Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T00:55:15.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - What Is Sexual Development?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Sharon Lamb
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Boston
Jen Gilbert
Affiliation:
York University, Toronto
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Sexual Development
Childhood and Adolescence
, pp. 13 - 278
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allen, B. (2017). Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: Clinical Characteristics and Relationship to Child Maltreatment. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 189199. doi:10.1007/s10578-016–0633-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation and Its Correlates in an Australian Twin Sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 3, 524536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, R. (2010). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood in Black and White. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bonner, B. L., Walker, C. E., & Berliner, L. (1999). Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: Assessment and Treatment. Final Report. Washington DC: Administration of Children, Youth, and Families, DHHS.Google Scholar
Buchanan, C. M., Eccles, J. S., & Becker, J. (1992). Are Adolescents Victims of Raging Hormones? Evidence for Activational Effects of Hormones. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 62107.Google Scholar
Byers, E. S., Sears, H., & Weaver, A. (2008). Parents’ Reports of Sexual Communication with Children in Kindergarten to Grade 8. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 8696.Google Scholar
Byne, W. (2007). Biology and Sexual Minority Status. In Meyer, I. H. & Northridge, M. E. (Eds.), The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations (6590). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpentier, M.Y., Silovsky, J. F., & Chaffin, M. (2006). Randomized Trial of Treatment for Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: Ten-Year Follow-Up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 482488.Google Scholar
Chaffin, M., Berliner, L., Block, R. et al. (2008). Report of the ATSA Task Force on Children with Sexual Behavior Problems. Child Maltreatment, 13(2), 199218. doi:10.1177/1077559507306718.Google Scholar
Cohan, M. (2009). Adolescent Heterosexual Males Talk about the Role of Male Peer Groups in Their Sexual Decision-Making. Sexuality & Culture, 13, 152177.Google Scholar
Davies, C. & Robinson, K. (2010). Hatching Babies and Stork Deliveries: Risk and Regulation in the Construction of Children’s Sexual Knowledge. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(3), 249262.Google Scholar
de Graaf, H. & Rademakers, J. (2011). The Psychological Measurement of Childhood Sexual Development in Western Societies: Methodological Challenges. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 118129.Google Scholar
DeLamater, J. & Friedrich, W. N. (2002). Human Sexual Development. Journal of Sex Research, 39(1), 1014. doi:10.1080/00224490209552113.Google Scholar
DiIorio, C., Pluhar, E., & Belcher, L. (2003). Parent–Child Communication about Sexuality: A Review of the Literature from 1980–2002. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children, 5(3–4), 732. doi:10.1300/J129v05n03_02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorfman, E. (2010). Foucault versus Freud: On Sexuality and the Unconscious. In Dorfman, E. & De Vlemnick, J. (Eds.), Sexuality and Psychoanalysis: Philosophical Criticisms, Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Drach, K. M., Wientzen, J., & Ricci, L. R. (2001). The Diagnostic of Sexual Behavior Problems in Diagnosing Sexual Abuse in a Forensic Child Abuse Evaluation Clinic. Child Abuse & Neglect 25, 489503.Google Scholar
Egan, R. & Hawkes, G. (2008). Endangered Girls and Incendiary Objects: Unpacking the Discourse on Sexualization. Sexuality & Culture, 12(4): 291311. doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9036-8.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1966). Eight Ages of Man. International Journal of Psychiatry, 2(3), 281307.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2012). Sexuality Education in the United States: Shared Cultural Ideas across a Political Divide. Sociology Compass 6(1), 114.Google Scholar
Firth, H. & Kitzinger, C. (2007). Reformulating Sexual Script Theory. Theory and Psychology, 11(2), 209232.Google Scholar
Fischel, J. J. 2016. Pornographic Protections? Itineraries of Childhood Innocence. Law, Culture and the Humanities 12 (2), 206220. doi:10.1177/1743872113492396.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, C., Deehan, A., & Jennings, S. (1995). Children’s Sexual Behaviour and Knowledge: A Community Study. Irish Journal 0f Psychological Medicine, 12(3), 8791.Google Scholar
