Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- Timeline
- 1 A brief history of “Ethernet” (from a car manufacturer’s perspective)
- 2 A brief history of in-car networking
- 3 A brief history of Automotive Ethernet
- 4 The physical transmission
- 5 Protocols for Automotive Ethernet
- 6 Ethernet in automotive system development
- 7 Outlook
- Index
- References
5 - Protocols for Automotive Ethernet
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 December 2014
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- Timeline
- 1 A brief history of “Ethernet” (from a car manufacturer’s perspective)
- 2 A brief history of in-car networking
- 3 A brief history of Automotive Ethernet
- 4 The physical transmission
- 5 Protocols for Automotive Ethernet
- 6 Ethernet in automotive system development
- 7 Outlook
- Index
- References
Summary
One of the reasons for the automotive industry to adopt Ethernet-based communication as an in-car networking system is the chance for synergies, i.e. the possibility of reusing protocols that have been developed and tested in other applications. Across the various protocol layers for the various applications it therefore needs to be carefully investigated whether to adopt, adapt, or to add protocols. Figure 5.1 gives an example overview of the protocol stack. This chapter discusses three areas that require special care: how to adopt and potentially adapt Audio Video Bridging (AVB, see Section 5.1); how to use the Internet Protocol (IP) and Virtual LANs (VLANs, see Sections 5.2 and 5.3); and what is needed in terms of command and control (see Section 5.4). Be aware that there might be other solutions that work. The described solutions make no claim to be complete; nevertheless they do work.
Quality of Service (QoS) and Audio Video Bridging (AVB)
Ethernet as such, i.e. the PHY and MAC layers as defined by IEEE 802.3, provide best-effort traffic only. Going to “full-duplex,” in the sense of switched Ethernet networks, improved the determinism of each individual link, since a number of units no longer needed to contend for the same medium at potentially the same time and have to go into random, i.e. non-deterministic, back-off periods. However, in a switched network, data of different sources with different destinations might have to be sent over the same link at the same time. It is therefore in the switch – often also referred to as a bridge – that many QoS requirements can effectively be supported. Today, it is mainly at IEEE 802.1 that the respective standards are being developed. The following sections will give some background information on the standards’ activity (Section 5.1.1), and enlighten the differences between the originally envisioned use cases and automotive deployment (Section 5.1.2). In return, this allows describing how each QoS standard can best be used in in-car networking (Section 5.1.3), before the efforts of how to go beyond the QoS for audio and video are described (Section 5.1.4).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Automotive Ethernet , pp. 134 - 174Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
, “Residential Ethernet, IEEE 803.2 Call for Interest,” July 2004. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 12 October 2013].
, Unpublished email correspondence, 2013.
, “Napster: The Day the Music Was Set Free,” 24 February 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed October 2013].
, “Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market,” 14 January 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 9 September 2013].
, “No-excuses Audio/Video Networking: The Technology Behind AVnu,” 24 August 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 21 October 2013].
, “IEEE 802.3 Residential Ethernet Study Group,” 21 November 2005. [Online]. Available: [Accessed October 2013].
, Unpublished email correspondence, 2013.
, “AVnu Alliance Launches to Advance Quality of Experience for Networked Audio and Video,” 25 August 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 8 October 2013].
, “Debunking Some Myths About AVB,” 17 May 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 5 September 2013].
, “Transmission of High Quality Audio over IP Networks,” April 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 1 November 2013].
, “AVB for Professional A/V Use,” 30 July 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 20 October 2013].
, “Das Universalnetz, Ethernet AVB: Echtzeitfähig und Streaming-tauglich,” c’t, no. 13, pp. 176–181, Juni 2013.
, “Residential Ethernet Objectives, Requirements and Possible Solutions,” 9 May 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 17 October 2013].
, “Human Perception of Jitter and Media Synchronization,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 61–72, January 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “AVB for Home/Consumer Electronics Use,” 11 August 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 24 October 2013].
, “Digitale Audio-, Video- & Licht-Kommunikationsprotokolle in der Veranstaltungstechnik,” 12 October 2012. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 24 October 2013].
, Unpublished email correspondence, 2013.
, “Understanding New Audio Video Bridging Standards,” 10 May 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 24 October 2013].
, “AVB for Automotive Use,” 20 July 2009. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 20 October 2013].
and , “BMW Proposal for an AVB Gen 2 Automotive Profile,” BMW White Paper, München, 2013.
, , and , “Audio/Video Transmission in Cars using Ethernet,” BMW White Paper, Munich, 2010.
et al., “Use Cases & Requirements for IEEE 802.3 RTPGE Ethernet,” May 2012. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 30 May 2012].
et al., “1 Pair or 2 Pairs for RTPGE: Impact on System Other than the PHY Part 1: Weight & Space,” January 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 18 January 2013].
, “IEEE 1722: IEEE Standard for Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks,” IEEE, New York, 2011.
, “IEEE 1722a Assumptions,” 22 October 2012. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 3 November 2013].
