Introduction

If Christians today were asked what “the Bible says” about Paul and his thought, most would probably mention the story of his “conversion” on the road to Damascus and his change of name from Saul to Paul, the letters (epistles) he wrote to churches, and his teachings about baptism. They might also identify him as the first Christian. And, more than likely, they would also be familiar with his doctrine of justification by faith in Christ.

Christians, ever since Martin Luther (1483–1546) opposed the Catholic doctrine that good works were essential for salvation, have generally been taught that being justified by faith is the same as being saved. That has been a major dispute between Catholic and Protestant theologians. Scholars on both sides of the issue have tried to reach a compromise in order to bring the two groups closer to unity. The Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation are about to sign a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, and some Methodists may also sign.

In this chapter, we will examine closely Paul and his thought in search of insightful understanding and in an attempt to determine the meaning of Paul's writings. We will seek answers to questions such as whether or not Paul can be called the first Christian and if he actually was converted to Christianity.