Cultures of gift-exchange

When the Ottoman government appointed ambassadors to reside in London, a number of important and unprecedented questions arose. One of the most pressing was, what gifts should the sultan send to the king? This generated a number of discussions, one of which concerned cultural appropriateness. In 1799, during the ambassadorship of İsmail Ferruh Efendi, the Ottoman government dispatched a gift to George III. The grand vizier, Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa, wrote a note to Selim III requesting his approval for the design of this latest present:

This idea met with the approval of the sultan, who wrote, ‘my vizier: very beautiful [pek güzel]! The matter has been considered well. The image of the tuğra is appropriate.’ Here we see a concern not only for the financial value of the gift (mālīyet) but above all for its suitability (münāsib). A religious image was not appropriate, but one that was a symbol of the sultan's authority, the tuğra, was seen as a fit decoration for the aigrette. Here, we can see the Ottoman state, at the highest level, giving careful consideration to the form and meaning of diplomatic gifts to be sent to foreign courts. For the British embassy in Istanbul, gifts were a key link in the cycle of friendship. So far, we have seen how British–Ottoman relations were largely geared towards supporting trade, and how the British ambassadors relied on that trade for their finance.