjerde, P. F. (1986). The personality of children prior to divorce: a prospective study. Child Development, 57, 827–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J., Block, J. H. and Keyes, S. (1988). Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence: early childhood and environmental precursors. Child Development, 59, 336–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, J. H. and Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organisation of behavior. In Collins, W. A. (ed.), Development of Cognition, Affect, and Social Relations. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Board, B. J. and Fritzon, F. (2005). Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaert, A. F. (2003). Number of older brothers and sexual orientation: new tests and attraction/behavior distinction in two national probability samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 644–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogaert, A. F. (2006). Biological versus nonbiological older brothers and men's sexual orientation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 10771–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 525–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanno, G. A., Nol, J. G., Putnam, F. W., O’Neil, M. and Trickett, P. (2003). Predicting the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse from measures of repressive coping and dissociative experiences. Child Maltreatment, 8, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C. and Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 984–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonta, J., Law, M. and Hanson, K. (1998). The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: a meta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 123–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkenau, P. (1990). Traits as ideal-based and goal-derived social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 381–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P. and Ostendorf, F. (1987). Fact and fiction in implicit personality theory. Journal of Personality, 55, 415–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P., Mauer, N., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M. and Angleitner, A. (2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkenau, P., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A. and Spinath, F. M. (2001). Genetic and environmental influences on observed personality: evidence from the German Observational Study of Adult Twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 655–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borman, W. C., Penner, L. A., Allen, T. D. and Motowidlo, S. J. (2001). Personality predictors of citizenship performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 52–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T. E. (2009). School, neighbourhood, and family factors are associated with children's bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 545–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., Ginette, D. and Perusse, D. (2006). Examining genetic and environmental effects on reactive versus proactive aggression. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1299–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brestan, E. V. and Eyberg, S. M. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 180–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breuer, J. and Freud, S. (1895/1955). Studies on Hysteria. Standard edn., vol. II. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Brody, N. (1993). Intelligence and the behavioral genetics of personality. In Plomin, R. and McClearn, G. F. (eds.), Nature, Nurture and Psychology. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A. et al. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotman, L. M., O’Neal, C. R., Huang, K. Y., Gouley, K. K., Rosenfelt, A. and Shrout, P. E. (2009). An experimental test of parenting practices as a mediator of early childhood physical aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 235–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brousseau, K. R. and Prince, J. B. (1981). Job–person dynamics: an extension of longitudinal research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 59–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunstein, J. (2008). Implicit and explicit motivation. In Heckhausen, J. and Heckhausen, H. (eds.), Motivation and Action. Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Burns, R. B. (1975). Attitudes to self and to three categories of others in a student sample. Educational Studies, 1, 181–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, S. A. (2009). Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: a meta-analysis of shared environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 608–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, R. V. (1963). Generality of honesty reconsidered. Psychological Review, 70, 481–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burwen, L. S. and Campbell, D. T. (1957). The generality of attitudes toward authority and non-authority figures. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 24–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushman, B. J. and Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108, 273–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, A. (1961). The Psychology of Aggression. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, A. H., Plomin, R. and Willemsen, L. (1973). The inheritance of temperament. Journal of Personality, 41, 513–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, D. M. (2008). Human nature and individual differences: evolution of human personality. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. and Pervin, L. A. (eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. 3rd edn. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (2009). An evolutionary formulation of person–situation interactions. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 241–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butcher, J. N., Gucker, D. K. and Hellervik, L. W. (2009). Clinical personal assessment within the employment context. In Butcher, J. N. (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cale, E. M. (2006). A quantitative review of the relations between the ‘Big 3’ higher order personality dimensions and anti-social behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 250–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., Sanderson, R. E. and Laverty, S. G. (1964). Characteristics of a conditioned response in human subjects during extinction trials following a single traumatic conditioning trial. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 627–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. and Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D., and Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 63–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, N. and Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). Personality and Social Intelligence. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Consiglio, C., Picconi, L. and Zimbardo, P. G. (2003a). Personalities of politicians and voters: unique and synergistic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 849–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Cervone, D. and Artistico, D. (2003b). The contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to dispositional shyness: on social-cognitive systems and the development of personality dispositions. Journal of Personality, 71, 943–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carey, G., Goldsmith, H. H., Tellegen, A. and Gottesman, I. I. (1978). Genetics and personality in inventories: the limits of replication with twin data. Behavior Genetics, 8, 299–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A. and Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 66, 486–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H. and Bem, D. J. (1987). Moving against the world: life-course patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Amell, J. W., Theodore, R. F. and Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Children's behavioural styles of age 3 are linked to their adult personality traits at age 26. Journal of Personality, 71, 495–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L. et al. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems: using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Wright, B. R. E., Moffitt, T. E. and Silva, P. A. (1998). Early failure in the labor market: childhood and adolescent predictors of unemployment in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review, 63, 424–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1937). The Fight for Our National Intelligence. London: P. S. King.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1946). Description and Measurement of Personality. Yonkers, New York: World Book Co.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The Scientific Study of Personality. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R. B. and Child, D. (1975). Motivation and Dynamic Structure. London: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google ScholarPubMed
Charles, D. C. (1953). Ability and accomplishment of persons earlier judged to be mentally deficient. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 47, 3–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Cherny, S. S., Fuiles, D. W., Corley, R. P., Plomin, R. and DeFries, J. C. (1994). Continuity and change in infant shyness from 14 to 20 months. Behavior Genetics, 24, 365–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chodoff, P. (1963). Late effects of the concentration camp syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 323–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Miramontes, L. G., del Prado, A. M. and Cabrera, H. F. (2007). Culture and the behavioural manifestations of traits: an application of the act frequency approach. European Journal of Personality, 21, 389–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciani, A. S. C., Capiluppi, C., Veronese, A. and Sartori, G. (2006). The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island personality dynamics. European Journal of Personality, 21, 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, G. (1967). Personality and Arousal. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L. A., Vorhies, L. and McEwen, J. L. (2002). Personality disorder symptomatology from the five-factor model perspective. In Costa, P. T. and Widiger, T. A. (eds.), Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. 2nd edn. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1941). The Mask of Sanity. St Louis: Mosby.Google ScholarPubMed
Cleveland, H. H. (2003). Disadvantaged neighbourhoods and adolescent aggression: behavioural genetic evidence of contextual effects. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 211–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M. and Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and personality. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G. and Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G. and Kasen, S. (2005). The Children in the Community study of developmental course of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 466–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, L. D. and Westenberg, P. M. (2004). Intelligence and maturity: meta-analytic evidence for the incremental and discriminant validity of Loevinger's measure of ego development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 760–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coifman, K. G., Bonanno, G. A., Ray, R. D. and Gross, J. J. (2007). Does repressing coping promote resilience? Affective-autonomic response discrepancy during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 745–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, C. J., Hanges, P. J. and Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behavior: a meta-analysis. Human Performance, 17, 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colvin, C. R., Block, J. and Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1152–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comfort, A. (1971). The likelihood of human pheromones. Nature, 230, 432–3, 479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conroy, D. E., Elliot, A. J. and Pincus, A. L. (2009). The expression of achievement motives in interpersonal problems. Journal of Personality, 77, 495–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, M. (1979). Perceiving Others. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Cook, M. (1995). Performance appraisal and true performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10, 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, M. (1997). Intelligence, personality and fertility. Proceedings of the Conference of the European Association of Psychological Assessment. European Association of Psychological Assessment.Google Scholar
