Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:27:31.320Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Gibbon Evolved Sexual Psychology

from Part III - Nonhuman Primate Sexual Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Thad Q. Bartlett  and
Alexandra C. Sheldon
Edited by
Todd K. Shackelford
Todd K. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Oakland University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

Gibbons are the small-bodied Asian apes that comprise the taxonomic family Hylobatidae. In addition to small body size, gibbons are distinct from the large-bodied apes (i.e., orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees) in a number of aspects of their behavior and biology. These traits include strict arboreality; sexual monomorphism for body and canine size; the production of loud complex calls, or songs; the joint defense of a fixed territory; and the tendency to live in small family groups with a single adult pair. While frequently described as monogamous, and even as “mating for life,” research over the last several decades has documented far greater diversity in gibbon social systems than was initially recognized, leading to a broad effort to reassess how best to characterize gibbon social systems and their origins. Nevertheless, as this review will demonstrate, much of what we know about gibbon sexual psychology and reproductive behavior is best understood in the context of small, one-male/one-female social groups.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology , pp. 426 - 463
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahsan, F. (1995). Fighting between two females for a male in the hoolock gibbon. International Journal of Primatology, 16(5), 731–737.Google Scholar
Ahsan, M. F. (2001). Socio-ecology of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in two forests of Bangladesh. In The apes challenges for the 21st century, conference proceedings (pp. 286–299). Chicago: Chicago Zoological Society.Google Scholar
Alfred, J. R. B., & Sati, J. P. (1991). On the first record of infanticide in the hoolock gibbon Hylobates hoolock in the wild. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 89(1–4), 319–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amarasinghe, N., & Amarasinghe, A. A. (2011). Social behaviours of captive Hylobates moloch (Primates: Hylobatidae) in the Javan Gibbon Rescue and Rehabilitation Center, Gede-Pangrango National Nark, Indonesia. Taprobanica, 2(2), 97–103.Google Scholar
Barca, B., Vincent, C., Soeung, K., Nuttall, M., & Hobson, K. (2016). Multi-female group in the southernmost species of Nomascus: Field observations in eastern Cambodia reveal multiple breeding females in a single group of southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon Nomascus gabriellae. Asian Primates Journal, 6(1), 15–19.Google Scholar
Barelli, C., Heistermann, M., Boesch, C., & Reichard, U. H. (2007). Sexual swellings in wild white-handed gibbon females (Hylobates lar) indicate the probability of ovulation. Hormones and Behavior, 51(2), 221–230.Google Scholar
Barelli, C., Heistermann, M., Boesch, C., & Reichard, U. H. (2008a). Mating patterns and sexual swellings in pair-living and multimale groups of wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar. Animal Behaviour, 75(3), 991–1001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barelli, C., Matsudaira, K., Wolf, T., Roos, C., Heistermann, M., Hodges, K., … & Reichard, U. H. (2013). Extra‐pair paternity confirmed in wild white‐handed gibbons. American Journal of Primatology, 75(12), 1185–1195.Google Scholar
Barelli, C., Reichard, U., Boesch, C., & Heistermann, M. (2008b). Female white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) lead group movements and have priority of access to food resources. Behaviour, 145(7), 965–981.Google Scholar
Barelli, C., Reichard, U. H., & Mundry, R. (2011). Is grooming used as a commodity in wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar? Animal Behaviour, 82(4), 801–809.Google Scholar
Bartlett, T. Q. (2003). Intragroup and intergroup social interactions in white-handed gibbons. International Journal of Primatology, 24(2), 239–259.Google Scholar
Bartlett, T. Q. (2009a) The Gibbons of Khao Yai: Seasonal Variation in Behavior and Ecology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall (Reprint, New York: Routledge, 2015).Google Scholar
Bartlett, T. Q. (2009b). Seasonal home range use and defendability in white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. In Lappan, S. & Whittaker, D. J. (Eds.), The gibbons: A new perspective on small ape socioecology and population biology (pp. 265–275). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, T. Q. (2011). The Hylobatidae: Small apes of Asia. In Campbell, C. J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K. C., Bearder, S. K., & Stumpf, R. M. (Eds.), Primates in perspective, 2nd ed. (pp. 300–312). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bartlett, T. Q., Light, L. E. O., & Brockelman, W. Y. (2016). Long-term home range use in white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park. American Journal of Primatology, 78(2), 192–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, T. Q., & Sussman., R. W. (in press) Gibbons: Arboreal acrobats of Southeast Asia. In Sussman, R. W. (Ed.), The natural history of primates: A systematic survey of ecology and behavior. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Bertram, J. E. (2004). New perspectives on brachiation mechanics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125(S39), 100–117.Google Scholar
