Introduction: The Persistent Influence of Realism

In an anarchic world such as ours — comprised as it is of about 195 state-units whose interactions are still governed by Westphalian notions of sovereignty — the primary goal of foreign policy is to ensure state survival. Once the state develops confidence in managing national security, and by extension, defending itself against external threats, its leadership invests a higher degree of trust in international cooperation, including strengthening ties with neighbours with whom it has outstanding historical, territorial, political, ideological, economic, and resource disputes. As such, this chapter takes the view that the key issues in Malaysia-Singapore relations are better analyzed and evaluated within the framework of political realism. The American political scientist, Sheldon Simon, has made very pertinent observation in this regard on Southeast Asian international relations:

Foreign policies pursued essentially within a state-centric framework tend to endorse the realist paradigm, while efforts to build regional political, economic, and security institutions for mutual gain, although at an incipient stage, suggest also that neo-liberalist tendencies coexist with the realist approach to national security and regional advancement. This coexistence of apparently divergent political perspectives — the former stressing politics as a zero-sum game and the latter focussing more on state capabilities and potential to achieve security and prosperity through cooperation rather than conflict — tends to better explain the dynamics of Malaysia-Singapore relations. The foreign policy interests, strategies, and expected outcomes of these two Causeway neighbours, and especially for the island republic since independence in 1965, reflect an appreciation based on power considerations as in this anarchic world the best and historically proven approach has been self-help.