Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. ‘Why did the West extend the franchise? Democracy, inequality, and growth in historical perspective’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 1167–99, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G. and Turner, J. D. ‘The impact of limited liability on ownership and control: Irish banking, 1877–1914’, Economic History Review, 59, 320–46, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G. and Turner, J. D. ‘The death blow to unlimited liability in Victorian Britain: The City of Glasgow failure’, Explorations in Economic History, 45, 235–53, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G. and Turner, J. D. ‘The secondary market for bank shares in nineteenth-century Britain’, Financial History Review, 15, 123–52, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G. and Turner, J. D. ‘Investor behavior in a nascent capital market: Scottish bank shareholders in the nineteenth century’, Economic History Review, 64, 188–213, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G. and Turner, J. D. ‘Shareholder liability, risk aversion, and investment returns in nineteenth-century British banking’, in Green, D. R., Owens, A., Maltby, J. and Rutterford, J. (eds.), Men, Women, and Money: Perspectives on Gender, Wealth, and Investment 1850–1930, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Acheson, G. G., Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘Organizational flexibility and governance in a civil-law regime: Scottish partnership banks during the Industrial Revolution’, Business History, 53, 505–29, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G., Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘Does limited liability matter? Evidence from nineteenth-century British banking’, Review of Law and Economics, 6, 247–73, 2011.Google Scholar

Acheson, G. G., Hickson, C. R., Turner, J. D. and Ye, Q. ‘Rule Britannia!: British stock market returns, 1825–1870’, Journal of Economic History, 69, 1107–37, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, G. G., Turner, J. D., and Ye, Q. ‘The character and denomination of shares in the Victorian equity market’, Economic History Review, 65, 862–86, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackrill, M. and Hannah, L.Barclays: The Business of Banking 1690–1996, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Admati, A. and Hellwig, M.The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Adrian, T. and Shin, H. S. ‘The changing nature of financial intermediation and the financial crisis of 2007–2009’, Annual Review of Economics, 2, 603–18, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alborn, T. L.Conceiving Companies: Joint-Stock Politics in Victorian England, London: Routledge, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alessandri, P. and Haldane, A. G. ‘Banking on the state’, Bank of England speech, 25 September 2009.

Alhadeff, D. A.Competition and Controls in Banking: A Study of the Regulation of Bank Competition in Italy, France and England, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Allen, D. W. ‘A theory of the pre-modern British aristocracy’, Explorations in Economic History, 46, 299–313, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, W. R. ‘Irving Fisher and the 100 percent reserve proposal’, Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 703–17, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amsler, C. E., Bartlett, R. L. and Bolton, C. J. ‘Thoughts of some British economists on early limited liability and corporate legislation’, History of Political Economy, 13, 774–93, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B. L. and Cottrell, P. L.Money and Banking in England: The Development of the Banking System, 1694–1914, London: David & Charles, 1974.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. L. and Cottrell, P. L. ‘Another Victorian capital market: A study of banking and bank investors on Merseyside’, Economic History Review, 28, 600–15, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anon. The Western Bank Failure and the Scottish Banking System, Glasgow: John Bain, 1858.Google Scholar

Anon. How to Mismanage a Bank: A Review of the Western Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black and John Maclaren, 1859.Google Scholar

Anon. Williams Deacon’s 1771–1970, Manchester: Williams Deacon’s Bank, 1971.Google Scholar

Arcand, J.-L., Berkes, E. and Panizza, U. ‘Too much finance?’, IMF Working Paper WP/12/161, 2012.

Atkinson, A. B. and Morelli, S. ‘Economic crises and inequality’, United Nations Human Development Research Paper 2011/06, 2011.

Bagehot, W.Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999 [1873].Google Scholar

Baker, M. and Collins, M. ‘Financial crises and structural change in English commercial bank assets, 1860–1913’, Explorations in Economic History, 36, 428–44, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balogh, T.Studies in Financial Organisation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.Google Scholar

Bank of England, Agreed Proposal of the United States Federal Banking Supervisory Authorities and the Bank of England on Primary Capital and Capital Adequacy Assessment, 1987.

Baring, F.Observations on the Establishment of the Bank of England and the Paper Circulation of the Country, New York: Augustus Kelley, 1967 [1797].Google Scholar

Barrow, G. L.The Emergence of the Irish Banking System, 1820–1845, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd., 1975.Google Scholar

Batchelor, R. A. ‘The avoidance of catastrophe: Two nineteenth-century banking crises’, in Capie, F. and Wood, G. (eds.), Financial Crises and the World Banking System, London: Macmillan, 1986.Google Scholar

Batini, N. and Nelson, E. ‘The U.K.’s rocky road to stability’, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper 2005–020A, 2005.

Beck, T. and Levine, R. ‘Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 28, 423–42, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, G. S. ‘A theory of competition among pressure groups for political influence’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98, 371–400, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, G. J.Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 6th edn., 1858.Google Scholar

Benmelech, E. and Moskowitz, T. J. ‘The political economy of financial regulation: Evidence from U.S. state usury laws in the 19th century’, Journal of Finance, 65, 1029–73, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benston, G. J. and Kaufman, G. G. ‘The appropriate role of bank regulation’, Economic Journal, 106, 688–97, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, A. N., Herring, R. J. and Szegö, G. P. ‘The role of capital in financial institutions’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 393–430, 1995.