Cook, M. (2008). Personnel Selection: Adding Value through People. 5th edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, M. and Simukonda, F. (1981). Anhedonia and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 523–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, M., Cripps, B., Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. B. G. (2007). Eysenck Cripps Cook Occupational Scales: Technical Manual. Dartingon, Devon: ECCOS Partnership.Google Scholar
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Scribners.Google Scholar
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor-Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. and Kay, G. (1995). Persons, places and personality: career assessment using the revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 123–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T. and Widiger, T. A. (2002). Personality Disorders and the Five-factor Model. (2nd edn.). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowie, H., Naylor, P., Rivers, I., Smith, P. K. and Pereira, B. (2002). Measuring workplace bullying. Aggressive and Violent Behavior, 7, 33–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, K. H. (2000). The lived day of an individual: a person–environment perspective. In Walsh, W. B., Craik, K. H. and Price, R. H. (eds.), Person–Environment Psychology: New Directions and Perspectives, 2nd edn. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cramer, P. (2009). The development of defense mechanisms from pre-adolescence to early adulthood: Do IQ and social class matter? A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 464–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cribb, C. and Gregory, A. H. (1999). Stereotypes and personalities of musicians. Journal of Psychology, 133, 104–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J. and Schwartz, I. (1985). Prejudice and ingroup favoritism in a minimal intergroup situation: effects of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 379–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Cooper, M. L. and Bouvrette, S. A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: measurement and theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronbach, L. J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on ‘understanding of others’ and assumed similarity. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 177–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucina, J. M. and Vasilopoulos, N. L. (2005). Nonlinear personality-performance relationships and the spurious moderating effects of traitedness. Journal of Personality, 73, 227–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, K. and McGregor, M. W. (1998). A critical appraisal of self-report defense mechanism measures. Journal of Personality, 66, 965–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D. R. and Parasuraman, R. (1982). The Psychology of Vigilance. London: Academic Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, B. M. and Gilbert, L. A. (1989). Effect of dispositional and situational influences on women's dominance expression in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 294–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, D. V. and Schleicher, D. J. (2006). Self-monitoring at work: a motive-based perspective. Journal of Personality, 74, 685–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Fruyt, R. and Mervielde, I. (1997). The five-factor model of personality and Holland's RIASEC interest types. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Raad, B. and Barelds, D. P. H. (2008). A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits based on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 347–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Raad, B., Barelds, D. P. H., Levert, E., Ostendorf, F., Mlacic, B., Di Blas, L. et al. (2010). Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages: a comparison of 14 trait taxonomies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 160–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Rooij, S. R., Painter, R. C., Swaab, D. F. and Roseboom, T. J. (2009). Sexual orientation and gender identity after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 411–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J. (1996). A (latent) big five personality model in 1915? A reanalysis of Webb's data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 992–1005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denson, T. F., Pedersen, W. C. and Miller, N. (2006). The Displaced Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1032–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derryberry, D., Reed, M. A. and Pilkenton-Taylor, C. (2003). Temperament and coping: advantages of an individual differences perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 1049–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVries, M. W. (1984). Temperament and infant mortality among the Masai. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1189–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Diener, E., Wolsic, B. and Fujita, F. (1995). Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 120–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, M. M., Reyes, C. J., Leppert, M. F. and Pappas, L. M. (2008). Personality and birth order in large families. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 119–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A. and Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E. and Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H. and Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollard, J. and Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Donahue, E. M. (1994). Do children use the big five, too? Content and structural form in personality description. Journal of Personality, 62, 47–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorner, G., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., Krell, L. and Masius, W. G. (1975). A neuro-endocrine predisposition for homosexuality in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorner, G., Geier, T., Ahrens, L., Krell, L., Munx, G., Sieler, H. et al. (1980). Prenatal stress as possible aetiogenetic factor of homosexuality in human males. Endokrinologie, 75, 365–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Dudycha, G. J. (1936). An objective study of punctuality in relation to personality and achievement. Archives of Psychology, 204.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. F., Plomin, R. and Daniels, D. (1985). Consistency of mothers’ behavior towards infant siblings. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1188–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwight, S. A. and Donovan, J. J. (2003). Do warnings not to fake reduce faking? Human Performance, 16, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H. and Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 309–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckert, E. D., Bouchard, T. J., Bohlen, J. and Heston, L. L. (1986). Homosexuality in monozygotic twins reared apart. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 421–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, S. and Stelmack, R. M. (2003). A personality profile of Mount Everest climbers. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1491–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egbert, R. L., Meeland, T., Cline, V. B., Forgy, E. W., Spickler, M. W. and Brown, C. (1958). Fighter I: A Study of Effective and Ineffective Combat Performers. Washington DC: Human Resources Research Office.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1970). Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Sucharski, I. L., Yalowitz, S., Kent, R. J., Loomis, R. J., Jones, J. R. et al. (2010). The motive for sensory pleasure: enjoyment of nature and its presentation in painting, music, and literature. Journal of Personality, 78, 599–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Cole, J. (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1974). Children of the Great Depression. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. and Clipp, F. C. (1989). Combat experience and emotional health, impairment and resilience in later life. Journal of Personality, 57, 311–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elfenbein, H. A. and Eisenkraft, N. (2010). The relationship between displaying and perceiving nonverbal cues of affect: a meta-analysis to solve an old mystery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 301–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellard, J. (1996). Personality disorder or the snark still at large. Australasian Psychiatry, 4, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellingson, J. E., Sackett, P. R. and Hough, L. M. (1999). Social desirability corrections in personality measurement: issues of applicant comparison and construct validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 155–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. and Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: a theory of homosexuality and heterosexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 233–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, L. and Cole-Harding, S. (2000). The effects of parental stress, and of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure, on human sexual orientation. Physiology and Behavior, 74, 213–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L., Robb, B. and Burke, D. (2005). Sexual orientation in United States and Canadian college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 569–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, S. (1979). The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1097–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, S. (1980). The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research. American Psychologist, 35, 790–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, S. and O’Brien, E. J. (1985). The person–situation debate in historical and current perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 513–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernst, C. and Angst, J. (1983). Birth Order: Its Influence on Personality. New York: Springer Verlag. Google Scholar
Evans, R. B. (1969). Childhood parental relationships of homosexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 129–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of Personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1954). Psychology of Politics. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1957). The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1964). Crime and Personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1965a). Fact and Fiction in Psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1965b). Smoking, Health and Personality. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1965c). Extraversion and the acquisition of eyeblink and GSR conditioned responses. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 258–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1966). Personality and experimental psychology. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 19, 1–28.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Hysterical personality and sexual adjustment, attitudes and personality. Journal of Sex Research, 7, 274–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979). The conditioning model of neurosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2, 155–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult). London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. and Wilson, G. D. (1973). The Experimental Study of Freudian Theories. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Farber, S. L. (1980). Identical Twins Reared Apart: A Reanalysis. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Farrell, B. A. (1963). Introduction. In Freud, S., Leonardo. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Fast, L. A. and Funder, D. C. (2008). Personality as manifest in word use: correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 334–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feixas, G., Geldschlager, H. and Neimeyer, R. A. (2002). Content analysis of personal constructs. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 15, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M. P. and McCollough, M. J. (1971). Homosexual Behavior: Therapy and Assessment. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Fenster, C. A. and Locke, B. (1973). Neuroticism among policemen: an examination of police personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 358–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of normal and disordered personality across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 659–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. and Ridder, E. M. (2005a). Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 837–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M. and Beautrais, A. L. (2005b). Sexual orientation and mental health in a birth cohort of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 35, 971–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, D. W. (1974). The limits for a conventional science of personality. Journal of Personality, 42, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fite, P. J., Rainer, A., Stouthamer-Loeber, G., Loebar, R. and Pardini, D. A. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent males: examining differential outcomes 10 years later in early adulthood. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 141–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleeson, W., Malanos, A. B. and Achille, N. M. (2002). An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: is acting extraverted as ‘good’ as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1409–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, E. M., Wick, D. P. and Hartsen, K. M. (2006). The power motive and affective response to assertiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 598–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, C. S. and Beach, F. A. (1952). Patterns of Sexual Behaviour. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Forgas, J. P. (1982). Episode cognition: internal representations of interaction routines. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 59–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, M. G. and Ekman, P. (2004). Appearing truthful generalizes across different deception situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 486–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fransella, F. (2003). International Handbook of Personal Construct Psychology. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fransella, F. and Adams, B. (1966). An illustration of the use of repertory grid technique in a clinical setting. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fransella, F. and Bannister, D. B. (1967). A validation of repertory grid technique as a measure of political construing. Acta Psychologica, 26, 97–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fransella, F., Bell, R. and Bannister, D. (2004). A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Franz, C. E., McClelland, D. C. and Weinberger, J. (1991). Childhood antecedents of conventional social accomplishment in midlife adults: a 36-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 586–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1905/1966). Three Essays on Sexuality. Standard edn, vol. VII. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1908/1961). Character and Anal Eroticism. Standard edn, vol. IX. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1909/1966). Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year old Boy. Standard edn, vol. X. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1914/1966). History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Standard edn, vol. XIV. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1933/1966). New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Standard edn, vol. XXII. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Friedman, S. M. (1952). An empirical study of the castration and Oedipus complexes. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 46, 61–130.Google ScholarPubMed
Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N. and Levin-Sagi, M. (2006). Construal level and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 351–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgement: a realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C. (2009). Persons, behaviors and situations: an agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 120–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funder, D. C. (2010). The Personality Puzzle. 5th edn. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.Google Scholar
Furnham, A. (1992). Personality at Work: The Role of Individual Differences in the Workplace. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gal, R. (1995). Personality and intelligence in the military: the case of war heroes. In Saklofske, D. H. and Zeidner, M. (eds.), International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. and Snyder, M. (2000). Self monitoring; appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 530–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganiban, J. M., Saudino, K. J., Ulbricht, J., Neiderhiser, J. M. and Reiss, D. (2008). Stability and change in temperament during adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 222–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaugler, B. B., Rosenthal, D. B., Thornton, G. C. and Bentson, C. (1987). Meta-analysis of assessment center validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 493–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gazaway, R. (1969). The Longest Mile. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parent and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, C. M. and Hodgkinson, G. F. (2007). Development and validation of the Five Factor Model Questionnaire (FFMQ): an adjectival-based personality inventory for use in occupational settings. Personnel Psychology, 60, 731–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladue, B. A., Green, R. and Hellman, R. E. (1984). Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and sexual orientation. Science, 225, 1496–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., Venables, P. H. and Mednick, S. A. (2007). Early temperamental and psychophysiological precursors of adult psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 508–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: the search for universals in personality lexicons. In Wheeler, L. (ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. II). Beverly Hills, California: Sage.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. R. (2001). Analyses of Digman's child-personality data: derivation of big-five factor scores from each of six samples. Journal of Personality, 69, 709–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman-Eisler, F. (1950). Breast-feeding and character formation. II: The etiology of the oral character in psychoanalytic theory. Journal of Personality, 19, 189–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordijn, E. H., Hindriks, I., Ap Dijksterhuis, W. K. and Van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Consequences of stereotype suppression and internal suppression motivation: a self-regulation approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 212–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosselin, C. and Wilson, G. D. (1984). Fetishism, sadomasochism, and related behaviours. In Howells, K. (ed.), Sexual Diversity in Man and Animals. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997). Why g matters: the complexity of everyday life. Intelligence, 24, 79–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotz, K. O. and Gotz, K. (1979). Personality characteristics of successful artists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 919–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, H. G. and Peterson, D. R. (1952). The identification and measurement of predispositional factor in crime and delinquency. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 207–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D. and Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: identification of risk groups for adjustment problems. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 205–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granic, I. and Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: a dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113, 101–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P. and Ruan, W. J. (2005). Co-occurrence of DSM-IV personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1982). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green, R. (1987). The Sissy Boy Syndrome and the Development of Homosexuality. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, R. L., Chmielowski, T. and Yoshita, Y. (2007). Do applicants fake? An examination of the frequency of applicant faking behavior. Personnel Review, 36, 341–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimbos, T., Dawood, K., Burriss, R. P., Zucker, K. J. and Puts, D. A. (2010). Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124, 278–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grinker, R. R. and Spiegel, J. P. (1945). Men under Stress. Philadelphia: Blakiston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grunbaum, A. (2006). Is Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic edifice relevant to the 21st century? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 23, 257–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudjonsson, G. H. and Adlam, K. R. C. (1983). Personality patterns of British police officers. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 507–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1975). Factors and factors of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 802–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, E. R. (1944). Personality in terms of associative learning. In Hunt, J. M. (ed.), Personality and the Behavior Disorders. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Haberman, M. C., Chapman, L. J., Numbers, J. S. and McFall, R. S. (1979). Relations of social competence to scores on two scales of psychosis proneness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 675–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haigler, E. D. and Widiger, T. A. (2001). Experimental manipulation of NEO-PI-R items. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 339–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, W. B. and MacKinnon, B. W. (1969). Personality inventory correlates of creativity among architects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 322–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamer, D., Hu, S., Magnuson, V., Hu, N. and Pattatucci, A. M. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, S. E. (1997). Determinants of inconsistent personality descriptions: trait and target effects. Journal of Personality, 65, 249–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanley, P. and Durlak, J. A. (1998). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 423–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardt, J. and Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartshorne, H. and May, M. A. (1928). Studies in the Nature of Character. Vol. I. Studies in Deceit. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hegarty, P. (2009). Toward an LGBT-informed paradigm for children who break gender norms: comment on Drummond et al. (2008) and Rieger et al. (2008). Developmental Psychology, 45, 895–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, D., Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. and Watson, D. (2009). The influence of work personality on job satisfaction: incremental validity and mediation effects. Journal of Personality, 77, 1051–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennigan, K. M., Del Rosario, M. L., Heath, L., Cook, T. D., Wharton, J. D. and Calder, B. J. (1982). Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: empirical findings and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 461–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J. and Silva, P. A. (1994). On the ‘Remembrance of Things Past’: a longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychological Assessment, 6, 92–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepper, E. G., Gramzow, R. H. and Sedikides, C. (2010). Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: an integrative approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 781–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepworth, J. T. and West, S. G. (1988). Lynchings and the economy: a time series reanalysis of Hovland and Sears (1940). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 239–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernstein, H. I. (1963). Behavioural correlates of breast-bottle regimes under varying parent–infant relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 34, no. 4.Google Scholar
Hershberger, S. L., Plomin, R. and Pedersen, N. L. (1995). Traits and metatraits: their reliability, stability, and shared genetic influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 673–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupre, K. E., Inness, M. et al. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 228–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heston, L. L. and Denney, D. (1968). Interactions between early life experience and biological factors in schizophrenia. In Rosenthal, D. and Kety, S. S. (eds.), The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Hetherington, E. M. and Brackbill, Y. (1963). Etiology and covariation of obstinacy, orderliness and parsimony in young children. Child Development, 34, 919–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1966). Animal Behaviour. London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W. and Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, J., Busch, H., Bond, M. H., Campos, D., Li, M. and Law, R. (2010). The implicit power motive and sociosexuality in men and women: pancultural effects of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 380–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogan, J. and Holland, B. (2003). Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: a socioanalytic perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 100–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holden, G. W. (2002). Perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment: comment on Gershoff (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 590–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, R. R., Wasylkiw, L., Starzyk, K. B., Book, A. S. and Edwards, M. J. (2006). Inferential structure of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory: construct validity of the big four personality clusters. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 38, 24–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, J. (1973). Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Careers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Hollender, M. H. (1956). Observations on nasal symptoms: relationship of anatomical structure of the nose to psychological symptoms. Psychiatric Quarterly, 30, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, T. and Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, R. R. (2003). New directions for basic psychoanalytic research: implications from the work of Benjamin Rubinstein. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 20, 195–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hough, L. M., Eaton, N. K., Dunnette, M. D., Kamp, J. D. and McCloy, R. A. (1990). Criterion-related validities of personality constructs and the effect of response distortion on those validities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 581–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyle, R. H. and Sherrill, M. R. (2006). Future orientation in the self-system: possible selves, self-regulation, and behavior. Journal of Personality, 74, 1673–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M. and Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1951). Essentials of Behaviour. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E. and Schmidt, F. L. (1996). Intelligence and job performance: economic and social implications. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 2, 447–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunthausen, J. M., Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N. and Hammer, L. B. (2003). A field study of frame-of-reference effects on personality test validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 545–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurtz, G. M. and Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the big five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hy, L. and Loevinger, J. (1996). Measuring Ego Development. 2nd edn. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S. (1984). How large are gender differences in aggression? A developmental meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 20, 722–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iemmola, F. and Ciani, A. C. (2009). New evidence of genetic factors influencing sexual orientation in men: female fecundity increase in the maternal line. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 38, 393–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. and Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 44–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J. and Vernon, P. A. (2002). The etiology of personality function: the University of British Columbia Twin Project. Twin Research, 5, 342–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janson, H. and Stattin, H. (2003). Prediction of adolescent and adult delinquency from childhood Rorschach ratings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, S. R. (1987). Need for achievement and womens’ careers over 14 years: evidence for occupational structural effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 922–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, A. M., Vernon, P. A. and Feiler, A. R. (2008). Behavioural genetic studies of personality: an introduction of the results of 50+ years of research. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. and Saklofske, D. H. (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment. Vol. I Personality Theories and Models. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. B. (1966). Penis envy or pencil needing? Psychological Reports, 19, 758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J. G., Smailes, E. M., Cohen, P., Brown, J. and Bernstein, D. P. (2000). Associations between four types of childhood neglect and personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood: findings of a community-based longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 171–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, M. C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear: the case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308–15.Google Scholar
Joseph, D. L. and Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R. and Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judge, T. A., Heller, D. and Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoreson, C. J. and Barrick, M. R. (1999). The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J. and Moss, H. A. (1962). Birth to Maturity: A Study on Psychological Development. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallmann, F. J. (1952). Comparative twin study of the genetic aspects of male homosexuality. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 115, 283–98.Google ScholarPubMed
Karon, B. P. and Widener, A. J. (1997). Repressed memories and World War II: Lest we forget! Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 338–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, G. A. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs, vols I and II. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O. and Prescott, C. A. (1998). A population-based twin study of self esteem and gender. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1403–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., Gilman, S. E. and Kessler, R. C. (2000). Sexual orientation in a U.S. national sample of twin and nontwin sibling pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1843–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D. A. and Zaccaro, S. J. (1983). An estimate of variance due to traits in leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 678–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenyon, F. E. (1968). Studies in female homosexuality. IV. Social and psychiatric aspects. V. Sexual development, attitudes and experience. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1343–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., Deater-Deckard, K., Mullineaux, P. Y. and Allen, B. (2010). Longitudinal studies of anger and attention span: context and information effects. Journal of Personality, 78, 419–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y. S., Leventhal, B. L., Koh, Y. J., Hubbard, A. and Boyce, W. T. (2006). School bullying and youth violence: causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1035–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., and Taylor, A. (2004). Genetic and environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation. Child Development, 75, 651–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B. and Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google ScholarPubMed
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E. and Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google Scholar
Kirchner, P. and Vondraek, S. (1975). Perceived sources of esteem in early childhood. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 126, 169–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2000). The evolution of human homosexual behavior. Current Anthropology, 41, 385–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, P. (1969). The anal character: a cross cultural study in Ghana. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 201–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, P. (1982). Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory, 2nd edn. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Kline, P. and Cooper, C. (1977). A percept-genetic study of some defence mechanisms in the test PN. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 18, 148–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, P. and Grindley, J. (1974). A 28-day case study with the MAT. Journal of Multivariate Experimental Personality and Clinical Psychology, 1, 13–22.Google Scholar
Kline, P. and Storey, R. (1980). The aetiology of the oral character. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 136, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klineberg, O. (1940). Social Psychology. New York: Holt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G. P., Fabes, R. A. and Higgins, D. A. (1996). Concerns about drawing causal inferences from meta-analyses: an example in the study of gender differences in aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 410–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobasa, S. C., , Maddi, S. R. and Courington, S. (1981). Personality and constitution as mediators in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 368–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G. and Knaack, A. (2003). Effortful control as a personality characteristic of young children: antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Personality, 71, 1087–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, W. (1925). The Mentality of Apes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Kokko, K. and Pulkkinen, L. (2000). Aggression in childhood and long-term unemployment in adulthood: a cycle of maladaptation and some protective factors. Developmental Psychology, 36, 463–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokko, K., Pulkkinen, L., Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F. and Boxer, P. (2009). Intensity of aggression in childhood as a predictor of different forms of adult aggression: a two-country (Finland and the United States) analysis. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 19, 9–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krafft-Ebing, R. (1886/1965). Psychopathia Sexualis. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar
Krantz, D. S. and Hedges, S. M. (1987). Some cautions for research on personality and health. Journal of Personality, 55, 351–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D. and Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individuals’ fit at work: a meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58, 281–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M. and McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior: independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies. Psychological Science, 12, 397–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E. and Bouchard, T. J. (2003). The extended genotype: the heritability of personality accounts for the heritability of recalled family environments in twins reared apart. Journal of Personality, 71, 809–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krujit, J. P. (1964). Ontogeny of social behaviour in Burmese red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadecius) Bonaterre. Behaviour Supplement, 12, 2–201.Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G., Chiodo, L. M., Goguen, L. A., Diehl, M. and Orwoll, L. (1995). Representations of self across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 10, 404–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langens, T. A. (2001). Predicting behavior change in Indian businessmen from a combination of need for achievement and self-discrepancy. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 339–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanning, K. (1994). Dimensionality of observer ratings on the California Adult Q-set. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,151–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13, 230–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F. V. and Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: a bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 333–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaTorre, R. A. (1980). Devaluation of the human love object: heterosexual rejection as a possible antecedent to fetishism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 295–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lay, C. H. and Jackson, D. N. (1969). Analysis of the generality of trait-inferential relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 12–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leal, N. L. and Pachana, N. A. (2009). Validation of the Australian Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (Aus-PADS). Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 1112–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leichsenring, F. and Leibing, E. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1223–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leon, G. R., Butcher, J. N., Kleinman, M., Goldberg, A. and Almagor, M. (1981). Survivors of the Holocaust and their children: current status and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 503–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, K. (1935). A Dynamic Theory of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lievens, F., Chasteen, C. S., Day, E. A. and Christiansen, N. D. (2006). Large-scale investigation of the role of trait activation theory for understanding assessment center convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 247–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilienfeld, S. O. and Loftus, E. F. (1997). Repressed memories and World War II: some cautionary notes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 471–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, H. C. (1918). An experiment in employment psychology. Psychological Review, 25, 116–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesley, W. J. and Jang, K. L. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality. European Journal of Personality, 19, 257–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesley, W. J. and Jang, K. L. (2008). The behavior genetics of personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 247–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. and Vernon, P. A. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., Pardini, D., Homish, D. L., Lei, E. H., Crawford, A. M., Farrington, D. P. et al. (2005). The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1074–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loehlin, J. C. and Nichols, R. C. (1976). Heredity, Environment and Personality. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Lorber, M. F. (2004). Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 531–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lord, R. G., De Vader, C. L. and Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: an application of validity generalisation procedure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Lovaas, O. I. and Simmons, J. Q. (1969). Manipulation of self-destruction in three retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 143–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S. and Brown, P. J. (2007). Maximising resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 931–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lykken, D. T. (1971). Multiple factor analysis and personality research. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 161–70.Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T. (2000). The causes and costs of crime and a controversial cure. Journal of Personality, 68, 559–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, R., Hampson, S. and Magee, N. (1984). Home background, intelligence, personality and education as predictors of unemployment in young people. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 549–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. and Feldman, S. S. (1972). Mother attachment and stranger reactions in the third year of life. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacFarlane, J. W. (1971). Perspectives on personality consistency and change in the Guidance Study. In M. C. Jones, N. Bayley, J. W. MacFarlane and M. P. Honzik (eds.), The Course of Human Development. Waltham, MA: Xerox College Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: twenty years of theorising, research and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Harvey, R., Lu, J. and Persico, M. (2001). The personality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with comprehensive tests of personality and psychopathology, Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maio, G. R. and Esses, V. M. (2001). The need for affect: individual differences in the motivation to approach or avoid emotions. Journal of Personality, 69, 583–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majdandzic, M. and van den Boom, D. C. (2006). Multimethod longitudinal assessment of temperament in early childhood. Journal of Personality, 75, 121–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manesowitz, M. (1970). Early sexual behaviour in adult homosexual and heterosexual males. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 396–402.Google Scholar
Mann, R. D. (1959). A review of the relationships between personality and performance in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 241–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, B., Funke, U. and Schuler, H. (1997). Integrity Tests als spezielle Gruppe eignungsdiagnostischer Verfahren: Literaturuberblick und metaanalytische Befunde zur Konstruktvaliditat. Zeitschrift fur Arbeits- und Organisations-psychologie, 41, 2–17.Google Scholar
Marcus-Newhall, A., Pedersen, W. C., Carlson, M. and Miller, N. (2000). Displaced aggression is alive and well: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 670–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F. and Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: an integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. and Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 858–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. and Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinussen, M. and Torjussen, T. (1993). Does DMT (Defense Mechanism Test) predict pilot performance only in Scandinavia? In Jensen, R. S. and Neumeister, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Aldershot: Avebury Aviation.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, G. and Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: a comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 583–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (1992). The five-factor model in personality: a critical appraisal. Journal of Personality, 60, 329–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArdle, S. (2010). Exploring domain-specific perfectionism. Journal of Personality, 78, 493–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Princeton: Van Nostrand.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, D. C. and Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The leadership motive pattern and long term success in management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 737–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, D. C. and Pilon, D. A. (1983). Sources of adult motives in patterns of parent behavior in early childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 564–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, D. C. and Winter, D. G. (1969). Motivating Economic Achievement. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A. and Lowell, E. L. (1953). The Achievement Motive. New York: Appleton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R. and Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCord, J. (1979). Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1477–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCord, J. (1999). Understanding childhood and subsequent crime. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 241–53.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCord, W., McCord, J. and Verden, P. (1962). Family relationships and sexual deviance in lower class adolescents. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 8, 165–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. (1988). Age, personality, and the spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 43, S177–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. and Pervin, L. A. (eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd edn. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Lockenhoff, C. E. and Costa, P. T. (2005). A step toward DSM-V: cataloguing personality-related problems in living. European Journal of Personality, 19, 269–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., and 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R., Yang, J., Costa, P. T., Dai, X., Yao, S., Cai, T. et al. (2001). Personality profiles and the prediction of categorical personality disorders. Journal of Personality, 69, 155–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDaniel, M. A., Rothstein, H. R. and Whetzel, D. L. (2006). Publication bias: a case study of four test vendors. Personnel Psychology, 59, 927–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougall, W. (1908). An Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, A. C. (2006). The relationship between personality and post traumatic stress disorder. In Strelau, J. and Klonowicz, T. (eds.), People under Extreme Stress. Hauppauga, New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. J., Carlisle, J. M. and Young, B. G. (1965). Sexual deviations as conditioned behaviour: a hypothesis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 185–90.Google Scholar
McIntosh, N. J. (1998). IQ and Human Intelligence. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McKennell, A. C. and Bynner, J. M. (1969). Self image and smoking behaviour among school boys. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 39, 27–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, F. M. (1965). Comment on Eysenck's account of some Aberdeen studies of introversion-extraversion and eyeblink conditioning. British Journal of Psychology, 56, 483–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, and Society. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mednick, S. A. (1958). A learning theory approach to research in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 55, 316–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1954). Clinical versus Statistical Prediction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1975). Hedonic capacity: some conjectures. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 39, 295–307.Google ScholarPubMed
Meehl, P. E. (1978). Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 806–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1992). Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind. Journal of Personality, 60, 117–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Megargee, E. I. (1966). Undercontrolled and overcontrolled personality types in extreme antisocial aggression. Psychological Monographs, 80, no. 3 (whole no. 611).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Megargee, E. I. (1972). The California Psychological Inventory Handbook. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. and Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (1979). Sex hormones and female homosexuality: a critical examination. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 8, 101–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, D. R. and Carey, G. (1997). Genetic and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milgram, S. (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18, 57–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J., Mill, J. S., Bain, A., Findlater, A. and Grote, G. (1869). Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, Vol. II. London: Longmans Green.Google Scholar
Miller, J. D. and Lynam, D. R. (2006). Reactive and proactive aggression: similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1469–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. S., Hoffmann, H. L. and Mustanski, B. S. (2008). Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual orientation in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 150–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millon, T. and Davis, R. D. (1996). Handbook of Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and beyond. 2nd edn. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice (2011). Research Summary 4/11: The Early Years of the DSPD (Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder) Programme: Results of Two Process Studies. London: Ministry of Justice.Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1963). Predicting the success of Peace Corps volunteers in Nigeria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 510–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualisation of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. (2004). Toward an integrative science of the person. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. and Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mol, S., Born, M. P., Willemsen, M. E. and van der Molen, H. T. (2005). Predicting expatriate job performance for selection purposes: a quantitative review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 590–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moos, R. H. (1969). Sources of variance in responses to questionnaires and in behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 405–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgeson, F. P., Campion, M. A., Dipboye, R. L., Hollenbeck, J. R., Murphy, K. and Schmitt, N. (2007). Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel selection contexts. Personnel Psychology, 60, 683–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskowitz, D. S. (2010). Quarrelsomeness in daily life. Journal of Personality, 78, 39–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., Scullen, S. M. and Rounds, J. (2005). Higher-order dimensions of the big five personality traits and the big six vocational interest types. Personnel Psychology, 58, 447–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1950). Learning Theory and Personality Dynamics. New York: Arnold Press.Google Scholar