Bolechova, P., Chaloupkova, H., Hradec, M., Janova, E., & Doležalová, J. (2019). Fur color change and hormonal development in captive females of northern white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and buff-cheeked (Nomascus gabriellae) gibbons. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 282, 113210.Google Scholar
Borries, C., Savini, T., & Koenig, A. (2011). Social monogamy and the threat of infanticide in larger mammals. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65(4), 685–693.Google Scholar
Bourliere, F. (1964). The natural history of mammals, 3rd ed. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. J., & Mundy, N. I. (2008). The primate palette: The evolution of primate coloration. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17(2), 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockelman, W. Y. (1974). Social interactions of adult gibbons (Hylobates lar) in an experimental colony. Gibbon and Siamang, 3, 137–156.Google Scholar
Brockelman, W. Y. (2009). Ecology and the social system of gibbons. In Lappan, S. & Whittaker, D. J. (Eds.), The gibbons: A new perspective on small ape socioecology and population biology (pp. 211–239). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockelman, W., & Geissmann, T. (2019). Hoolock leuconedys. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2019, e.T118355453A17968300.Google Scholar
Brockelman, W., & Geissmann, T. (2020). Hylobates lar. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T10548A17967253.Google Scholar
Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Timmins, T., & Traeholt, C. (2020). Hylobates pileatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T10552A17966665.Google Scholar
Brockelman, W., Molur, S., & Geissmann, T. (2019). Hoolock. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2019, e.T39876A17968083.Google Scholar
Brockelman, W. Y., Reichard, U., Treesucon, U., & Raemaekers, J. J. (1998). Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 42(5), 329–339.Google Scholar
Brotherton, P. N. M., & Komers, P. E. (2003) Mate guarding and the evolution of social monogamy in mammals. In Reichard, U. H. & Boesch, C. (Eds.), Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals (pp. 42–58). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bryant, J. V., Gottelli, D., Zeng, X., Hong, X., Chan, B. P. L., Fellowes, J. R., … & Turvey, S. T. (2016). Assessing current genetic status of the Hainan gibbon using historical and demographic baselines: Implications for conservation management of species of extreme rarity. Molecular Ecology, 25(15), 3540–3556.Google Scholar
Burns, B. L., Dooley, H. M., & Judge, D. S. (2011). Social dynamics modify behavioural development in captive white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and silvery (Hylobates moloch) gibbons. Primates, 52, 271–277.Google Scholar
Caine, N. G. (1987). Vigilance, vocalizations, and cryptic behavior at retirement in captive groups of red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). American Journal of Primatology, 12(3), 241–250.Google Scholar
Carpenter, C. R. (1940). A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbons (Hylobates lar). Comparative Psychology Monographs, 16, 1–212.Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., & Cushing, B. S. (2004). Proximate mechanisms regulating sociality and social monogamy, in the context of evolution. In Sussman, R. W. & Chapman, A. R. (Eds.), The origins and nature of sociality (pp. 99–121). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., Devries, A. C., & Getz, L. L. (1995). Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 19(2), 303–314.Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., & Perkeybile, A. M. (2018). The monogamy paradox: What do love and sex have to do with it? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 202.Google Scholar
Cheyne, S. M., Capilla, B. R., Cahyaningrum, E., & Smith, D. E. (2019). Home range variation and site fidelity of Bornean southern gibbons [Hylobates albibarbis] from 2010–2018. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0217784.Google Scholar
Cheyne, S. M., & Chivers, D. J. (2006). Sexual swellings of female gibbons. Folia Primatologica, 77(5), 345–352.Google Scholar
Cheyne, S. M., & Nijman, V. (2020). Hylobates abbotti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020: e.T39889A17990882.Google Scholar
Chivers, D. J. (1974). The siamang in Malaya. A field study of a primate in tropical rain forest. Contributions to Primatology, 4, 1–335.Google Scholar
Chivers, D. J. (2013). Southeast Asian primates: Socio-ecology and conservation. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 29, 177–185.Google Scholar