Berger, A. N., Klapper, L. F. and Turk-Ariss, R. ‘Bank competition and financial stability’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 35, 99–118, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernanke, B. S. ‘Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression’, American Economic Review, 73, 257–76, 1983.Google Scholar

Bernanke, B. S. and Gertler, M. ‘Agency costs, net worth, and business fluctuations’, American Economic Review, 79, 14–31, 1989.Google Scholar

Bernanke, B. S., Gertler, M. and Gilchrist, S. ‘The financial accelerator and the flight to quality’, Review of Economic Statistics, 78, 1–15, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Best, M. H. and Humphries, J. ‘The City and industrial decline’, in Elbaum, B. and Lazonick, W. (eds.), The Decline of the British Economy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Bhattacharya, S., Boot, A. W. A. and Thakor, A. V. ‘The economics of bank regulation’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 30, 745–70, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhidé, A.A Call for Judgment: Sensible Finance for a Dynamic Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Bignon, V., Flandreau, M. and Ugolini, S. ‘Bagehot for beginners: The making of lender-of-last-resort operations in the mid-nineteenth century’, Economic History Review, 65, 580–608, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billings, M. and Capie, F. ‘Capital in British banks, 1920–1970’, Business History, 49, 139–62, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billings, M. and Capie, F. ‘Financial crisis, contagion, and the British banking system between the world wars’, Business History, 53, 193–215, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bivens, J. and Mishel, L. ‘The pay of corporate executives and financial professionals as evidence of rents in top 1 percent incomes’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27, 57–78.CrossRef

Blackhurst, C. ‘What lurks behind UK bank supervision?’, International Financial Law Review, February, 4–10, 1985.

Bodernhorn, H.A History of Banking in Antebellum America: Financial Markets and Economic Development in an Era of Nation-Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Bonica, A., McCarty, N., Poole, K. T. and Rosenthal, H. ‘Why hasn’t democracy slowed rising inequality?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27, 103–24.CrossRef

Booth, P. (ed.). Verdict on the Crash: Causes and Policy Implications, London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2009.

Bordo, M. D. ‘The lender of last resort: Alternative views and historical experience’, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, January/February, 18–29, 1990.

Bordo, M. D. and Meissner, C. M. ‘Does inequality lead to a financial crisis?’, NBER Working Paper 17896, 2012.

Bordo, M. D., Redish, A. and Rockoff, H. ‘Why didn’t Canada have a banking crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or…)?’, NBER Working Paper 17312, 2011.

Boyd, J. H. and De Nicoló, G. ‘The theory of bank risk taking and competition revisited’, Journal of Finance, 60, 1329–43, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briault, C. ‘The rationale for a single national financial services regulator’, FSA Occasional Paper Series 2, 1999.Google Scholar

Broadberry, S. N. and van Leeuwen, B. ‘British economic growth and the business cycle, 1700–1850’, University of Warwick: Department of Economics, 2009.

Bromhead, A. de, Eichengreen, B. and O’Rourke, K. H. ‘Right-wing political extremism in the Great Depression’, NBER Working Paper 17871, 2012.

Brown, R.Early Scottish Joint-Stock Companies, Glasgow: Carter and Pratt, 1903.Google Scholar

Broz, J. L. and Grossman, R. S. ‘Paying for privilege: The political economy of Bank of England charters, 1694–1844’, Explorations in Economic History, 41, 48–72, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brunnermeier, M. K. ‘Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch 2007–2008’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23, 77–100, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bryer, R. A. ‘The Mercantile Laws Commission of 1854 and the political economy of limited liability’, Economic History Review, 50, 37–56, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buckley, A.Financial Crisis: Causes, Context and Consequences, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall, 2011.Google Scholar

Buiter, W.The Unfortunate Uselessness of Most State-of-the-Art Academic Monetary Theories, available at , accessed March 3, 2009.

Burgess, S. ‘Measuring financial-sector output and its contribution to UK GDP’, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 234–46, 2011.

Cairncross, A. ‘The Bank of England: Relationships with the government, the civil service and parliament’, in Toniolo, G. (ed.), Central Banks’ Independence in Historical Perspective, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988.Google Scholar

Callender, W. R.The Commercial Crisis of 1857: Its Causes and Results, London: Longman, 1858.Google Scholar

Calomiris, C. W. and Kahn, C. M. ‘The role of demandable debt in structuring optimal banking arrangements’, American Economic Review, 81, 497–513, 1991.Google Scholar

Calomiris, C. W. and Mason, J. R. ‘Consequences of bank distress during the Great Depression’, American Economic Review, 93, 937–47, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calomiris, C. W. and Schweikart, L. ‘The panic of 1857: Origins, transmission, and containment’, Journal of Economic History, 51, 807–34, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, R.Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.Google Scholar

Campbell, G. ‘Myopic rationality in a mania’, Explorations in Economic History, 49, 75–91, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, G. and Turner, J. D. ‘Dispelling the myth of the naive investor during the British Railway Mania, 1845–46’, Business History Review, 86, 3–41, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, R. H. ‘Edinburgh bankers and the Western Bank of Scotland’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2, 134–148, 1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, R. H. ‘The law and the joint-stock company in Scotland’, in Payne, P. L. (ed.), Studies in Scottish Business History, London: Frank Cass and Co., 1967.Google Scholar

Capie, F. ‘Banking in Europe in the nineteenth century: The role of the central bank’, in Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Capie, F. ‘Structure and performance in British banking, 1870–1939’, Centre for the Study of Monetary History, City University Discussion Paper 27, 1987.Google Scholar

Capie, F.The Bank of England, 1950s to 1979, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, F. ‘The evolving regulatory framework in British banking’, in Chick, Martin (ed.), Governments, Industries and Markets: Aspects of Government-Industry Relations in the UK, Japan, West Germany and the USA since 1945, Aldershot: Elgar, 1990.Google Scholar

Capie, F. and Billings, M. ‘Profitability in English banking in the twentieth century’, European Review of Economic History, 5, 367–402, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, F. and Collins, M. ‘Industrial lending by English commercial banks, 1860s–1914: Why did banks refuse loans?’, Business History, 38, 26–44, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, F. and Rodrik-Bali, G. ‘Concentration in British banking 1870–1920’, Business History, 24, 280–92, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, F. and Wood, G.Money over Two Centuries: Selected Topics in British Monetary History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Carr, J. L., Glied, S. and Mathewson, G. F. ‘Unlimited liability and free banking in Scotland: A note’, Journal of Economic History, 49, 974–8, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carr, J. L. and Mathewson, G. F. ‘Unlimited liability as a barrier to entry’, Journal of Political Economy, 96, 766–84, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassis, Y.City Bankers, 1890–1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Checkland, S. G.Scottish Banking: A History, 1695–1973, Glasgow: Collins, 1975.Google Scholar

Christie, J. R. ‘Joint-stock enterprise in Scotland before the companies acts’, Juridical Review, 21, 128–47, 1909.Google Scholar

Chubb, H. ‘The Bank Act and the crisis of 1866’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 35, 171–95, 1872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Claessens, S., Dell’Ariccia, G., Igan, D. and Laeven, L. ‘Lessons and policy implications from the global financial crisis’, IMF Working Paper WP/10/44, 2010.