, , , and , “RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications,” July 2003. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 15 November 2013].
, “IEEE 802.1AS-2011: Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks,” IEEE SA, New York, 2011.
, “IEEE 1588–2008: Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems,” IEEE, New York, 2008.
, “Precision Clock Synchronization, The Standard IEEE 1588,” 2008. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 28 October 2013].
, “Precision Time Protocol (PTP/IEEE-1588),” 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 8 November 2013].
, “IEEE 802.1Q-2011: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridge Local Area Networks,” IEEE, New York, 2011.
, “IEEE 802.1Qav:2009 Amendment 12: Forwarding and Queuing Enhancements for Time-Sensitive Streams,” IEEE, New York, 2009.
and , “Ethernet Quality of Service @ Volkswagen,” in 2nd Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day, Regensburg, 2012.Google Scholar
, , and , “Formal Worst-Case Timing Analysis of Ethernet Topologies with Strict-Priority and AVB Switching,” in 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES12), Karlsruhe, 2012.Google Scholar
, “IEEE 1733–2011: Layer 3 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in Local Area Networks,” IEEE, New York, 2011.
, “Are Layer 2 or Layer 3 Protocols Better? Yes,” 31 May 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 20 October 2013].
, “IEEE 802.1BA-2011: Local and Metropolitan Area Networks–Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems,” IEEE SA, New York, 2011.
, “IEEE 1722.1–2013: Device Discovery, Connection Management, and Control Protocol for IEEE 1722 Based Devices,” IEEE, New York, 2013.
, “Digital Audio Listening In Car Is Increasing,” 11 October 2010. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 12 November 2013].
and , “The Need for IEEE Standardized Ethernet Mechanisms for Active Safety Applications,” in 3rd Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 2013.Google Scholar
, “IEEE 802 Time-Sensitive Networking: Extending Beyond AVB,” in 3rd Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 2013.Google Scholar
, “TTEthernet,” 20 September 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 17 February 2014].
, “The Best Security Books to Have in Your Library,” SANS Institute, 2014. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 2 February 2014].
, “Security Architecture for IP (IPsec),” 2007. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 2 February 2014].
, “IPsec,” 30 January 2014. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 2 February 2014].
, “IEEE P802 Link Security, Executive Committee Study Group (ECSG),” IEEE 802, 8 January 2004. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 18 February 2014].
and , “Data Security for IP-based Ethernet Communication in Automotive Networks,” in 3rd Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 2013.Google Scholar
, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, The Protocols, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, 1994.
, “Internet Protocol Suite,” Wikipedia, 30 June 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 5 July 2013].
, “Transmission Control Protocol,” September 1981. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 4 August 2013].
, “Internet Protocol,” September 1981. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 4 August 2013].
, “User Datagram Protocol,” 29 August 1980. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 4 August 2013].
, “Ethernet in Small ECUs, Challenges and Chances,” in 3rd Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 2013.Google Scholar
, “Understanding IP Addressing, Everything You Ever Wanted To Know,” 2001. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 23 November 2013].
, “Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted,” 3 February 2011. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 23 November 2013].
and , “Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6),” December 1995. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 23 November 2013].
, , , , and , “IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators,” October 2010. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 18 February 2014].
, “Apache Etch,” 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 19 February 2014].
, , , and , “Automotive Proxy-based Security Architecture for CE Device Integration,” in Mobile Wireless Middleware, Operating Systems, and Applications, Heidelberg, Springer, 2013, pp. 62–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and , “Lessons from a Minimal Middleware for IP-Based In-Car,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles, 2012.
, “Protocol Buffers,” Google Developers, 2 April 2012. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 30 January 2014].
, “Bonjour for Developers,” Apple, 2014. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 30 January 2014].
, “Scalable service-Oriented Middleware over IP (SOME/IP),” 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 30 January 2014].
, “Router, Switches, Hub und Co. Ratgeber: Was ist im Netzwerk?,” 26 October 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 26 October 2013].
, “802.1 Plenary – 11/2012 San Antonio Closing,” November 2012. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 30 October 2013].
, “ISO/IEC 29341- (1–13)-1:2008: Information Technology – UPnP Device Architecture,” ISO, Geneva, 2008.
, “About UPnP,” UPnP Forum, 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 1 November 2013].
, “About DLNA,” DLNA, 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 1 November 2013].
, “Support for Coordinated Shared Network in 802.1AVB,” January 2008. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 1 November 2013].
, “IEEE Ethernet AVB, AVB and MIDI,” 2013. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 2 November 2013].
and , “Standardization of Industrial Ethernet – the Next Battlefield?,” Proc. IEEE 5th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, pp. 413–421, 22 September 2004.
, “An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol,” November 1982. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 21 November 2013].
, “Internet Control Message Protocol,” September 1981. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 21 November 2013].
, , , , and , “Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3,” October 2002. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 21 November 2013].
and , “Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure,” August 1985. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 23 November 2013].
and , “Requirements for Internet Gateways,” June 1987. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 23 November 2013].