Chivers, D. J., & Raemaekers, J. J. (1980). Long-term changes in behaviour. In Chivers, D. J. (Ed.), Malayan forest primates (pp. 209–260). Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Choudhury, A. (1991). Ecology of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 7(1), 147–153.Google Scholar
Clarke, E., Reichard, U. H., & Zuberbühler, K. (2015). Context-specific close-range “hoo” calls in wild gibbons (Hylobates lar). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15(1), 1–11.Google Scholar
Clemens, Z., Merker, B., & Ujhelyi, M. (2008). Observations on paternal care in a captive family of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Gibbon Journal, 4, 46–50.Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. (2016). Mammal societies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Dal Pra, G., & Geissmann, T. (1994). Behavioural development of twin siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus). Primates, 35(3), 325–342.Google Scholar
Dallmann, R., & Geissmann, T. (2001). Different levels of variability in the female song of wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Behaviour, 138(5), 629–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dielentheis, T. F., Zaiss, E., & Geissmann, T. (1991). Infant care in a family of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) with twin offspring at Berlin Zoo. Zoo Biology, 10(4), 309–317.Google Scholar
Dolotovskaya, S., Walker, S., & Heymann, E. W. (2020). What makes a pair bond in a Neotropical primate: Female and male contributions. Royal Society Open Science, 7(1), 191489.Google Scholar
Ellefson, J. O. (1974). A natural history of white-handed gibbons in the Malayan Peninsula. In Rumbaugh, D. M. (Ed.), Gibbon and siamang: Natural history, social behavior, reproduction, vocalizations, prehension (Vol. 3) (pp. 1–136). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.Google Scholar
Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197(4300), 215–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, P., & Bartlett, T. Q. (2017). Overlooked small apes need more attention. American Journal of Primatology, 79(6), e22658.Google Scholar
Fan, P. F., Bartlett, T. Q., Fei, H. L., Ma, C. Y., & Zhang, W. (2015). Understanding stable bi-female grouping in gibbons: Feeding competition and reproductive success. Frontiers in Zoology, 12(1), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, P., Fei, H., Xiang, Z., Zhang, W., Ma, C., & Huang, T. (2010). Social structure and group dynamics of the Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) in Bangliang, Jingxi, China. Folia Primatologica, 81(5), 245–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, P. F., & Jiang, X. L. (2010). Maintenance of multifemale social organization in a group of Nomascus concolor at Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China. International Journal of Primatology, 31(1), 1–13.Google Scholar
Fan, P., Liu, C., Luo, W., & Jiang, X. (2007). Can a group elicit duets from its neighbours? A field study on the black-crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in central Yunnan, China. Folia Primatologica, 78(3), 186–195.Google Scholar
Fan, P. F., Nguyen, M. H., Phiaphalath, P., Roos, C., Coudrat, C. N. Z., & Rawson, B. M. (2020). Nomascus concolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39775A17968556.Google Scholar
Fan, P. F., Ren, P. G., Wang, W., Scott, M. B., Ma, C. Y., Fei, H. L., … & Zhu, J. G. (2013). Habitat evaluation and population viability analysis of the last population of Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus): Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 161(5), 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, P. F., Turvey, S. T., & Bryant, J. V. (2020). Hoolock tianxing (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T118355648A166597159.Google Scholar
Fan, P., He, X., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Yuan, L., … & Fan, P. (2021). Reproductive parameters of captive female northern white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and yellow-cheeked (Nomascus gabriellae) gibbons. International Journal of Primatology, 42(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Fashing, P. J. (2001). Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): Evidence for resource defense mediated through males and a comparison with other primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50(3), 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Duque, E., Valeggia, C. R., & Mendoza, S. P. (2009). The biology of paternal care in human and nonhuman primates. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 115–130.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. O., & Geissmann, T. (1990). Group harmony in gibbons: Comparison between white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) and siamang (H. syndactylus). Primates, 31(4), 481–494.Google Scholar
Fooden, J. (1971). Report on primates collected in Western Thailand, January–April 1967. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Frechette, J. L., Hon, N., Behie, A., & Rawson, B. M. (2017). Seasonal variation in the diet and activity budget of the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon Nomascus annamensis. Cambodia Journal of Natural History, 2017(2), 168–178.Google Scholar
French, J. A., Cavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., Carp, S. B., & Womack, S. L. (2018). Social monogamy in nonhuman primates: Phylogeny, phenotype, and physiology. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 410–434.Google Scholar
Frisch, J. E. (1963). Sex-differences in the canines of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Primates, 4(2), 1–10.Google Scholar
Fuentes, A. (1998). Re‐evaluating primate monogamy. American Anthropologist, 100(4), 890–907.Google Scholar
Fuentes, A. (2000). Hylobatid communities: Changing views on pair bonding and social organization in hominoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113 (S31), 33–60.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T. (1991). A reassessment of age of sexual maturity in gibbons (Hylobates spp.). American Journal of Primatology, 23, 11–22.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T. (1999). Duet songs of the siamang, Hylobates syndactylus: II. Testing the pair-bonding hypothesis during a partner exchange. Behaviour, 136(8), 1005–1039.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T. (2008). Inter-group conflict in captive siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). Gibbon Journal, 4, 51–55.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T. (2009). Door slamming: Tool-use by a captive white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Gibbon Journal, 5, 53–60.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T., & Bleisch, W. (2020). Nomascus hainanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T41643A17969392.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T., Bohlen-Eyring, S., & Heuck, A. (2005). The male song of the Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Contributions to Zoology, 74(1–2), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geissmann, T., & Nijman, V. (2006). Calling in wild silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in Java (Indonesia): Behavior, phylogeny and conservation. American Journal of Primatology, 68(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T., Nijman, V., Boonratana, R., Brockelman, W., Roos, C., & Nowak, M. G. (2020a). Hylobates agilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T10543A17967655.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T., & Orgeldinger, M. (2000). The relationship between duet songs and pair bonds in siamangs, Hylobates syndactylus. Animal Behaviour, 60, 805–809.Google Scholar
Geissmann, T., Rosenkranz-Weck, S., Van Der Loo, J. J., & Orgeldinger, M. (2020b). Taxon-specific pair bonding in gibbons (Hylobatidae). Primates. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95270Google Scholar
Gittins, S. P., & Raemaekers, J. J. (1980). Siamang, lar and agile gibbons. In Chivers, D. J. (Ed.), Malayan forest primates (pp. 63–106). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Gowaty, P. A. (1985). Multiple parentage and apparent monogamy in birds. Ornithology Monographs, 37, 11–21.Google Scholar
Gowaty, P. A. (1996) Multiple mating by females selects for males that stay: Another hypothesis for social monogamy in passerine birds. Animal Behavior, 51, 482–484.Google Scholar
Griffith, S. C., Owens, I. P., & Thuman, K. A. (2002). Extra pair paternity in birds: A review of interspecific variation and adaptive function. Molecular Ecology, 11(11), 2195–2212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guan, Z. H., Huang, B., Ning, W. H., Ni, Q. Y., & Jiang, X. L. (2013). Proximity association in polygynous western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis): Network structure and seasonality. Zoological Research, 34(E1), E1–E8.Google Scholar
Ham, S., Lappan, S., Hedwig, D., & Choe, J. C. (2017). Female songs of the nonduetting Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) function for territorial defense. International Journal of Primatology, 38(3), 533–552.Google Scholar
Hilgartner, R., Fichtel, C., Kappeler, P. M., & Zinner, D. (2012). Determinants of pair‐living in red‐tailed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus). Ethology, 118(5), 466–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, K., Muth, C., Maninger, N., Ragen, B. J., Larke, R. H., Jarcho, M. R., … & Bales, K. L. (2016). Challenges to the pair bond: Neural and hormonal effects of separation and reunion in a monogamous primate. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 221.Google Scholar
Hodgekiss, S., Thetford, E., Waitt, C. D., & Nijman, V. (2010). Female reproductive parameters in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Zoo Biology, 29, 449–456.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1979). Infanticide among animals: A review, classification, and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1(1), 13–40.Google Scholar
Hu, N., Guan, Z., Huang, B., Ning, W., He, K., Fan, P., & Jiang, X. (2018). Dispersal and female philopatry in a long‐term, stable, polygynous gibbon population: Evidence from 16 years field observation and genetics. American Journal of Primatology, 80(9), e22922.Google Scholar
Huang, B., Guan, Z., Ni, Q., Orkin, J. D., Fan, P., & Jiang, X. (2013). Observation of intra‐group and extra‐group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis). Integrative Zoology, 8(4), 427–440.Google Scholar
Huang, X. X., Zhou, W., & Ai, H. S. (2010). Mating behavior of hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in the field: A case study at Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China. Journal of Southwest Forestry University, 30(2), 52–55.Google Scholar
Huck, M., Di Fiore, A., & Fernandez-Duque, E. (2020). Of apples and oranges? The evolution of “monogamy” in non-human primates. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 472.Google Scholar
Inoue, Y., Sinun, W., & Okanoya, K. (2016). Activity budget, travel distance, sleeping time, height of activity and travel order of wild East Bornean grey gibbons (Hylobates funereus) in Danum Valley Conservation Area. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 64, 127–128.Google Scholar
Inoue, Y., Sinun, W., Yosida, S., & Okanoya, K. (2013). Intergroup and intragroup antiphonal songs in wild male Mueller’s gibbons (Hylobates muelleri). Interaction Studies, 14(1), 24–43.Google Scholar
Jiang, X., Wang, Y., & Wang, Q. (1999). Coexistence of monogamy and polygyny in black-crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor). Primates, 40(4), 607–611.Google Scholar
Kappeler, P. M. (2019). A framework for studying social complexity. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 73(1), 13.Google Scholar
Kappeler, P. M., & Pozzi, L. (2019). Evolutionary transitions toward pair living in nonhuman primates as stepping stones toward more complex societies. Science Advances, 5(12), eaay1276.Google Scholar
Kappeler, P. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2002). Evolution of primate social systems. International Journal of Primatology, 23(4), 707–740.Google Scholar
Kawakami, T. G., & Kollias, G. V. (1984). Breeding and rearing lar gibbons in captivity. In Preuschoft, H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W. Y., & Creel, N. (Eds.), The lesser apes: Evolutionary and behavioral biology (pp. 44–50). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. (1997). Palaeobiological and phylogenetic significance of life history in Miocene hominoids. In Begun, D. R., Ward, C. V., & Rose, N. D. (Eds.), Function, phylogeny, and fossils: Miocene hominoids evolution and adaptations (pp. 173–208). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Kenyon, M., Roos, C., Binh, V. T., & Chivers, D. (2011). Extrapair paternity in golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. Folia Primatologica, 82(3), 154–164.Google Scholar
Kim, S., Lappan, S., & Choe, J. A. (2011). Diet and ranging behavior of the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in a submontane tropical rainforest. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 270–280.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G. (1977). Monogamy in mammals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 52(1), 39–69.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G., & Malcolm, J. R. (1981). The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. In Gubernick, D. J. M. & Klopfer, P. H. (Eds.), Parental care in mammals (pp. 347–387). Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Klug, H. (2018). Why monogamy? A review of potential ultimate drivers. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 30.Google Scholar
Koyama, N. (1971). Observations on mating behavior of wild siamang gibbons at Fraser’s Hill, Malaysia. Primates, 12(2), 183–189.Google Scholar
Kumar, A., & Sharma, M. (2017). Reproductive biology of eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in conservation breeding centre at biological park, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Zoological Research, 13, 93–104.Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1968). Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
Lappan, S. (2007a). Patterns of dispersal in Sumatran siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus): Preliminary mtDNA evidence suggests more frequent male than female dispersal to adjacent groups. American Journal of Primatology, 69(6), 692–698.Google Scholar
Lappan, S. (2007b). Social relationships among males in multimale siamang groups. International Journal of Primatology, 28(2), 369–387.Google Scholar
Lappan, S. (2008). Male care of infants in a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) population including socially monogamous and polyandrous groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62(8), 1307–1317.Google Scholar
Lappan, S. (2009). Patterns of infant care in wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) in southern Sumatra. In Lappan, S. & Whittaker, D. J. (Eds.), The gibbons: A new perspective on small ape socioecology and population biology (pp. 327–345). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lappan, S., & Morino, L. (2014). Mating in the presence of a competitor: Audience effects may promote male social tolerance in polyandrous siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) groups. Behaviour, 151(7), 1067–1089.Google Scholar
Lappan, S., Sibarani, M., O’Brien, T. G., Nurcahyo, A., Andayani, N., Rustiati, E. L., … & Morino, L. (2020). Long‐term effects of forest fire on habitat use by siamangs in Southern Sumatra. Animal Conservation, 24(3), 355–366.Google Scholar
Light, L. E. O., & Bartlett, T. Q., (2017). Pair bonds. In Fuentes, A. (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of primatology (pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Liswanto, D., Whittaker, D., Geissmann, T., & Whitten, T. (2020). Hylobates klossii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T10547A17967475.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, H., & Southwick, C. (1989). Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. American Journal of Primatology, 19, 247–254.Google Scholar
Lukas, K. E., Barkauskas, R. T., Maher, S. A., Jacobs, B. A., Bauman, J. E., Henderson, A. J., & Calcagno, J. M. (2002). Longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white‐cheeked gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys). Zoo Biology, 21(5), 413–434.Google Scholar
Lukas, D., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2013). The evolution of social monogamy in mammals. Science, 341(6145), 526–530.Google Scholar
Ma, C. Y., Brockelman, W. Y., Light, L. E., Bartlett, T. Q., & Fan, P. F. (2019). Infant loss during and after male replacement in gibbons. American Journal of Primatology, 81(8), e23036.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J., & MacKinnon, K. (1977). The formation of a new gibbon group. Primates, 18(3), 701–708.Google Scholar
MacLennan, A., Gutierrez, T., & Bartlett, T. Q. (2012). Group size and social flexibility among pair-bonded primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement, 54, 199.Google Scholar
Malone, N., Fuentes, A., & White, F. J. (2012). Variation in the social systems of extant hominoids: comparative insight into the social behavior of early hominins. International Journal of Primatology, 33(6), 1251–1277.Google Scholar
Malone, N., & Okatvinalis, H. (2006) The socio-ecology of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang (CALS), West Java, Indonesia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(S42), 124.Google Scholar
Marshall, A. J., Nijman, V., & Cheyne, S. (2020a). Hylobates albibarbis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39879A17967053.Google Scholar
Marshall, A. J., Nijman, V., & Cheyne, S. M. (2020b). Hylobates muelleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39888A17990934.Google Scholar
Matsudaira, K., Ishida, T., Malaivijitnond, S., & Reichard, U. H. (2018). Short dispersal distance of males in a wild white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167(1), 61–71.Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C. (1984). The behavioral regulation of monogamy in gibbons (Hylobates muelleri). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15(3), 225–229.Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C. (1985). Location-specific responses of gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) to male songs. Ethology, 70(3), 219–224.Google Scholar
Mitani, J. C., & Rodman, P. S. (1979). Territoriality: The relation of ranging pattern and home range size to defendability, with an analysis of territoriality among primate species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 5(3), 241–251.Google Scholar
Mootnick, A. R., & Fan, P. F. (2011). A comparative study of crested gibbons (Nomascus). American Journal of Primatology, 73(2), 135–154.Google Scholar
Morino, L. (2009). Monogamy in mammals: Expanding the perspective on hylobatid mating systems. In Lappan, S. & Whittaker, D. J. (Eds.), The gibbons: A new perspective on small ape socioecology and population biology (pp. 279–311). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Morino, L. (2016). Dominance relationships among siamang males living in multimale groups. American Journal of Primatology, 78(3), 288–297.Google Scholar
Morino, L., & Borries, C. (2017). Offspring loss after male change in wild siamangs: The importance of abrupt weaning and male care. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162(1), 180–185.Google Scholar
Nettelbeck, A. R. (1998). Observations on food sharing in the wild lar gibbons (Hylobates lar). Folia Primatologica, 69(6), 386.Google Scholar
Nguyen, M. H., Coudrat, C. N. Z., Roos, C., Rawson, B. M., & Duckworth, J. W. (2020). Nomascus siki. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39896A17968765.Google Scholar
Nijman, V. (2020). Hylobates moloch. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T10550A17966495.Google Scholar
Nijman, V., Cheyne, S., & Traeholt, C. (2020). Hylobates funereus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39890A17990856.Google Scholar
Nijman, V., Geissmann, T., Traeholt, C., Roos, C., & Nowak, M. G. (2020). Symphalangus syndactylus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39779A17967873.Google Scholar
O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F., Nurcahyo, A., Prasetyaningrum, M., & Iqbal, M. (2003). Fire, demography and the persistence of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus: Hylobatidae) in a Sumatran rainforest. Animal Conservation, 6(2), 115–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oka, T., & Takenaka, O. (2001). Wild gibbons’ parentage tested by non-invasive DNA sampling and PCR-amplified polymorphic microsatellites. Primates, 42(1), 67–73.Google Scholar