Claessens, S., Pazarbasioglu, C., Laeven, L., Dobler, M., Valencia, F., Nedelescu, O. and Seal, K. ‘Crisis management and resolution: Early lessons from the financial crisis’, IMF Staff Discussion Note, 2011.

Claessens, S. and Perotti, E. ‘Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 35, 748–73, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapham, J. H.An Economic History of Modern Britain: Free Trade and Steel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.Google Scholar

Clapham, J. H.An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age 1820–1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930.Google Scholar

Clapham, J. H.The Bank of England: A History, 2 volumes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944.Google Scholar

Clark, F. W.A Treatise on the Law of Partnership and Joint-Stock Companies According to the Law of Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1864.Google Scholar

Clay, H.Lord Norman, London: Macmillan, 1957.Google Scholar

Clay, W.Speech of William Clay, Esq., M.P. on Moving for the Appointment of a Committee to Inquire into the Operation of the Act Permitting the Establishment of Joint-stock Banks. To Which are Added, Reflections on Limited Liability, Paid-up Capital, and Publicity of Accounts, as Applied to Such Institutions; With Some Remarks on an Article on Joint-stock Companies in the Last Number of the Edinburgh Review, London: James Ridgway and Sons, 1837.Google Scholar

Cleary, E. J.The Building Society Movement, London: Elek Books, 1965.Google Scholar

Collins, M. ‘English bank development within a European context, 1870–1939’, Economic History Review, 51, 1–24, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, M.Money and Banking in the UK: A History, London: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar

Collins, M. ‘The Bank of England as lender of last resort’, Economic History Review, 45, 145–53, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, M. ‘The banking crisis of 1878’, Economic History Review, 42, 504–27, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, M. and Baker, M.Commercial Banks and Industrial Finance in England and Wales, 1860–1913, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Conti-Brown, P. ‘Unlimited shareholder liability for systematically important financial institutions’, Stanford University Rock Center for Corporate Governance Working Paper, 2011.

Cooke, C.Corporation, Trust and Company: An Essay in Legal History, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1950.Google Scholar

Cooke, P. W. ‘Self-regulation and statute: The evolution of banking supervision’, in Gardner, E. P. M. (ed.), UK Banking Supervision: Evolution, Practice and Issues, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L.Industrial Finance, 1830–1914, London: Methuen, 1980.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L. ‘London’s first big bang? Institutional change in the City, 1855–83’, in Cassis, Y. and Cottrell, P. L. (eds.), The World of Private Banking, Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L. ‘The financial system of the United Kingdom in the twentieth century’, in De Rosa, L. (ed.), International Banking and Financial Systems: Evolution and Stability, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar

Couper, C. T.Report of the Trial before the High Court of Judiciary: Her Majesty’s Advocate Against the Directors and the Manager of the City of Glasgow Bank, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Publishing Company, 1879.Google Scholar

Coyle, C. and Turner, J. D. ‘Law, politics and finance: The great reversal of the UK corporate debt market, Journal of Economic History, 73, 809–45, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crafts, N. ‘Regional GDP in Britain, 1871–1911: Some estimates’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52, 54–64, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crick, W. F. and Wadsworth, J. E.A Hundred Years of Joint Stock Banking, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1936.Google Scholar

Dawes, M. and Ward-Perkins, C. N.Country Bankers of England and Wales: Private Provincial Banks and Bankers 1688–1953, London: Chartered Institute of Bankers, 2000.Google Scholar

Deaton, A. ‘The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans’, Oxford Economic Papers, 64, 1–26, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dell’Ariccia, G., Detragiache, E. and Rajan, R. ‘The real effect of banking crises’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17, 89–112, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Detragiache, E. ‘The determinants of banking crises in developing and developed countries’, IMF Staff Papers, 45, 81–109, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Demsetz, R. S., Saidenberg, M. R. and Strahan, P. E. ‘Banks with something to lose: The disciplinary role of franchise value’, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, Winter, 3–13, 1996.

Dewatripont, M., Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J.Balancing the Banks: Global Lessons from the Financial Crisis, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, D. W. and Dybvig, P. H. ‘Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity’, Journal of Political Economy, 91, 401–19, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, D. W. and Dybvig, P. H. ‘Banking theory, deposit insurance, and bank regulation’, Journal of Business, 59, 55–68, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, D. W. and Rajan, R. G. ‘The credit crisis: Conjectures about causes and remedies’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 99, 606–10, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diaz-Alejandro, C. ‘Good-bye financial repression, hello financial crash’, Journal of Development Economics, 19, 1–24, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dimson, E., Marsh, P. and Staunton, M.Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Sourcebook 2011, London: Credit Suisse, 2011.Google Scholar

Dornbusch, R. and Frankel, J. A. ‘The Gold Standard and the Bank of England in the crisis of 1847’, in Bordo, M. D. and Schwartz, A. J. (eds.), A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Dow, A. and Dow, S. ‘Economic history and economic theory: The staples approach to economic development’, Cambridge Journal of Economics (forthcoming).

Dowd, K.The State and the Monetary System, London: Phillip Allan, 1989.Google Scholar

Dowd, K. and Hutchinson, M.The Alchemists of Loss: How Modern Finance and Government Intervention Crashed the Financial System, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2010.Google Scholar

Dun, J. ‘The banking institutions, bullion reserves, and non-legal-tender note circulation of the United Kingdom statistically investigated’, Journal of the Statistical Society, 39, 1–189, 1876.Google Scholar

England, C. ‘Agency costs and unregulated banks: Could depositors protect themselves?’, Cato Journal, 7, 771–97, 1988.Google Scholar

English, H.A Complete View of the Joint Stock Companies Formed During the Years 1824 and 1825, London: Boosey and Sons, 1827.Google Scholar

Esty, B. C. ‘The impact of contingent liability on commercial bank risk taking’, Journal of Financial Economics, 47, 189–218, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, D. M.The Commercial Crisis, 1847–1848, Devon: David & Charles, 1849.Google Scholar

Evans, D. M.The History of the Commercial Crisis, 1857–1858 and the Stock Exchange Panic of 1859, London: Groombridge & Sons, 1859.Google Scholar

Evans, L.T. and Quigley, N. C. ‘Shareholder liability regimes, principal-agent relationships, and banking industry performance’, Journal of Law and Economics, 38, 497–520, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, N.The House of Rothschild: The World’s Banker 1849–1999, New York: Penguin, 1999.Google Scholar

Fetter, F. W. ‘A historical confusion in Bagehot’s Lombard Street’, Economica, 34, 80–3, 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fetter, F. W.The Irish Paper Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955.Google Scholar

Fforde, J. S.The Bank of England and Public Policy, 1941–1958, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Flannery, M. J. ‘Deposit insurance creates a need for bank regulation’, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review, 17–27, 1982.

Fleming, J. S. ‘On the theory and practice of banking in Scotland’, Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 4, 129–50, 1883.Google Scholar

Fletcher, G. A. ‘Cash base control of bank deposits and the British banking system’, Société Universitaire Européenne de Recherches Financière (SUERF) Working Paper, 1978.

Fohlin, C. ‘The balancing act of German universal banks and English deposit banks, 1880–1913’, Business History, 43, 1–24, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freeman, M., Pearson, R. and Taylor, J. ‘Different and better? Scottish joint-stock companies and the law, c.1720–1845’, English Historical Review, 122, 61–81, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freixas, X., Giannini, C., Hoggarth, G. and Soussa, F. ‘Lender of last resort: A review of the literature’, Financial Stability Review 7, 151–67, 1999.Google Scholar

French, E. A.Unlimited Liability: The Case of the City of Glasgow Bank, London: Certified Accountant Publications Ltd., 1985.Google Scholar

French, K., Baily, M., Campbell, J., Cochrane, J., Diamond, D., Duffie, D., et al. The Squam Lake Report: Fixing the Financial System, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Friedman, M.A Program for Monetary Stability, New York: Fordham University Press, 1959.Google Scholar

Friedman, M. and Jacobson Schwartz, A.The Great Contraction 1929–1933, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frydman, R. and Goldberg, M. D.Beyond Mechanical Markets: Asset Price Swings, Risk, and the Role of the State, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galbraith, J. K.Inequality and Instability: A Study of the World Economy Just Before the Great Crisis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galor, O., Moav, O. and Vollrath, D. ‘Inequality in land ownership, the emergence of human capital promoting institutions, and the great divergence’, Review of Economic Studies, 76, 143–79, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardner, E. P. M. ‘Supervision in the United Kingdom’, in Gardner, E. P. M. (ed.), UK Banking Supervision: Evolution, Practice and Issues, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar

Gash, N.Aristocracy and People: Britain 1815–1865. London: Edward Arnold, 1979.Google Scholar

Gayer, A. D., Rostow, W. W. and Jacobson Schwartz, A.The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy 1790–1850, 2 vols., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953.Google Scholar

Giannini, C. ‘Enemy of none but a common friend of all? An international perspective on the lender-of-last-resort function’, Princeton Essays in International Finance 214, 1–66, 1999.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. G. and Saunders, A. ‘The causes of U.S. bank expansion overseas: The case of Great Britain’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 12, 630–43, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldsmith, R. W.Financial Structure and Development, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969.Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E. ‘Myths about the lender of last resort’, FMG Special Paper 120, 1999.Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E. ‘The Bank of England 1970–2000’, in Michie, R. and Williamson, P. (eds.), The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E.The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: A History of the Early Years 1974–1997, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E.The Business of Banking 1891–1914, London: Gower, 1986.Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E.The Evolution of Central Banks, London: MIT Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Gorton, G.Misunderstanding Financial Crises: Why We Don’t See Them Coming, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Gorton, G.Slapped by the Invisible Hand: The Panic of 2007, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Grady, J. and Weale, M.British Banking, 1960–85, London: Macmillan, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, D. R. and Owens, A. ‘Gentlewomanly capitalism? Spinsters, widows and wealth holding in England Wales’, Economic History Review, 56, 510–36, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregory, T. E.The Westminster Bank Through a Century, 2 vols., London: Westminster Bank Ltd., 1936.Google Scholar

Griffiths, B. ‘The development of restrictive practices in the UK monetary system’, Manchester School, 41, 3–16, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, R. S. ‘Double liability and bank risk taking’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 33, 143–59, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, R. S. ‘New indices of British equity prices, 1870–1913’, Journal of Economic History, 62, 121–46, 2002.Google Scholar

Grossman, R. S. ‘The shoe that didn’t drop: Explaining banking stability during the Great Depression’, Journal of Economic History, 53, 654–82, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, R. S.Unsettled Account: The Evolution of Banking in the Industrialized World since 1800, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, R. S. and Imai, M. ‘Contingent capital and bank risk-taking among British banks before the First World War’, Economic History Review, 66, 132–55, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haber, S. ‘Political institutions and financial development: Evidence from the economy histories of Mexico and the United States’, Stanford University Working Paper, 2005.