Flanagan, L. M. (2011). Object Relations. In Berzoff, J., Flanagan, L. M., & Hertz, P. (Eds.), Inside Out and Outside In: Psychodynamic Clinical Theory and Psychopathology in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts (118157). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Flanagan, P. (2010). Making Molehills into Mountains: Adult Responses to Child Sexuality and Behaviour. Explorations: An E-Journal of Narrative Practice, 1, 5769.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. (2008). A Genuinely Developmental Theory of Sexual Enjoyment and Its Implications for the Psychoanalytic Technique. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 56(1), 1136. doi:10.1177/0003065107313025.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (2006). The Mentalization-Focused Approach to Self Pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544576.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1976 [1905]). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and Its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Friedrich, W. N., Davies, W. H., Feher, E., & Wright, J. (2003). Sexual Behavior Problems in Preteen Children: Developmental, Ecological, and Behavioral Correlates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 95104.Google Scholar
Friedrich, W., Fisher, J., Broughton, D., Houston, M., & Shafran, C. (1998). Mayo Clinic Study: Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample. Pediatrics, 101(4), e9.Google Scholar
Friedrich, W., Grambsch, P., Broughton, D., Kuiper, J., & Beilke, R. (1991). Normative Sexual Behavior in Children. Pediatrics, 88(3), 456464.Google Scholar
Friedrich, W. N., Trane, S. T., & Gully, K. J. (2005). Letter to the Editor: Re: It Is a Mistake to Conclude that Sexual Abuse and Sexual Behavior Are Not Related. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 97302.Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. H. & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Grasso, D. J., Ford, J. D., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2013). Early Life Trauma Exposure and Stress Sensitivity in Young Children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38, 94103.Google Scholar
Grossman, J. M., Charmaraman, L., & Erkut, S. (2016). Do as I Say, Not as I Did: How Parents Talk with Early Adolescents about Sex. Journal of Family Issues, 37(2), 177197. doi:10.1177/0192513X13511955.Google Scholar
Hawkes, G. L. & Egan, R. D. (2008). Developing the Sexual Child. Journal of Historical Sociology, 21, 443465. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2008.00345.x.Google Scholar
Haugaard, J. J. (1996). Sexual Behaviors between Children: Professionals’ Opinions and Undergraduates’ Recollections. Families in Society, 77(2), 8189.Google Scholar
Haugaard, J. & Tilly, C. (1988). Characteristics Predicting Children’s Responses to Sexual Encounters with Other Children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 209218.Google Scholar
Herdt, G. (2006). The Sambia: Ritual, Sexuality, and Change in Papua New Guinea, 2nd edn. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Herdt, G. & McClintock, M. (2007). The Magical Age of 10. In Tepper, M. S., Owens, A., Tepper, M. S., & Owens, A. (Eds.), Sexual Health Vol. 1: Psychological Foundations (183203). Westport: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hershkowitz, I. (2011). The Effects of Abuse History on Sexually Intrusive Behavior by Children: An Analysis of Child Justice Records. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(1), 4049.Google Scholar
Hungerford, A., Wait, S. K., Fritz, A. M., & Clements, C. M. (2012). Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Children’s Psychological Adjustment, Cognitive Functioning, and Social Competence: A Review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 373382.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, M. & Cederbaum, J. A. (2011). Talking to Daddy’s Little Girl about Sex: Daughters’ Reports of Sexual Communication and Support from Fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 32(4), 550572. doi:10.1177/0192513X10384222.Google Scholar
Janssen, D. F. (2002). Growing up Sexually: World Reference Atlas. Retrieved from www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_AFS.HTM.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1984). The Nature of the Child. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kinsey, A. C., Martin, C. E., Gebhard, P. H. et al. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.Google Scholar
Kuhle, B. X., Melzer, D. K., Cooper, C. A. et al. (2014). The “Birds and the Bees” Differ for Boys and Girls: Sex Differences in the Nature of Sex Talks. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 9(2), 107115. doi:10.1037/ebs0000012.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2002). The Secret Lives of Girls: What Good Girls Really Do, Sex Play, Aggression, and Their Guilt. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2004). IV. Sexual Tensions in Girls’ Friendships. Feminism & Psychology, 14(3), 376-382.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2006). Sex, Therapy, and Kids: Addressing Their Concerns through Talk and Play. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. & Brown, L. M. (2006). Packaging Girlhood: Rescuing Our Daughters from Marketers’ Schemes. New York, NY: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. & Coakley, M. (1993). Childhood Sexual Play and Games: Differentiating Play from Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect: the International Journal, 17(4), 515–26.Google Scholar
Leitenberg, H., Greenwald, E., & Tarran, M. J. (1989). The Relation between Sexual Activity among Children during Preadolescence and/or Early Adolescence and Sexual Behavior and Sexual Adjustment in Young Adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18(4), 299313. doi:10.1007/BF01541950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letourneau, E. J., Schoenwald, S. K., & Sheidow, A. J. (2004). Children and Adolescents with Sexual Behavior Problems. Child Maltreatment, 9(1), 4961.Google Scholar
