These reflections by Jane Madlyn McElhone begin to clarify the inextricable connection between the two decades of international aid during the military junta and the struggle to protect and increase the space for free expression and free media inside the country since the political opening. Although plans for top-down, government-led media reforms began shortly after a purge of military intelligence in 2004 (Kean 2018), media development efforts in, and for, the country have a much longer history. Empowered by decades of aid support — in the form of educational opportunities, training, and funding — editors, journalists, writers and free expression advocates from inside the country, the borderlands, and exile have seized the unprecedented opportunities presented by the political opening. They are pushing the boundaries of independent journalism, advocating and fighting for free expression and free media, and playing leadership roles, including mentoring what Ye Naing Moe affectionately calls “our new generation of watchdogs” (Interview 30; see appendix). They say these historic aid opportunities have provided an important impetus for change, and that they have helped them navigate the new media development narrative which some aid recipients, including some contributors to this book, argue too often prioritizes state media development and foreign policy agendas above local ownership and decision-making, public service, diversity and access for all. As they have always done, these media practitioners are working within, and pushing against, the constraints of the shifting space allowed for free media and free expression established by the government, the military and their cronies.

Against the comparative backdrop of international media development, we examine the dynamics that drove this historic support in Burma.