Haldane, A. ‘The contribution of the financial sector: Miracle or mirage?’, Speech at Future of Finance Conference, 2010.

Hall, F. G.The Bank of Ireland 1783–1946, Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co., 1949.Google Scholar

Hall, M. J. B.Handbook of Banking Regulation and Supervision. London: Woodhead-Faulkner, 1989.Google Scholar

Hall, R. E. ‘Why does the economy fall to pieces after a financial crisis?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24, 3–20, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanson, S. G., Kashyap, A. K. and Stein, J. C. ‘A macroprudential approach to financial regulation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 3–28, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, R.Industrializing English Law: Entrepreneurship and Business Organization, 1720–1844, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawtrey, R. G.A Century of Bank Rate, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1938.Google Scholar

Headlam, T. E.A Speech on Limited Liability in Joint Stock Banks in the House of Commons, May 8, 1849: Together With a Proposed Act of Parliament on the Subject, London: Trelawney Saunders, 1849.Google Scholar

Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘Free banking gone awry: The Australian banking crisis of 1893’, Financial History Review, 9, 147–67, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘Trading in the shares of unlimited-liability banks in nineteenth century Ireland: The Bagehot hypothesis’, Journal of Economic History, 63, 931–58, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘Free banking and the stability of early joint-stock banking’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 28, 903–19, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickson, C. R. and Turner, J. D. ‘The genesis of corporate governance: Nineteenth-century Irish joint-stock banks’, Business History, 47, 174–89, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

High Pay Commission. Cheques with Balances: Why Tackling High Pay Is in the National Interest, available at .

Hirsch, F. ‘The Bagehot problem’, The Manchester School, 45, 241–57, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodgson, G. M. ‘The Great Crash of 2008 and the reform of economics’, 33, 1205–221, 2009.

Hoggarth, G., Reis, R. and Saporta, V. ‘Costs of banking system instability: Some empirical evidence’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26, 825–55, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoggarth, G. and Soussa, F. ‘Crisis management, lender of last resort and the changing nature of the banking industry’, in Financial Stability and Central Banks: A Global Perspective, London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar

Holmes, A. R. and Green, E.Midland: 150 Years of Banking Business, London: BT Batsford Ltd., 1986.Google Scholar

Horsefield, J. K. ‘The Bank of England as mentor’, Economic History Review, 2, 80–7, 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hüfner, F. ‘The German banking system: Lessons from the financial crisis’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Economics Department Working Paper 788, 2010.Google Scholar

Hull, J. C.Risk Management and Financial Institutions, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.Google Scholar

Humphrey, T. M. and Keleher, R. E. ‘The lender of last resort: A historical perspective’, Cato Journal, 4, 275–321, 1984.Google Scholar

Hunt, B.The Development of the Business Corporation in England 1800–1867, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Igan, D., Mishra, P. and Tressel, T. ‘A fistful of dollars: Lobbying and the financial crisis’, NBER Working Paper 17076, 2011.

Jackson, P. ‘Capital requirements and bank behaviour: The impact of the Basel Accord’, Basle Committee on Banking Supervision Working Papers, 1, 1999.Google Scholar

James, J. A. ‘Panics, payments disruptions and the Bank of England before 1826’, Financial History Review, 19, 289–309, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jefferys, J. B.Business Organisation in Great Britain 1856–1914, New York: Arno Press, 1977.Google Scholar

Jensen, M. C. ‘Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 76, 323–9, 1986.Google Scholar

Jensen, M. C. and Meckling, W. ‘Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and capital structure’, Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–60, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, H. G. ‘Clearing bank holdings of public debt, 1930–1950’, London and Cambridge Economic Service Bulletin, 29, 102–9, 1951.Google Scholar

Johnson, S. and Kwak, J.13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown, New York: Pantheon Books, 2010.Google Scholar

Jones, G.British Multinational Banking 1830–1990, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Jones, G. ‘Competition and competitiveness in British banking 1918–1971’, in Jones, G. and Kirby, M. (eds.), Competitiveness and the State: Government and Business in Twentieth-Century Britain, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Jones, R. W. ‘The business of banking’, Gilbart Lectures on Banking, University of London King’s College, 1948.

Joplin, T.An Essay on the General Principles and Present Practice of Banking in England and Scotland, London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy and J. Ridgway, 1827.Google Scholar

Kaminsky, G. L. and Reinhart, C. M. ‘The twin crises: The causes of banking and balance-of-payments problems’, American Economic Review, 89, 473–500, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kareken, J. H. and Wallace, N. ‘Deposit insurance and bank regulation: A partial equilibrium exposition’, Journal of Business, 51, 413–38, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufman, G. F. ‘Lender of last resort: A contemporary perspective’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 5, 95–110, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, W.Industrial Structure, Capital Markets, and the Origins of British Economic Decline, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Kennedy, W. ‘Institutional response to economic growth: Capital markets in Britain to 1914’, in Hannah, L. (ed.), Management Strategy and Business Development, London: Macmillan, 1976.Google Scholar

Kerr, A. W.History of Banking in Scotland, London: A & C Black 1908.Google Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P.Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, 4th edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000.Google Scholar

King, R. G. and Levine, R. ‘Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 717–37, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, W. T. C. ‘The extent of the London discount market in the middle of the nineteenth century’, Economica, 7, 321–6, 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiyotaki, N. and Moore, J. ‘Credit chains’, Journal of Political Economy, 99, 220–64, 1997.Google Scholar

Klein, B. ‘The competitive supply of money’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 6, 421–53, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Körnert, J. ‘The Barings crises of 1890 and 1995: Causes, courses, consequences and the danger of domino effects’, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 13, 187–209, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroszner, R. S. and Strahan, P. E. ‘What drives deregulation? Economics and politics of the relaxation of bank branching restrictions’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 1437–67, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laeven, L. ‘Banking crises: A review’, Annual Review of Financial Economics, 3, 17–40, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laeven, L. and Valencia, F. ‘Resolution of banking crises: The good, the bad, and the ugly’, IMF Working Paper WP/10/146, 2010.

