Book contents
- Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 Burials, Migration and Identity
- Part I Burial Practices in the Central Sahara
- Part II Looking East
- Part III Looking North
- Part IV Looking West
- 10 Protohistoric and Pre-Islamic Funerary Archaeology in the Moroccan Pre-Sahara
- 11 Burial Practices in Western Sahara
- Part V Looking South
- Part VI Linguistic Aspects of Migration and Identity
- Index
- References
11 - Burial Practices in Western Sahara
from Part IV - Looking West
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 June 2019
Book contents
- Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 Burials, Migration and Identity
- Part I Burial Practices in the Central Sahara
- Part II Looking East
- Part III Looking North
- Part IV Looking West
- 10 Protohistoric and Pre-Islamic Funerary Archaeology in the Moroccan Pre-Sahara
- 11 Burial Practices in Western Sahara
- Part V Looking South
- Part VI Linguistic Aspects of Migration and Identity
- Index
- References
Summary
Since 2002, the University of East Anglia’s Western Sahara Project has undertaken a series of field seasons in the POLISARIO-controlled areas or ‘Free Zone’ of Western Sahara (Fig. 11.1). This work has involved intensive survey and excavation in a 3 km by 4 km area north of the settlement of Tifariti, known as the TF1 study area (Fig. 11.2), and extensive survey throughout the Northern and Southern Sectors of the Free Zone. Fieldwork has focused on the recording of funerary monuments and other stone-built features, rock art, surface scatters of archaeological materials and palaeo-environmental indicators. Dating has been carried out on human remains from two burials in the TF1 study area and on charcoal from test excavations of surface scatters of chipped stone and pottery.In addition, a number of indicators of past humid conditions from throughout the Free Zone have been dated and are awaiting publication.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond , pp. 341 - 372Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2019
References
Almagro Basch, M. 1946. Prehistoria del Norte de Africa y del Sahara Español. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientìficas, Instituto de Estudios Africanos.Google Scholar
Baistrochi, M. 1987. Pre-Islamic megalithic monuments of the Northern Tadrart Acacus. In Barich, B. E. (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara: the Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus 1978–1983, Oxford: Archaeopress, 87–89.Google Scholar
Belmonte, J. J., Esteban, C., Cuesta, L., Perera Betancort, M. A. and Jiménez González, J. J. 1999. Pre-Islamic burial monuments in northern and Saharan Morocco. Archaeoastronomy 24: S21–40.Google Scholar
Berkani, H., Zazzo, A. and Paris, F. 2015. Les tumulus à couloir et enclos de la Tassili du Fadnoun, Tassili Azger (Algérie): Premières datations par la méthode du radiocarbone. Journal of African Archaeology 13.1: 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokbot, Y. 2005. La civilización del vaso campaniforme en Marreucos y la cuestión del sustrato Calcolítico precampaniforme. In Rojo-Guerra, M. A., Garrido-Pena, R. and García-Martínez de Lagrán, I. (eds), El Campaniforme en la Península Ibérica y su Contexto Europeo, Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, Junta de Castilla León, 137–49.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. 2007. Fouilles archéologiques dans le pays Zemmour. http://bokbot.e-monsite.com/pages/communiques-de-presse/neolithique-et-protohistoire-des-plateaux-de-zemmour.html.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. 2008. Le cromlech de Mzora, témoin du mégalithisme ou symbole de gigantisme de pouvoir? Le Jardin de Hespérides. Revue de la Société Marocaine d’Archaéologie et du Patrimone 4: 25–29.Google Scholar
Bokbot, Y. and Ben-Nçer, A. 2008. Decouvertes campaniformes récentes dans le plateau de Zemmour (Maroc). In Baioni, M., Leonini, V., Lo Vetro, D., Martini, F., Poggiani Keller, R. and Sarti, L. (eds), Bell Beaker in Everyday Life, Studi di archeologia preistorica 6, Florence: Museo e Istituto fiorentino di preistoria, 327–30.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1998. The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brooks, N. 2006. Cultural responses to aridity in the Middle Holocene and increased social complexity. Quaternary International 151: 29–49.Google Scholar
Brooks, N. 2010. Human responses to climatically-driven landscape change and resource scarcity: learning from the past and planning for the future. In Martini, I. P. and Chesworth, W. (eds), Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases, London, New York: Springer, 43–66.Google Scholar
Brooks, N., Clarke, J., Crisp, J., Crivallaro, F., Jousse, H., Markievicz, E., Nichol, M., Raffin, M., Robinson, R., Wasse, A. and Winton, V. 2006. Funerary sites in the ‘Free Zone’: report on the second and third seasons of fieldwork of the Western Sahara Project. Sahara 17: 73–93.Google Scholar
Brooks, N., Clarke, J., Garfi, S. and Pirie, A. 2009. The archaeology of Western Sahara: results of environmental and archaeological reconnaissance. Antiquity 83: 918–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, N., Garfi, S. and Gauthier, Y. 2018a. Typology of stone features. In Clarke and Brooks 2018, 34–55.Google Scholar
Brooks, N., Clarke, J., Gauthier, Y. and Gaugnin, M. 2018b. The extensive survey. In Clarke and Brooks 2018, 56–105.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1961. Aux origines de la Berbèrie. Monuments et rites funéraires protohistoriques. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.Google Scholar
Clarke, J., Winton, V. and Wasse, A. 2018. The excavations. In Clarke and Brooks 2018, 146–76.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. and Brooks, N. (eds). 2018. The Archaeology of Western Sahara. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cremaschi, M. 2002. Late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic changes in the central Sahara. The case study of the south-western Fezzan, Libya. In Hassan 2002, 65–81.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2001. Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and Its Peoples 8000 BC–AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Laet, S. (ed.). 1976. Acculturation and Continuity in Atlantic Europe. Bruges: De Temple.Google Scholar
deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T. and Sarnthein, M. 2000. Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period. Science 288.5474: 2198–02.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S. 2006. Building monuments, creating identity: cattle cult as a social response to rapid environmental changes in the Holocene Sahara. Quaternary International 151: 50–62.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S, 2002. Dry climatic events and cultural trajectories: adjusting Middle Holocene pastoral economy of the Libyan Sahara. In Hassan 2002, 225–50.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S. and Manzi, G. 2002. Sand, Stones and Bones: The Archaeology of Death in the Wadi Tannezzuft Valley (5000–2000 BP). AZA 3. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S., Bertolani, G. B., Castelli, R., Merighi, F. and Palombini, A. 2002. A regional perspective: the surveys. In di Lernia and Manzi 2002, 25–68.Google Scholar
Ferhat, N., Striedter, K. and Tauveron, M. 1996. Un cimetière de boeufs dans le Sahara central: la nécropole de Mankhor. In La Préhistoire de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Saint Maure: Editions Sépia, 103–07.Google Scholar
García Sanjuán, L., Luciañez Triviño, M., Schuhmacher, T. X., Wheatley, D. and Banerjee, A. 2013. Ivory craftsmanship, trade and social significance in the southern Iberian Copper Age: the evidence from the PP4-Montelirio sector of Valencia de la Concepción (Seville, Spain). European Journal of Archaeology 16.4: 610–35.Google Scholar
Gasse, F. 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 189–211.Google Scholar
Gasse, F. 2002. Diatom-inferred salinity and carbonate oxygen isotopes in Holocene waterbodies of the Western Sahara and Sahel (Africa). Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 737–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier, Y. 2009. Orientation and distribution of various dry stone monuments of the Sahara. In Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Belmonte, J. A., Prada, F. and Alberdi, A. (eds), Cosmology Across Cultures, ASP Conference Series 409, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 317–30.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Y. 2015. Pre-Islamic dry-stone monuments of the Central and Western Sahara. In Clive, L. N. Ruggles (ed.), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag GmbH, 1059–77.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Y. and Gauthier, C. 2004. Un exemple de relation monuments – art rupestre: monuments en corbeilles et grands cercles de pierres du Messak (Libye). Les Cahiers de l’AARS 9: 45–62.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Y. and Gauthier, C. 2007. Monuments funéraires sahariens et aires culturelles. Les Cahiers de l’AARS 11: 65–78.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Y. and Gauthier, C. 2008. Art rupestre, monuments funéraires et aires culturelles: nouveaux documents concernant le Messak, le Sud-Est du Fezzân et l’Oued Djerat. Les Cahiers de l’AARS 12: 1–16.Google Scholar