Opie, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Dunbar, R. I., & Shultz, S. (2013). Male infanticide leads to social monogamy in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33), 13328–13332.Google Scholar
Orgeldinger, M. (1991). Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) in captivity: An overview. International Zoo News, 38, 5–13.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1992). Pair bonds and monogamy in wild siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and whitehanded gibbon (Hylobates lar) in Northern Sumatra. (Doctoral dissertation). University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1993). Lethal territorial aggression in a white‐handed gibbon. American Journal of Primatology, 31(4), 311–318.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1994a). Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: Implications regarding monogamous social systems. Behaviour, 128(1–2), 65–101.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1994b). Extra-pair copulations in a monogamous ape. Animal Behaviour, 47, 721–723.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1996). Pair bonds in monogamous apes: A comparison of the siamang Hylobates syndactylus and the white-handed gibbon Hylobates lar. Behaviour, 133(5–6), 321–356.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (1999). Infanticide and the evolution of pair bonds in nonhuman primates. Evolutionary Anthropology, 7(4), 117–129.Google Scholar
Pan, Y. (2000). Reproduction of hoolock gibbon held in captivity. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 19(2), 88–89.Google Scholar
Plavcan, M. J. (1999). Mating systems, intrasexual competition and sexual dimorphism in primates. In Lee, P. C. (Ed.), Primate comparative socioecology (pp. 241–270). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Plavcan, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (1992). Intrasexual competition and canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87(4), 461–477.Google Scholar
Raemaekers, J. J., & Raemaekers, P. M. (1985). Field playback of loud calls to gibbons (Hylobates lar): Territorial, sex-specific and species-specific responses. Animal Behaviour, 33(2), 481–493.Google Scholar
Raemaekers, J. J., Raemaekers, P. M., & Haimoff, E. H. (1984). Loud calls of the gibbon (Hylobates lar): Repertoire, organization and context. Behaviour, 91(1–3), 146–189.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. M., Hoang, M. D., Roos, C., Van, N. T., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020a). Nomascus gabriellae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T128073282A17968950.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. M., Nguyen, M. H., Coudrat, C. N. Z., Roos, C., Jiang, X. & Duckworth, J. W. (2020b). Nomascus leucogenys (errata version published in 2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T39895A180816530.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. M., Roos, C., Nguyen, M. H., Bleisch, W., Geissmann, T., & Fan, P. F. (2020c). Nomascus nasutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T41642A17969578.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H. (1995). Extra‐pair copulations in a monogamous gibbon (Hylobates lar). Ethology, 100(2), 99–112.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H. (1998). Sleeping sites, sleeping places, and presleep behavior of gibbons (Hylobates lar). American Journal of Primatology, 46(1), 35–62.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H. (2003). Social monogamy in gibbons: The male perspective. In Reichard, U. (Ed.), Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals (pp. 190–213). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H. (2009). The social organization and mating system of Khao Yai white-handed gibbons: 1992–2006. In Lappan, S. & Whittaker, D. J. (Eds.), The gibbons: A new perspective on small ape socioecology and population biology (pp. 347–384). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H. (2018). Monogamy. In Fuentes, A. (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of primatology (pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H., & Barelli, C. (2008). Life history and reproductive strategies of Khao Yai Hylobates lar: Implications for social evolution in apes. International Journal of Primatology, 29(4), 823–844.Google Scholar
Reichard, U. H., Ganpanakngan, M., & Barelli, C. (2012). White-handed gibbons of Khao Yai: Social flexibility, complex reproductive strategies, and a slow life history. In Kappeler, P. M. & Watts, D. P. (Eds.), Long-term field studies of primates (pp. 237–258). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Reichard, U., & Sommer, V. (1997). Group encounters in wild gibbons (Hylobates lar): Agonism, affiliation, and the concept of infanticide. Behaviour, 134(15–16), 1135–1174.Google Scholar
Rutberg, A. T. (1983). The evolution of monogamy in primates. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 104(1), 93–112.Google Scholar
Savini, T., Boesch, C., & Reichard, U. H. (2009). Varying ecological quality influences the probability of polyandry in white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Thailand. Biotropica, 41(4), 503–513.Google Scholar