Laidler, D. ‘Two views of the lender of last resort: Thorton and Bagehot’, University of Western Ontario Department of Economics Working Paper 20029, 2002.

Lee, T. A. ‘A helpless class of shareholder: Newspapers and the failure of the City of Glasgow Bank’, Accounting History Review, 26, 143–59, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levine, R. ‘Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda’, Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 688–726, 1997.Google Scholar

Levine, R. and Zervos, S. ‘Stock markets, banks, and economic growth’, American Economic Review, 88, 537–58, 1998.Google Scholar

Lindert, P. H. ‘Unequal English wealth since 1670’, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1127–62, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Logan, A. ‘The early 1990s small banks crisis: Leading indicators’, Financial Stability Review, 8, 130–45, 2000.Google Scholar

Lovell, M. C. ‘The role of the Bank of England as lender of last resort in the crises of the eighteenth century’, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 10, 8–21, 1957.Google Scholar

Macdonald, D. ‘The big banks’ big secret: Estimating government support for Canadian banks during the financial crisis’, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Report, 2012.

Macey, J. R. and Miller, G. P. ‘Double liability of bank shareholders: History and implications’, Wake Forest Law Review, 27, 31–62, 1992.Google Scholar

Martinez-Miera, D. and Repullo, R. ‘Does competition reduce the risk of bank failure?’, Review of Financial Studies, 23, 3638–64, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKinnon, R. I.Money and Capital in Economic Development, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973.Google Scholar

Mian, A. and Sufi, A. ‘House prices, home equity-based borrowing, and the US household leverage crisis’, American Economic Review, 101, 2132–56, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mian, A., Sufi, A. and Trebbi, F. ‘The political economy of the subprime mortgage credit expansion’, NBER Working Paper 16107, 2010.

Mian, A., Sufi, A. and Trebbi, F. ‘The political economy of the US mortgage default crisis’, American Economic Review, 100, 1967–98, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michie, R.The London and New York Stock Exchange, 1850–1914, London: Allen & Unwin, 1987.Google Scholar

Miller, M. H. ‘Do the M+M propositions apply to banks?’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 483–89, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minsky, H. P.Stabilizing an Unstable Economy, 2nd edn., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.Google Scholar

Mishkin, F. S., ‘Over the cliff: From the subprime to the global financial crisis’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 49–70, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mitchell, B. R.British Historical Statistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Mitchener, K. J. and Richardson, G. ‘Does skin in the game reduce risk taking? Leverage, liability and the long-run consequences of New Deal banking reforms’, Explorations in Economic History, 50, 508–25, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. H. ‘The cost of capital, corporate finance, and the theory of investment’, American Economic Review, 48, 261–97, 1958.Google Scholar

Moore, G. ‘Solutions to the moral-hazard problem arising from the lender-of-last-resort facility’, Journal of Economic Surveys, 13, 443–76, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moran, M.The Politics of Banking: The Strange Case of Competition and Credit Control, 2nd edn., London: Macmillan, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morgan, E. V.The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, 1797–1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mount, F.The New Few or a Very British Oligarchy, London: Simon & Schuster, 2012.Google Scholar

Munn, C. W.Clydesdale Bank: The First One Hundred and Fifty Years, London: Collins, 1988.Google Scholar

Munn, C. W. ‘The emergence of central banking in Ireland: Bank of Ireland 1814–50’, Irish Economic and Social History, 10, 19–32, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munn, C. W.The Scottish Provincial Banking Companies 1747–1864, Edinburgh: John Donald, 1981.Google Scholar

Neal, L. ‘The financial crisis of 1825 and the restructuring of the British financial system’, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, May/June, 53–76, 1998.

Nevin, E. and Davis, E. W.The London Clearing Banks, London: Elek Books, 1970.Google Scholar

Newton, L. A. ‘Assessment of information, uncertainty and risk: The strategies of English and Welsh joint-stock bank managements, 1826–1860’, University of Reading Discussion Paper 431, 2001.Google Scholar

Newton, L. A. ‘The birth of joint-stock banking: England and New England compared’, Business History Review, 84, 27–52, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newton, L. A. and Cottrell, P. L. ‘Female investors in the first English and Welsh commercial joint-stock banks’, Accounting, Business and Financial History, 16, 315–40, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nobay, A. B. ‘The Bank of England, monetary policy and monetary theory in the United Kingdom, 1951–1971’, The Manchester School, 41, 43–57, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Brien, D. ‘The lender-of-last-resort concept in Britain’, History of Political Economy, 35, 1–19, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Donoghue, J., Goulding, L. and Allen, G. ‘Composite price index, 1750–2003’, Economic Trends, 604, 38–46, 2004.Google Scholar

Offer, A. ‘Narrow banking, real estate, and financial stability in the UK, c.1870–2010’, University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, 116, 2013.Google Scholar

Ogden, T. ‘An analysis of Bank of England discount and advance behaviour, 1870–1914’, in Foreman-Peck, J. (ed.), New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History 1860–1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Ogden, T.The Development of the Role of the Bank of England as a Lender of Last Resort, City University, PhD dissertation, 1988.Google Scholar

Ó Gráda, C.Ireland: A New Economic History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Ó Gráda, C. ‘Moral hazard and quasi-central banking: Should the Munster Bank have been saved?’, in Dickson, D. and Ó Gráda, C. (eds.), Refiguring Ireland: Essays in Honour of L. M. Cullen, Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Ó Gráda, C. ‘The last major Irish bank failure before 2008’, Financial History Review, 19, 199–217, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orbell, J. and Turton, A.British Banking: A Guide to Historical Records, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.Google Scholar

Parnell, H.Observations on Paper Money, Banking, and Overtrading, London: James Ridgway, 1827.Google Scholar

Peltzman, S. ‘Toward a more general theory of regulation’, Journal of Law and Economics, 19, 109–48, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perotti, E. ‘The political economy of finance’, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 13–034, 2013.