Gobin, C. 1937. Notes sur les vestiges des tombes du Zemmour. Bulletin du Comité des Etudes historiques et Scientifiques de l’Afrique Occidental Française 20: 142–46.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. A. (ed.). 2002. Droughts, Food and Culture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa’s Later Prehistory. New York: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jodin, A. 1955. Les problèmes de la civilisation du vase campaniforme au Maroc. In Souville, G. (ed.), Contacts et échanges entre la péninsule Ibérique et le Nord-Ouest de l’Afrique devant les temps préhistoriques et protohistorique, Paris: Compte-rendu de Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (44, 142.1), 353–60.Google Scholar
Lancaster, N., Kocurek, G., Singvi, A., Pandey, V., Meynoux, M. M., Ghienne, J. F. and Lö, K. 2002. Late Pleistocene and Holocene dune activity and wind regimes in the Western Sahara Desert of Mauritania. Geology 30: 991–94.Google Scholar
MacWhite, E. 1951. Estudios sobre las relaciones atlánticas de la peninsula hispánica en la Edad del Bronce. Madrid: Seminario de Historia Primitiva del Hombre.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume I: Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J., Dore, J. and Lahr, M. M., with contributions by Ahmed, M., Cole, F., Crisp, J., Rodriguez Gonzales, M., Hobson, M., Ismayer, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Reeds, I., Savage, T. and Sterry, M. 2008. DMP II: 2008 fieldwork on burials and identity in the Wadi al-Ajal. Libyan Studies 39: 223–62.Google Scholar
McLaren, S. J., Brooks, N., White, H., van der Veen, M., Gouldwell, T. and Guagnin, M. 2018. The environmental survey. In Clarke and Brooks 2018, 10–33.Google Scholar
Milburn, M. 1974. Some stone monuments of Spanish Sahara, Mauritania and the extreme south of Morocco. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 44.2: 99–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milburn, M. 1996. Two types of enigmatic stone structures in the north-western Sahara. Council for Independent Archaeology Newsletter 20: 9–10.Google Scholar
Milburn, M. 2005. More enigmatic stone structures of the north-western Sahara. Independent Archaeology 52: 6–8.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1948. Sur quelques monuments lithiques du Sahara occidental. Actas y Memorias de la Societé Española de Antropologia, Etnografia y Prehistoria XXIII, cuadernos 1–4:12–35.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 1996. Les Sépultures du Sahara Nigérien du Néolithique à l’Islamisation: 1) Coutumes Funéraires, Chronologie, Civilisations; 2) Corpus de sépultures fouillés. Paris: Institute Français de Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 1997. Burials and the peopling of the Adrar Bous region. In Barich, B. E. and Gatto, M. C. (eds), Dynamics of Populations, Movements and Responses to Climatic Change in Africa, Roma: Bonsignori, 49–61.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 2000. African livestock remains from Saharan mortuary contexts. In Blench, R. and MacDonald, K. (eds), The Origins of African Livestock, London: University College London Press, 111–26.Google Scholar
Paris, F. and Saliège, J. F. 2010. Chronologie des monuments funéraires sahariens: problèms, méthode et résultats. Les Nouvelles de l’archéologie 120–121:57–60.Google Scholar
Pellicer Catalán, M. P., Martínez, P. A., Pérez, M. S. H. and Socas, D. M. 1974. Aportaciones al Estudio del Arte Rupestre del Sáhara Español (Zona Meridional). La Laguna: Universidad de la Laguna.Google Scholar
Salisbury, G. J. 2011. Locating the ‘missing’ Moroccan megaliths of Mzora. Time and Mind 4.3: 355–60.Google Scholar
Scarre, C. 2002. Introduction. In Scarre, C. (ed.), Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, London: Routledge, 1–14.Google Scholar
Schuhmacher, T., Cardoso, J. L. and Banerjee, A. 2009. Sourcing African ivory in Chalcolithic Portugal. Antiquity 83: 983–97.Google Scholar
Searight, S. 2004. Monuments en pierre pré- ou protohistoriques du Sud-marocain, Bulletin de Société des Etudes et de Recherches des Eyzies 53: 89–103.Google Scholar
Sivilli, S. 2002. A historical background: mortuary archaeology in the Sahara between colonialism and modern research. In di Lernia and Manzi 2002, 17–24.Google Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D. J. 2011. DMP XIII: Reconnaissance survey of archaeological sites in the Murzuq area. Libyan Studies 42: 103–16.Google Scholar
Vernet, R. 2007. Le Golfe d’Arguin de la préhistoire à l’histoire: littoral et plaines intérieures. Nouakchott: Parc National du Banc d’Arguin.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by