Schacht, R., & Kramer, K. L. (2019). Are we monogamous? A review of the evolution of pair-bonding in humans and its contemporary variation cross-culturally. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 230.Google Scholar
Schülke, O., & Kappeler, P. M. (2003). So near and yet so far: Territorial pairs but low cohesion between pair partners in a nocturnal lemur, Phaner furcifer. Animal Behaviour, 65(2), 331–343.Google Scholar
Schülke, O., Kappeler, P. M., & Zischler, H. (2004). Small testes size despite high extra-pair paternity in the pair-living nocturnal primate Phaner furcifer. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 293–301.Google Scholar
Sommer, V., & Reichard, U. (2000). Rethinking monogamy: The gibbon case. In Kappeler, P. M. (Ed.), Primate males: Causes and consequences of variation in group composition (pp. 159–168). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Srikosamatara, S. (1984). Ecology of pileated gibbons in south-east Thailand. In Preuschoft, H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W., & Creel, N. (Eds.), The lesser apes: Evolutionary and behavioural ecology (pp. 242–257). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Srikosamatara, S., & Brockelman, W. Y. (1987). Polygyny in a group of pileated gibbons via a familial route. International Journal of Primatology, 8(4), 389–393.Google Scholar
Steenbeek, R. (1999). Tenure related changes in wild Thomas’s langurs I: Between-group interactions. Behaviour, 136(5), 595–625.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., & Collier-Baker, E. (2009). The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: Evidence of absence in lesser apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1662), 1671–1677.Google Scholar
Taber, A. B., & Macdonald, D. W. (1992). Spatial organization and monogamy in the mara Dolichotis patagonum. Journal of Zoology, 227(3), 417–438.Google Scholar
Tecot, S. R., Singletary, B., & Eadie, E. (2016). Why “monogamy” isn’t good enough. American Journal of Primatology, 78(3), 340–354.Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. (1983). Five new world primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Terborgh, J., & Janson, C. H. (1986). The socioecology of primate groups. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17(1), 111–136.Google Scholar
Thin, V. N., Roos, C., Rawson, B. M., Nguyen, M. H., Duckworth, J. W., Hoang, M. D.,… & Thien, N. V. (2020). Nomascus annamensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020, e.T120659170A120659179.Google Scholar
Tilson, R. L. (1981). Family formation strategies of Kloss’s gibbons. Folia Primatologica, 35(4), 259–287.Google Scholar
Treesucon, U., & Raemaekers, J. J. (1984). Group formation in gibbon through displacement of an adult. International Journal of Primatology, 5(4), 387.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Uhde, N. L., & Sommer, V. (2002). Antipredatory behavior in gibbons (Hylobates lar, Khao Yai/Thailand). In Miller, L. E. (Ed.), Eat or be eaten: Predator sensitive foraging among primates (pp. 268–291). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., & Dunbar, R. I. (1990). The evolution of monogamy in large primates: A new hypothesis and some crucial tests. Behaviour, 115(1–2), 30–61.Google Scholar
Van Schaik, C. P., & Kappeler, P. M. (1997). Infanticide risk and the evolution of male–female association in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 264(1388), 1687–1694.Google Scholar
Van Schaik, C. P., & Kappeler, P. M. (2003). The evolution of social monogamy in primates. In Reichard, U. H. (Ed.), Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals (pp. 59–80). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Thien, N., Anh, N. Q. H., Van Ngoc Thinh, L. V. K., & Roos, C. (2017). Distribution of the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) in central Vietnam. Vietnamese Journal of Primatology, 2(5), 83–88.Google Scholar
Wickler, W., & Seibt, U. (1983). Monogamy: An ambiguous concept. In Bateson, P. (Ed.), Mate Choice (pp. 33–50). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wittenberger, J. F., & Tilson, R. L. (1980). The evolution of monogamy: Hypotheses and evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11(1), 197–232.Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. (1979). On the evolution of ape social systems. Social Science Information, 18(3), 336–368.Google Scholar
Yang, M. (1998). The mating behaviour of captive hoolock gibbons. Chinese Wildlife, 19, 33.Google Scholar
Yi, Y., Fichtel, C., Kim, E., & Choe, J. C. (2020). Impacts of intergroup interactions on intragroup behavioral changes in Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch). International Journal of Primatology, 41(2), 1–19.Google Scholar
Zheng, R. Q. (1989). A preliminary observation on mating behavior in Hylobates concolor. Zoological Research, 9, 112.Google Scholar
Zhou, J., Wei, F., Li, M., Lok, C. B. P., & Wang, D. (2008). Reproductive characters and mating behaviour of wild Nomascus hainanus. International Journal of Primatology, 29(4), 1037–1046.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×