Peston, R. and Knight, L.How Do We Fix This Mess? The Economic Price of Having It All and the Route to Lasting Prosperity, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2012.Google Scholar

Philips, M.A History of Banks, Bankers, and Banking in Northumberland, Durham, and North Yorkshire, London: Effingham Wilson & Co., 1894.Google Scholar

Piketty, T. and Saez, E. ‘How progressive is the U.S. federal tax system? A historical and international perspective’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21, 3–24, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Plumptre, C. C. M.Grant’s Treatise on the Law Relating to Bankers and Banking Companies, London: Butterworths, 1882.Google Scholar

Pressnell, L. S. ‘Cartels and competition in British banking: A background study’, Banca Nazionale Del Lavoro Quarterly Review, 95, 373–405, 1970.Google Scholar

Pressnell, L. S.Country Banking in the Industrial Revolution, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.Google Scholar

Pressnell, L. S. ‘Gold reserves, banking reserves, and the Baring crisis of 1890’, in Whittlesey, C. R. and Wilson, J. S. G. (eds.), Essays in Money and Banking in Honour of R. S. Sayers, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Rae, G.The Country Banker: His Clients, Cares, and Work from an Experience of Forty Years, London: John Murray, 1885.Google Scholar

Rait, R. S.The History of the Union Bank of Scotland, Glasgow: John Smith & Son, 1930.Google Scholar

Rajan, R. G.Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractured Still Threaten the World Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Rajan, R. G. and Ramcharan, R. ‘Land and credit: A study of the political economy of banking in the United States in the early 20th century’, Journal of Finance, 66, 1895–931, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rajan, R. G. ‘The true lessons of the recession: The West can’t borrow and spend its way to recovery’, Foreign Affairs, 91, 69–79, 2012.Google Scholar

Rajan, R. G. and Zingales, L. ‘The great reversals: The politics of financial development in the twentieth century’, Journal of Financial Economics, 69, 5–50, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reid, M.Abbey National Conversion to PLC, London: Pencorp Books, 1991.Google Scholar

Reid, M. ‘Lessons for bank supervision from the secondary-banking crises’, in Gardner, E. P. M. (ed.), UK Banking Supervision: Evolution, Practice and Issues, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar

Reid, M.The Secondary Banking Crisis 1973–75: Its Causes and Course, London: Macmillan, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinhart, C. M. and Rogoff, K. S.This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Reinhart, C. M. and Rogoff, K. S. ‘The aftermath of financial crises’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 99, 466–72, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinhart, C. M. and Rogoff, K. S. ‘From financial crash to debt crisis’, American Economic Review, 101, 1676–706, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinhart, C. M. and Sbrancia, M. B. ‘The liquidation of government debt’, NBER Working Paper 16893, 2011.

Revell, J. R. S. ‘Competition and regulation of banks’, Institute of European Finance Working Paper, 1978.

Revell, J. R. S. ‘Solvency and regulation of banks: Theoretical and practical implications’, Bangor Occasional Papers in Economics 5, 1975.Google Scholar

Richards, R.The Early History of Banking in England, London: P S King & Son, 1929.Google Scholar

Richardson, J. and Stephenson, M. ‘Some aspects of regulatory capital’, FSA Occasional Paper Series 7, 2000.Google Scholar

Robb, V. ‘The genesis of regulation’, Financial Stability Review, 29–41, 1997.

Rockoff, H. ‘Walter Bagehot and the theory of central banking’, in Capie, F. and Wood, G. E. (eds.), Financial Crises and the World Banking System, London: Macmillan, 1986.Google Scholar

Rogers, D.The Big Four British Banks: Organisation, Strategy and the Future, London: Macmillan, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenblum, L. ‘The failure of the City of Glasgow Bank’, The Accounting Review, 8, 285–91, 1933.Google Scholar

Ross, D. M. ‘Domestic monetary policy and the banking system in Britain 1945–1971’, in Michie, R. and Williamson, P. (eds.), The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Rothbard, M.America’s Great Depression, 3rd ed., Kansas City: Sheed & Ward, 1975.Google Scholar

Rowan, D. C. ‘The monetary system in the fifties and sixties’, The Manchester School, 41, 19–42, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubenstein, W. D. ‘The Victorian middle classes: Wealth, occupation, and geography’, Economic History Review, 33, 602–23, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saul, S. B.The Myth of the Great Depression, 1873–1896, London: Macmillan, 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saunders, A. and Wilson, B. ‘The impact of consolidation and safety-net support on Canadian, US and UK banks: 1993–1992’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 537–71, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saville, R.Bank of Scotland: A History, 1695–1995, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S.Lloyds Bank in the History of English Banking, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S.The Bank of England: 1891–1944, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S. ‘Twentieth-century English banking’, Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society, 1–16, 1954–5.

Schularick, M. and Taylor, A. M. ‘Credit booms gone bust: Monetary policy, leverage cycles, and financial crises, 1870–2008’, American Economic Review, 102, 1029–61, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, A. J. ‘Origins of the financial market crisis of 2008’, Cato Journal, 29, 19–23, 2009.Google Scholar

Schwartz, A. J. ‘Real and pseudo-financial crises’, in Capie, F. and Wood, G. E. (eds.), Financial Crises and the World Banking System, London: Macmillan, 1986.Google Scholar

Seabourne, T. ‘The summer of 1914’, in Capie, F. and Wood, G. E. (eds.), Financial Crises and the World Banking System, London: Macmillan, 1986.Google Scholar

Secretariat of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The New Basel Capital Accord: An Explanatory Note, Basel: Bank for International Settlements, 2001.

