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9 - Intelligence in Adulthood

from Part II - Development of Intelligence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2019

By
Christopher Hertzog
Edited by
Robert J. Sternberg
Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
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Summary

Adult intellectual development is known to produce a pattern of average age-related changes differing by whether the ability in question is dominated by acquired knowledge (crystallized intelligence) or by processes involved in reasoning and memory, especially working memory (fluid intelligence). Other differentiable abilities, like spatial visualization, also show average age-related decline. Both classes of abilities have shown substantial generational differences, with more recently born individuals showing better performance on tests of intellectual abilities. Genetic influences play a role in determining age-related change, but other factors are also at play. There is substantial stability of individual differences in intellectual abilities, showing that aging does not radically alter profiles of abilities seen in early adulthood. There are individual differences in magnitudes of age-related changes that are exacerbated by nonnormative age-related diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes), life events, health-degrading behaviors (e.g., tobacco use), and late-life terminal decline. Individual differences in rates of age-related change are partly general (manifested for all abilities) but also ability specific (different persons showing decline on some abilities but not others), perhaps indicating multiple influences on age-related changes. At present it is unknown how much of the observed age-related decline could be mitigated by lifestyle and behavioral interventions prior to the period of late-life disablement. Age-related changes in fluid intelligence do not necessarily translate into functional impairment in demanding everyday activities, given the critical role that knowledge and experience play in self-regulation.

Keywords

agingcohort effectsstabilitylifestyle factorsterminal decline
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence , pp. 181 - 204
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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