Introduction

This chapter proposes a set of predictions to explain the general morphosyntactic structural outlines found across all types of bilingual speech. Bilingual speech is defined as showing either morphemes or lexical structure, or both, from two or more languages. One encounters bilingual speech most typically in code-switching by proficient bilinguals, but not all language-contact situations are so viable or capable of sustaining themselves. Specifically, the paper accounts for cases of what have been called structural borrowing, especially in relation to language attrition. Languages can sustain structural incursions and remain robust, but the taking in of alien inflections and function words is often a step leading to language attrition and language death. This is not to say, however, that all endangered languages in their late stages show structural borrowing; that is, all the following arguments do not apply to all endangered languages and certainly not to the speech of final fluent speakers.

Assumptions and claims of the proposed model

What makes the model presented here different from previous discussions of structural borrowing in the literature are these claims: