As noted earlier, according to mainstream political analysis, if elections, rule of law, and the disappearance of tutelary authorities were to occur, this would create the institutional guarantees that must be in place for the functioning of a democracy. Even though secularism is not part of the minimal democratic “kit,” Alfred Stepan rightly argues that some separation between state and religious institutions is needed in any operational democracy. As I have argued in Part I, this institutional differentiation is a necessary but not sufficient condition of secularity, because it does not address the level of freedom of self (as a specific component of the freedom of the individual). In this regard, the experiences of Indonesia and Senegal, the two Muslim countries with an equidistance of state and religion, can illustrate a possible path toward democratization that would not entail the adoption of the Western paradigm of separation of church and state. It will also allow us to illustrate that even in these secular regimes of Indonesia and Senegal, the rights of the self are not a given.

MULTIPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF STATE-RELIGION EQUIDISTANCE

To understand how a shift toward democratization might occur, I consider Alfred Stepan’s “twin tolerations” paradigm, coupled with the “principled distance” model advanced by Rajeev Bhargava. These two approaches help redefine secularization without borrowing from the Western experience. In other words, they allow us to discuss the conditions for secularization without equating it with secularism. “Twin tolerations” refers to a clear demarcation between the respective spheres of influence of religious and state institutions, where neither religious nor political establishments impinge unduly on the other’s jurisdiction and set of rights. This demarcation does not have to translate into a complete separation. The concept of “principled distance” between religion and state introduced by Barghava, unlike neutrality, allows for state intervention in religious affairs to provide assistance to particular groups and to assure that everyone’s rights within a group are upheld.