Foundations of Behavior Genetics

Behavior genetics – the scientific study of heredity–behavior relations – has come of age. Since the middle of the twentieth century, accumulating scientific evidence has shown that genetic differences between individuals play a significant role in behavioral differences between them. In fact, it is now generally accepted that genetic variation is an important contributor to individual differences in behavior. Although the fundamental question about the role of inheritance in behavioral resemblance is not new, recent technological advances provide new ways to peek behind nature’s curtain. It is easy to get excited about the potential for discoveries in behavior genetics. We appear to be entering a new era in which it may be possible to understand the biological mechanisms responsible for familial behavioral resemblance. However, we should enter this era with humility. The history of behavior genetics is full of periods of excitement followed by disappointment. It also contains sobering lessons of scientific hubris and state-sponsored human rights violations. There is a lot to be excited about, but it is important to remember history, and to understand the limitations of behavior genetics, especially when considering the application of behavior genetic findings to human beings.