Selgin, G. A. ‘Legal restrictions, financial weakening, and the lender of last resort’, Cato Journal, 9, 429–59, 1989.Google Scholar

Selgin, G. A. and White, L. H. ‘How would the invisible hand handle money?’, Journal of Economic Literature, 22, 1718–49, 1994.Google Scholar

Shaw, E. S., Financial Deepening in Economic Development, Oxford University Press: New York, 1973.Google Scholar

Sheppard, D. K.The Growth and Role of UK Financial Institutions 1880–1962, London: Methuen, 1971.Google Scholar

Shiller, R.The Subprime Solution: How Today’s Global Financial Crisis Happened and What to Do About It, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Shin, H. S. ‘Reflections on Northern Rock: The bank run that heralded the global financial crisis’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23, 101–19, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simpson, N.The Belfast Bank 1827–1970, Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Singh, D.Banking Regulation of UK and US Financial Markets, Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar

Smith, K. C. and Horne, G. F.An Index Number of Securities, 1867–1914, London: Royal Economic Society Memorandum, 1934.Google Scholar

Smith, V. C.The Rationale of Central Banking and the Free Banking Alternative, London: P S King & Son, 1936.Google Scholar

Solomou, S. N. and Weale, M. ‘Balanced estimates of UK GDP 1870–1913’, Explorations in Economic History, 28, 54–63, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solow, R. M. ‘Economic history and economics’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 75, 328–31, 1985.Google Scholar

Sorkin, A.Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System from Crisis – and Themselves, New York: Viking, 2009.Google Scholar

Stigler, G. J. ‘The theory of economic regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2, 3–21, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stiglitz, J. E. ‘Credit markets and the control of capital’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 17, 133–52, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stuckey, V. ‘Thoughts on the improvement of the system of country banking’, The Edinburgh Review, 63, 419–41, 1836.Google Scholar

Sykes, J.The Amalgamation Movement in English Banking, 1825–1924, London: P S King & Son, 1926.Google Scholar

Sykes, J.The Present Position of English Joint Stock Banking, London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1928.Google Scholar

Tamaki, N.The Life Cycle of the Union Bank of Scotland 1830–1954, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Tarullo, D. K.Banking on Basel: The Future of International Financial Regulation, Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2008.Google Scholar

Taylor, J.Creating Capitalism: Joint-Stock Enterprise in British Politics and Culture 1800–1870, London: Royal Historical Society, 2006.Google Scholar

Thomas, S.The Rise and Growth of Joint Stock Banking, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1934.Google Scholar

Thompson, E. A. and Hickson, C. R.Ideology and the Evolution of Vital Economic Institutions: Guilds, the Gold Standard, and Modern International Cooperation, Boston: Kluwer, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thornton, H.An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1939.Google Scholar

Tobin, J. ‘A case for preserving regulatory distinctions’, Challenge, 30, 10–17, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, J. D. ‘Irish contributions to nineteenth-century monetary and banking debates’, in Boylan, T., Prendergast, R., and Turner, J. D. (eds.), A History of Irish Economic Thought, Oxford: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar

Turner, J. D. ‘“The last acre and sixpence”: Views on shareholder liability regimes in nineteenth-century Britain’, Financial History Review, 16, 111–28, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, J. D. ‘Wealth concentration in the European periphery: Ireland, 1858–2001’, Oxford Economic Papers, 62, 625–46, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, J. D. ‘Wider share ownership? Investors in English bank shares in the nineteenth century’, Economic History Review, 62, 167–92, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Viner, J.Studies in the Theory of International Trade. London: Clifton, 1975.Google Scholar

Wadsworth, J. E. ‘Big and little banks: Economic and historic influences on the size of English banks’, Société Universitaire Européenne de Recherches Financière (SUERF) Working Paper, 1978.

Wadsworth, J. E.The Banks and the Monetary System in the UK 1959–1971, London: Methuen & Co., 1973.Google Scholar

Wadsworth, J. E. ‘The commercial banks’, in British Banking Today, London: Institute of Bankers, 1953.

Wagster, J. D. ‘Impact of the 1988 Basel Accord on international banks’, Journal of Finance, 51, 1321–46, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wagster, J. D. ‘Wealth and risk effects of adopting deposit insurance in Canada: Evidence of risk shifting by banks and trust companies’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39, 1651–81, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallace, N. ‘Narrow banking meets the Diamond-Dybvig model’, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, Winter, 3–13, 1996.

Watt, H.The Practice of Banking in Scotland and England; With Observations and Suggestions on the Renewal of the Bank of England Charter, on the Principles and Regulation of Joint Stock Banks, and on the One Pound Note Circulation, London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1833.Google Scholar

Webber, A. ‘Reserves and reserve ratios in British banking, 1870–1960’, Centre for Banking and International Finance Discussion Paper 19, 1985.Google Scholar

White, L. H.Free Banking in Britain: Theory, Experience and Debate 1800–1845, 2nd edn., London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1995.Google Scholar

White, L. H. ‘The evolution of Hayek’s monetary economics’, mimeo, Athens: University of Georgia, 1995.

White, L. H.The Theory of Monetary Institutions, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.Google Scholar

Wilcox, M. G. ‘Capital in banking: An historical survey’, in Gardner, E. P. M. (ed.), UK Banking Supervision: Evolution, Practice and Issues, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar

Wilson, A. J.Banking Reform: An Essay on the Prominent Dangers and the Remedies They Demand, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1879.Google Scholar

Winton, A. ‘Limitation of liability and the ownership structure of the firm’, Journal of Finance, 48, 487–512, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Winton, J. R.Lloyds Bank 1918–1969, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Withers, H. and Palgrave, R. H. I.The English Banking System, Washington, DC: National Monetary Commission, 1910.Google Scholar

Wood, J. H. ‘Bagehot’s lender of last resort’, Independent Review, 7, 343–51, 2003.Google Scholar

Woodward, S. ‘Limited liability in the theory of the firm’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 141, 601–11, 1985.Google Scholar

Xiao, Y. ‘French banks amid the global financial crisis’, IMF Working Paper WP/09/201, 2009.

Ziegler, P.The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929, London: Collins, 1988.Google Scholar