In the course of my academic career, I have incurred many debts to my colleagues and friends in Indonesia and overseas for their encouragement and help in my academic endeavours, and for their books and papers and particularly for their helpful comments and suggestions on my papers which have greatly contributed to the improvement of my work.

In Australia I would like to record my great appreciation to my colleagues and friends at The Australian National University, Canberra, particularly Hal Hill and Chris Manning, and Ross McLeod, Peter McCawley, Budy Resosudarmo, Terence Hull, Colin Barlow and Pierre van der Eng; Howard Dick, formerly at the University of Melbourne; Robert Elson, formerly at The University of Queensland; John Butcher, formerly at Griffith University; and Cassey Lee at the University of Wollongong.

In the U.S., I would like to express my great appreciation to Jeffrey Williamson at the University of Wisconsin; Madison, Wisconsin; Thomas Grennes at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, and William Liddle at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

In the UK I would like to express my great appreciation to Anne Booth, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London; and in The Netherlands to J. Thomas Lindblad, University of Leiden; to Cees Fasseur, formerly at the University of Leiden; Ewout Frankema, University of Utrecht; and Leonard Blusse, formerly at the University of Leiden, and Eddy (Adam) Szirmai at UNU Merit, Maastricht. In Sweden I would like to express my appreciation to Fredrik Sjoholm, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, and Obrero University, Stockholm.

In Japan I would like to express my great appreciation to Eric Ramstetter, International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development (ICSEAD), Kitakyushu, and to Ichimura Shinichi and Takii Sadayuki, both formerly at ICSEAD.

In Korea I would like to express my great appreciation to Lee Jisoon, Seoul National University, and Baek Ehung-Gi of Sanmyung University, Seoul.

In Singapore I would like to express my great appreciation to Professor J. Soedradjad Djiwandono of the Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.