Munafo, M. R., Clark, T. G., Moore, L. R., Payne, E., Walton, R. and Flint, J. (2003). Genetic polymorphisms and personality in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 471–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muraven, M., Collins, R. L. and Nienhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: an initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 113–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, K. R. and Davidshoffer, C. O. (2005). Psychological Testing: Principles and Applications. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mustanski, B. S., Chivers, M. L. and Bailey, J. M. (2002). A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 89–140.Google ScholarPubMed
Nagin, D. and Tremblay, R. E. (1999). Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and non violent juvenile delinquency. Child Development, 70, 1181–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napalkov, A. V. (1963). Information process of the brain. In Wiener, N. and Sefade, J. (eds.), Progress in Experimental Brain Research Vol. 1 – Nerve, Brain, and Memory Models. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Neimeyer, R. A., Anderson, A. and Stockton, L. (2001). Snakes versus ladders: a validation of laddering technique as a measure of hierarchical structure. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 14, 83–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neter, E. and Ben-Shakhar, G. (1989). The predictive validity of graphological inferences: a meta-analytic approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 737–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nettle, D. (2006). The evolution of personality variations in humans and other animals. American Psychologist, 61, 622–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, C. S. and Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–46.Google Scholar
Newcomb, T. M. (1929). The Consistency of Certain Extrovert-Introvert Behavior Patterns in 51 Problem Boys. Columbia University Teachers College Contribution to Education No. 382.Google Scholar
Newman, D. L., Tellegen, A. and Bouchard, T. J. (1998). Individual differences in adult ego development: sources of influence in twins reared apart. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 985–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L. and Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58, 367–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, W. T. and Goldberg, L. R. (1966). Raters, ratees and randomness in personality structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 681–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notcutt, B. (1953). The Psychology of Personality. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
O’Connor, B. P. (2002). The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and abnormality: a statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 962–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, B. P. (2007). A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 323–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G. (2002). Annotation: the ‘effects’ of parenting reconsidered: findings, challenges, and applications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 555–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G., , Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M. and Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: antisocial behavioural problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34, 970–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogilvie, D. M. (1987). The undesired self: a neglected variable in personality research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 379–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, J. (1958). Self-stimulation of the brain. Science, 127, 315–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olweus, D. (1974). Personality factors and aggression: with special reference to violence within the peer group. In De Wit, J. and Hartup, W. W. (eds.), Determinants and Origins of Aggressive Behavior. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: a review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olweus, D. (1980). Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in boys: a causal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 16, 644–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. and Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 679–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S. and Boker, S. M. (2009). Resilience comes of age: defining features in later adulthood. Journal of Personality, 77, 1777–894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, U., Robins, R. W. and Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 695–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, U., Trzesniewski, K. H. and Robins, R. W. (2010). Self esteem development from young adulthood to old age: a cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 645–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orwell, G. (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., Bybee, D. and Terry, K. (2006). Possible selves and academic outcomes: how and when possible selves impel action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 186–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozer, D. J. and Gjerde, P. F. (1989). Patterns of personality consistency and change from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Personality, 57, 484–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L. and Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, P. Y. and Cook, M. (1991). Influence of sex and physical attractiveness on self esteem and body image across the life span. British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Bournemouth.Google Scholar
Parkes, K. R. and Razavi, T. D. B. (2004). Personality and attitudinal variables as predictors of voluntary union membership. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 333–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M., McLean, K. C. and Weeks, T. (2009). To tell or not to tell: disclosure and the narrative self. Journal of Personality, 77, 89–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C., Stams, G. J. J. M., Hermanns, J. M. A. and Peetsma, T. T. D. (2007). Child negative emotionality and parenting from infancy to preschool: a meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 43, 438–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paunonen, S. V. and Jackson, D. N. (2000). What is beyond the big five? Plenty! Journal of Personality, 68, 821–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Peabody, D. and Goldberg, L. R. (1989). Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 552–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., McClearn, G. E. and Friberg, L. (1988). Neuroticism, extraversion, and related traits in adult twins reared apart and reared together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 950–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peplau, L. A., Garnets, L. D., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D. and Veniegas, R. C. (1998). A critique of Bem's ‘exotic becomes erotic’ theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 105, 387–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C., Seligman, M. E. P. and Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: a thirty-five-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 23–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philippe, F. L., Lecours, S. and Beaulieu-Pelletier, G. (2009). Resilience and positive emotions: examining the role of positive memories. Journal of Personality, 77, 139–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, D. P. (1983). The impact of mass media violence on U. S. homicides. American Sociological Review, 48, 560–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R. and Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 1–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R., Corley, R., Caspi, A., Fulker, D. W. and DeFries, J. C. (1998). Adoption results for self reported personality: evidence for nonadditive effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 211–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plummer, K. (1965). Sexual Stigma: An Interactionist Approach. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Polman, H., de Castro, B. O., Koops, W., van Boxtel, H. W. and Merk, W. W. (2007). A meta-analysis of the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 522–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popper, K. (1963). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor-model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pullmann, H., Raudsepp, L. and Allik, J. (2006). Stability and change in adolescents’ personality: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality, 20, 447–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putka, D. J. and McCloy, R. A. (2004). Preliminary AIM validation based on GED Plus program data. In Knapp, D. J., Heggestad, E. D. and Young, M. C. (eds.), Understanding and Improving the Assessment of Individual Motivation (AIM) in the Army's GED Plus Program. Alexandria, VA: US Army Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. and Cormier, C. A. (1998). Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachman, S. (1978). Fear and Courage. San Francisco: Freeman.Google ScholarPubMed
Rachman, S. and Hodgson, R. J. (1968). Experimentally induced sexual fetishism: replication and development. Psychological Record, 18, 25–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raggatt, P. (2006). Putting the five-factor model into context: evidence linking big five traits to narrative identity. Journal of Personality, 74, 1321–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Koop, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C. et al. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raja, U., Johns, G. and Ntalianis, F. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 350–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rammstedt, B., Goldberg, L. R. and Bork, I. (2010). The measurement equivalence of Big-Five factor markers for persons with different levels of education. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rammstedt, B., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A. and Borkenau, P. (2004). Resilients, overcontrollers, and undercontrollers: the replicability of the three personality prototypes across informants. European Journal of Personality, 18, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapaport, D. and Gill, M. M. (1959). The points of view and assumptions of metapsychology. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 40, 153–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Reid, R. L. (1960). Inhibition – Pavlov, Hull, Eysenck. British Journal of Psychology, 51, 226–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, S. H. and Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 490–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, G., Anderson, C., Risch, N. and Ebers, G. (1999). Male homosexuality: absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28. Science, 284, 665–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Gyfax, L. and Bailey, J. M. (2008). Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: evidence from home videos. Developmental Psychology, 44, 46–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riemann, R., Angleitner, A. and Strelau, J. (1997). Genetic and environmental influences on personality: a study of twins reared together using the self- and peer report NEO-FFI scales. Journal of Personality, 65, 449–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P. and Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. and DelVecchio, W. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W. and Helson, R. (1997). Changes in culture, changes in personality. The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 641–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experience and personality development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 582–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. W., O’Donnell, M. and Robins, R. W. (2004). Goal and personality trait development in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 541–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., Harms, P. D., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T. E. (2007a). Predicting the counterproductive employee in a child-to-adult prospective study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1427–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A. and Goldberg, L. R. (2007b). The power of personality: the comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 313–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: three replicable personality types. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 157–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J. and Gosling, S. D. (2001). Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 463–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client Centred Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client centred framework. In Koch, S. (ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. III. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. R. and Dymond, R. F. (1954). Psychotherapy and Personality Change: Co-ordinated Studies in the Client-centred Approach. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, B. C. and D’Andrade, R. G. (1959). The psychosocial origin of achievement motivation. Sociometry, 22, 185–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rosenman, R. H., Brand, R. J., Jenkins, C. D., Friedman, M., Straus, R. and Warm, M. (1975). Coronary heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study: final follow up experience of 8.5 years. Journal of the American Medical Association, 233, 872–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., Rueda, R. M. and Posner, M. I. (2003). Developing mechanisms of temperamental effortful control. Journal of Personality, 71, 1113–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A. and Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, D. C. (1994). The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behavior. New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
