INTRODUCTION

Buddhism, and no less so Theravāda Buddhism, has been a transnational movement right from its beginning. The Mauryan king, Aśoka's sending of monks to the regions adjacent to India in the third century bce is a well-known and oft-quoted example, and the spread of Buddhist texts and artefacts in subsequent centuries has been the subject of numerous studies. This expansion to the east culminated in the period between c. 800 and 1200 ce, when Buddhism gradually disappeared in its Indian homeland but simultaneously resurged as a mass religion in mainland Southeast Asia. It is important to note that this relationship was by no means unilinear, as Buddhists from outside South Asia regularly returned to the “Middle Country” to visit its sacred places, study in one of its monastic centres such as Nālandā or Anurādhapura, and exchange ideas, texts, ordination lineages and all kinds of artefacts.

At the heart of this exchange system lies the Bay of Bengal. Ever since Fernand Braudel's pioneering study of the Mediterranean, historians have recognised that the sea cannot only separate people but also bring them together and provide for the transfer of goods and ideas, as well as facilitate any other sort of exchange and communication. The ocean as a platform for intercourse, exchange and communication in all their forms – one could as well call it a “sea square” for this purpose – has thrilled historians ever since, making the study of oceans and their sub-systems, as well as the social and economic networks which they bear, an important field of historical research. Even though it is less closed than the Mediterranean, the Bay of Bengal seems to fit Braudel's model quite well. Landlocked on its northern and eastern sides, the Bay is open on its southern side, opening not only the Indian east coast for communication with Southeast Asia, but also serving as a link between the Indian Ocean in the west and the China Sea in the east. This maritime route was part of the larger “silk road of the sea,” which stretched from China through Southeast Asian waters and the Malacca Straits to south India into the Indian Ocean and further west towards the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa.