Nowell's Use of medieval manuscripts and the form of his Old English lexicographic works show his desire to establish a complete, regular, and stable canon of Old English words, juxtaposed with the modern language that had descended from it. His interest in English vocabulary past and present dovetails with the so-called ‘inkhorn controversy,’ a debate among Tudor thinkers and writers over the vocabulary of Early Modern English, and a critical issue for the writers and translators whom he knew. Many of these writers were closely associated with Nowell's employer, William Cecil: Roger Ascham and Sir Thomas Smith had known him for decades; John Hart and Arthur Golding lived, like Nowell, in Cecil's house. These authors all wrote about the contemporary English language with an eye to its nationalist potential. Nowell was surrounded by people who argued about the standardization of English vocabulary and spelling, and this context can supply answers to the enigma of his Abcedarium glossary. In contrast with Nowell, William Lambarde is not regarded as a major figure in the history of Old English lexicography. He did not share Nowell's impulse for dictionary-making in his manuscript notebooks, and unlike Nowell, when Lambarde translated Anglo-Saxon laws he chose to translate them into Latin, not English. His legal glossary at the beginning of Archaionomia is also written in Latin and alphabetized on Latin words, not Old English ones. However, his annotations in some of his books show a fuller picture of his own interest in Old English as the wellspring for Modern English.