Rubenzer, S. J., Faschingbauer, T. R. and Ones, D. S. (2000). Assessing the U.S. presidents using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Assessment, 7, 403–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sackett, P. R. and Wilk, S. L. (1994). Within-group norming and other forms of score adjustment in preemployment testing. American Psychologist, 49, 929–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saghir, M. T. and Robins, E. (1973). Male and Female Homosexuality. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins.Google ScholarPubMed
Salgado, J. F. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, R. J. and Laub, J. H. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course: the salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55, 609–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuel, D. B. and Widiger, T. A. (2004). Clinicians’ personality descriptions of prototypic personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 286–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saucier, G. (2009). Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: indications for a big six structure. Journal of Personality, 77, 1577–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saucier, G., Bel-Bahar, T. and Fernandez, C. (2007). What modifies the expression of personality tendencies? Defining basic domains of situation variables. Journal of Personality, 75, 479–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saucier, G. and Goldberg, L. R. (1998). What is beyond the big five? Journal of Personality, 66, 495–522.Google ScholarPubMed
Saudino, K. J. and Eaton, W. O. (1991). Infant temperament and genetics: an objective twin study of motor activity level. Child Development, 62, 167–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saudino, K. J. and Cherny, S. S. (2001). Sources of continuity and change in observed temperament. In Emde, R. N. and Hewitt, J. K. (eds.), Infancy to Early Childhood: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Developmental Change. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Saulsman, L. M. and Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savin-Williams, R. C. and Ream, G. L. (2007). Prevalence and stability of sexual orientation components during adolescence and young adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 385–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schein, E. H. (1956). The Chinese indoctrination program for prisoners of war. Psychiatry, 19, 149–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schein, E. H. , Hill, W. F., Williams, H. L. and Lubin, A. (1957). Distinguishing characteristics of collaborators and resisters among American prisoners of war. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmalt, H. D. (2005). Validity of a short form of the Achievement-Motive Grid (AMG-S): evidence for the three-factor structure emphasizing active and passive forms of fear of failure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 172–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmeichel, B. J. and Zell, A. (2007). Trait self-control predicts performance on behavioral tests of self-control. Journal of Personality, 75, 743–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, F. L., Ocasio, B. P., Hillery, J. M. and Hunter, J. E. (1988). Further within setting empirical tests of the situational specificity hypothesis in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology, 38, 509–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, G. and Clement, U. (1990). Does peace prevent homosexuality? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 183–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmit, M. J., Kihm, J. A. and Robie, C. (2000). Development of a global measure of personality. Personnel Psychology, 53, 153–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, M. (1965). The Sexual Behaviour of Young People. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Scholte, R. H. J., van Aken, M. A. G. and van Lieshout, C. F. M. (1997). Adolescent personality factors in self-ratings and peer nominations and their prediction of peer acceptance and peer rejection. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 534–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schooler, C. (1972). Birth order effects: not here, not now! Psychological Bulletin, 78, 161–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, M. L., Wormworth, J. A. and Livesley, W. J. (1992). Dimensions of personality disorder and their relationships to the big five dimensions of personality. Psychological Assessment, 4, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, M. L., and Wormworth, J. A. Livesley, W. J. (2002). Dimensions of personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality. In Costa, P. T. and Widiger, T. A. (eds.), Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. 2nd edn. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultheiss, O. C. and Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Assessment of implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 71–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultheiss, O. C. and Pang, J. S. (2007). Measuring implicit motives. In Robins, R. W., Fraley, R. C. and Krueger, R. F. (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Schultheiss, O. C., Dargel, A. and Rohde, W. (2003). Implicit motives and sexual motivation and behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 224–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultheiss, O. C., Liening, S. H. and Schad, D. (2008a). The reliability of a Picture Story Exercise measure of implicit motives: estimates of internal consistency, retest reliability, and ipsative stability. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1560–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Waugh, C. E., Stanton, S. J., Meier, E. A. and Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2008b). Exploring the motivational brain: effects of implicit power motivation on brain activation in response to facial expressions of emotion. SCAN, 3, 333–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Sears, R. R. (1936). Experimental studies of projection: I. Attribution of traits. Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 151–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, R. R. (1940). Survey of Objective Studies of Psychoanalytic Concepts. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Sears, R. R. (1961). Relation of early socialisation experiences to aggression in middle childhood. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 466–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sears, R. R. , Maccoby, E. E. and Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman.Google ScholarPubMed
Shedler, J. and Westen, D. (2004). Dimensions of personality pathology: an alternative to the five-factor model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1743–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shedler, J., Mayman, M. and Manis, M. (1993). The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist, 48, 1117–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheldon, K. M. and Gunz, A. (2009). Psychological needs as basic motives, not just experiential requirements. Journal of Personality, 77, 1467–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheldon, W. H. (1942). The Varieties of Temperament. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S. and Funder, D. C. (2010). Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 330–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shidlo, A. and Schroeder, M. (2002). Changing sexual orientation: a consumers’ report. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 249–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, J. (1962). Monozygotic Twins Brought Up Apart and Brought Up Together. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., Masten, A. S. and Roberts, J. M. (2003). Childhood personality foreshadows adult personality and life outcomes two decades later. Journal of Personality, 71, 1145–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shoda, Y., Mischel, W. and Wright, J. C. (1994). Intra-individual stability in the organization and patterning of behavior: incorporating psychological situations in the idiographic analysis of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 674–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoda, Y. and Mischel, W. (2000). Reconciling contextualism with the core assumptions of personality psychology. European Journal of Personality, 14, 407–28.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shostrom, E. (1965). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualisation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 207–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. S. (1982). Fact and artifact in trait perception; the systematic distortion hypothesis. In Maher, B. A. (ed.), Progress in Experimental Personality Research: Vol. XI. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Siegelman, E., Block, J., Block, J. H. and von der Lippe, A. (1970). Antecedents of optional psychological adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 283–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siers, B. P. and Christiansen, N. D. (2008). On the validity of implicit association test measures of personality traits. Paper presented at 23rd Annual Conference of SIOP, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behaviour. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A. et al. (2005). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): overview and implications. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 487–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Bender, D. S., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C. et al. (2005). Dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: relationships to functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1919–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C. A. and Farrington, D. P. (2004). Continuities in antisocial behavior and parenting across three generations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 230–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snygg, D. and Combs, C. W. (1949). Individual Behavior. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. and Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. Journal of Personality, 78, 217–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solberg, M. E. and Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, R. L. (1964). Punishment. American Psychologist, 19, 239–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitz, H. H. (1986). The Raising of Intelligence: A Selected History of Attempts to Raise Retarded Intelligence. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Stacey, J. and Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66, 159–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford-Clarke, D. (1965). What Freud Really Said. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Stagner, R. (1961). Psychology of Personality. 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Stanton, S. J. and Schultheiss, O. C. (2009). The hormonal correlates of implicit power motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 942–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, B. F. (1986). Notes on the lasting effects of early child abuse throughout the life cycle. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 283–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, G. L., Darnold, T. C., Zimmerman, R. D., Barrick, M. R., Parks, L. and Dustin, S. L. (2008). Exploring how response distortion of personality measures affects individuals. Paper presented at 23rd Annual Conference of SIOP, San Francisco.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storms, M. D. (1981). A theory of erotic orientation development. Psychological Review, 88, 340–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strang, R. (1957). The Adolescent Views Himself. New York: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulloway, F. J. (1995). Birth order and evolutionary psychology: a meta-analytic overview. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutin, A. R. and Costa, P. T. (2010). Reciprocal influences of personality and job characteristics across middle adulthood. Journal of Personality, 78, 257–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przyback, T. R. and Cloninger, C. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5, 991–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B. and Hill, C. A. (1982). When our identities are mistaken: reaffirming self-conceptions through social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Pychology, 43, 59–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Waldman, I. D. and Lahey, B. B. (2009). Etiology and measurement of relational aggression: a multi-informant behavior genetic investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychlogy, 118, 722–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F. and Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, J., Iacono, W. G. and McGue, M. (2000). Evidence for a genetic etiology of early-onset delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 634–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sage, R. M., Lehman, B. J. and Seeman, T. E. (2004). Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1365–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L. and Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terman, L. M. (1926). Genetic Studies of Genius Vol. I. Mental and Physical Traits of a Thousand Gifted Children. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Terman, L. M. and Oden, M. H. (1947). Genetic Studies of Genius Vol. IV. The Gifted Child Grows Up. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Terman, L. M. and Oden, M. H. (1959). Genetic Studies of Genius Vol. V. The Gifted Group at Mid-life. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H. G., Herzig, M. E. and Korn, S. (1963). Behavioral Individuality in Early Childhood. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Review Monograph Supplement, 2, no. 8.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1903). Educational Psychology. New York: Science Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toomela, A. (2003). Relationships between personality structure, structure of word meaning, and cognitive ability: a study of cultural mechanisms of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 723–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torgerson, S., Kringlen, E. and Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torgerson, S., Lygren, S., Oien, P. A., Skre, I. and Onstad, S. (2000). A twin study of personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 416–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towbes, L. C., Cohen, L. H., and Glyshaw, K. (1989). Instrumentality as a life-stress moderator for early versus middle adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 109–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trautwein, U., Ludtke, O., Koller, O. and Baumert, J. (2006). Self esteem, academic self-concept, and achievement: how the learning environment moderates the dynamics of self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 334–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 341–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremblay, R. E. , Japel, C., Perusse, D., McDuff, P., Boivin, M., Zoccolillo, M. et al. (1999). The search for the age of ‘onset’ of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 9, 8–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tromp, N. B. and Koot, H. M. (2010). Dimensions of normal and abnormal personality: elucidating DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Personality, 78, 839–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trouton, D. S. and Maxwell, A. E. (1956). The relation between neurosis and psychosis. Journal of Mental Science, 102, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B. and Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., Poulton, R. and Caspi, A. (2006). Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42, 381–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tupes, E. C. and Christal, R. E. (1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60, 224–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkheimer, E. and Waldron, M. (2000). Non-shared environment: a theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 78–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M. (2000). The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952–1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1007–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P. (2005). Temporal change: the third dimension of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 573–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to Life. Boston: Little Brown.Google ScholarPubMed
Vaillant, G. E. (1994a). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 44–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaillant, G. E. (1994b). Adaptive mental mechanisms: their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansteelandt, K. and Van Mechelen, I. (2006). Individual differences in anger and sadness: in pursuit of active situational features and psychological processes. Journal of Personality, 74, 871–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verheul, R. and Widiger, T. A. (2004). A meta-analysis of the prevalence and usage of personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS). Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 309–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1941). Psychological effects of air raids. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 35, 457–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1964). Personality Assessment. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Viswesvaran, C. and Ones, D. (1999). Meta-analyses of fakability estimates: implications for personality measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrieze, S. I. and Grove, W. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of criminal recidivism: problems, pitfalls, and proposed solutions. Psychological Assessment, 22, 382–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., Clark, L. A. and Chmielewski, M. (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality, 76, 1545–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, J. B. (1925). Behaviorism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Watson, N. and Watts, R. H. (2001). The predictive strength of personal constructs versus conventional constructs: self-image disparity and neuroticism. Journal of Personality, 69, 121–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, P. (1978). War on the Mind. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Webb, E. (1915). Character and intelligence. British Journal of Psychology Monographs, 1, 3, 199.Google Scholar
Wei, E. H., Loeber, R. and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2002). How many of the offspring born to teenage fathers are produced by repeat serious delinquents? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 83–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A. M. and Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual Behaviour in Britain: The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
West, D. J. (1969). Present Conduct and Future Delinquency. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Whitam, F. L. and Zent, M. (1984). A cross-cultural assessment of early cross-gender behavior and familial factors in male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13, 427–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiting, J. W. M. and Child, I. L. (1953). Child Training and Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. and Rogers, J. H. (1989). Prevalence and comorbidity of personality disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 18, 132–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C. and Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In Costa, P. T. and Widiger, T. A. (eds.), Personality Disorders and the Five-factor Model of Personality. 2nd edn. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkowski, B. M. and Robinson, M. D. (2010). The anatomy of anger: an integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78, 10–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, L. M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1167–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Winter, D. G. (1988). The power motive in women – and men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 510–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, D. G. (1996). Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Winter, L., Uleman, J. S. and Cunniff, C. (1985). How automatic are social judgements? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 904–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R. and Karp, S. A. (1954). Psychological Differentiation. New York: Wiley.Google ScholarPubMed
Witkin, H. A., Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, F., Bakkestrom, E., Christiansen, K. O., Goodenough, D. R. et al. (1976). Criminality in XYY and XXY men: the elevated crime rate of XYY males is not related to aggression. Science, 193, 547–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R. (1956). A study of adoptive children. III. Relationships between some aspects of development and some aspects of environment for adoptive children. Psychological Monographs, 70, no. 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wooster, A. and Harris, G. (1973). Concepts of self in highly mobile service boys. Educational Research, 14, 195–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. C. and Mischel, W. (1988). Conditional hedges and the intuitive psychology of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 454–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Y., Read, S. J. and Miller, L. C. (2006). A taxonomy of situations from Chinese idioms. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 750–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, B. and Silk, K. R. (2005). The McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD): overview and implications of the first six years of prospective follow-up. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 505–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, H. and Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 259–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, X., Saucier, G., Gao, D., and Liu, J. (2009). The factor structure of Chinese personality terms. Journal of Personality, 77, 363–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zietsch, B. P., Morley, K. I., Shekar, S. N., Verweij, K. J. H., Keller, M. C., Macgregor, S. et al. (2008). Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 424–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, M. (1994). Diagnosing personality disorders: a review of issues and research methods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 225–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M. (2011, April 11). Is there adequate empirical justification for radically revising the personality disorder section of DMS-5? Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Advance online publication. .
Zimmerman, R. D. (2008). Understanding the impact of personality traits on individuals’ turnover decisions: a meta-analytic path model. Personnel Psychology, 61, 309–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, K. J. (2005). Commentary on Gottschalk's (2003) ‘Same-sex sexuality and childhood gender non-conformity: a spurious connection’. Journal of Gender Studies, 14, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Mark Cook, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: Levels of Personality
  • Online publication: 05 January 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108140.024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Mark Cook, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: Levels of Personality
  • Online publication: 05 January 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108140.024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Mark Cook, University of Wales, Swansea
  • Book: Levels of Personality
  • Online publication: 05 January 2013
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108140.024
Available formats
×