Overview

In our survey of the first twenty centuries or so of design arguments, we covered a lot of ground. In the process, many issues worth considering were raised but quickly set aside. This chapter collects a number of these issues together and gives each due consideration. The reader in a hurry can skip this motley collection without losing the thread of debate. But for those with nagging questions about the idea of purpose in nature, how much natural theology can establish about the attributes of God, or the connection between William Paley and Bernard Nieuwentyt, what follows will be of interest.

Purpose in nature

In Cicero’s dialogue De natura deorum, there appears an argument that rests on the observation of ‘purpose’ in the universe. This argument resurfaced centuries later in the great compendia of natural history such as Derham’s Physico-Theology. Despite the longevity of this sort of argument, we quickly passed over it with little scrutiny when it came up in our survey. It’s time we rectified that oversight.