Lévesque, M., Bigras, M., & Pauzé, R. (2010). Externalizing Problems and Problematic Sexual Behaviors: Same Etiology? Aggressive Behavior, 36, 358370. doi:10.1002/ab.20362.Google Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P., & Ozer, E. J. (2005). Preschooler Witnesses of Marital Violence: Predictors and Mediators of Child Behavior Problems. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 385396.Google Scholar
Martin, K. A. (2009). Normalizing Heterosexuality: Mothers’ Assumptions, Talk, and Strategies with Young Children. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 190207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, K. A. & Luke, K. (2010). Gender Differences in the ABC’s of the Birds and the Bees: What Mothers Teach Young Children about Sexuality and Reproduction. Sex Roles, 62(3/4), 278291.Google Scholar
Martin, K. A., Luke, K. P., & Verduzco-Baker, L. (2007). The Sexual Socialization of Young Children: Setting the Agenda for Research. In Social Psychology of Gender (231259). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Martinson, F. M. (1976). Eroticism in Infancy and Childhood. Journal of Sex Research, 12(4), 251262. doi:10.1080/00224497609550945.Google Scholar
Martinson, F. M. (1994). The Sexual Life of Children. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.Google Scholar
Mead, M. (1961). Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar
Milchman, M & Rosenberg, A. (2018) A Foucaultian analysis of psychoanalysis. Accessed at www.academyanalyticarts.org/milchman-foucauldian-analysis, Jan. 30, 2018.Google Scholar
Money, J. (1986). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Okami, P., Olmstead, R., & Abramson, P. R. (1997). Sexual Experiences in Early Childhood: 18-Year Longitudinal Data from the UCLA Family Lifestyles Project. The Journal of Sex Research, 34(4), 339347.Google Scholar
Okami, P., Weisner, T., & Olmstead, R. (2002). Outcome Correlates of Parent–Child Bedsharing: An Eighteen-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(4), 244253.Google Scholar
Pluhar, E. (2007). Childhood Sexuality. In Tepper, M. & Owens, A. F. (Eds.), Sexual Health Vol 1: Psychological Foundations (155181). Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Pluhar, E., DiIorio, C., Jennings, T., & Pines, K. (2005). “Sexual possibility situations” and progressive heterosexual behaviors among children ages 6–12. Poster presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists, May 10, 2005, Portland, OR.Google Scholar
Pluhar, E. I., DiIorio, C. K., & McCarty, F. F. (2008). Correlates of Sexuality Communication among Mothers and 6–12-Year-Old Children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34(3), 283290. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00807.Google Scholar
Pluhar, E., Jennings, T., & DiIorio, C. (2006). Getting an Early Start: Communication about Sexuality among Mothers and Children 6–10 Years Old. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 7(1), 735. doi:10.1300/J499v07n01_02.Google Scholar
Raffaelli, M. & Green, S. (2003). Parent–Adolescent Communications about Sex: Retrospective Reports by Latino College Students. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 474481.Google Scholar
Remafedi, G., Farrow, J. A., & Deisher, R. W. (1993). Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth. In Garnets, L. D. & Kimmel, D. C. (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experiences (486499). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2007). Primary School ‘Studs’: (De)constructing Young Boys’ Heterosexual Masculinities. Men and Masculinities, 9 (3), 275297.Google Scholar
Renold, E., Danielle Egan, R., & Ringrose, J. 2015. Introduction. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Danielle Egan, R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (121). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Roberts, Y. H., Ferguson, M., & Crusto, C. A. (2013). Exposure to Traumatic Events and Health Related Quality of Life in Preschool-Aged Children. Quality of Life Research, n22, 21592168.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. (2013). Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood: The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. & Davies, C. (2014). Doing Sexuality Research with Children: Ethics, Theory, Methods and Practice. Global Studies of Childhood, 4(4), 250263.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. & Davies, C. (2015). Children’s Gendered and Sexual Cultures: Desiring and Regulating Recognition through Life Markers of Marriage, Love and Relationships. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and the ‘Sexualisation of Culture (174190). London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1971). Normal Psychosexual Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 259283.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (1995). An Exploratory Study of Pubertal Maturation Timing and Self-Esteem among Gay and Bisexual Male Youths. Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 5664. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.56.Google Scholar
Silovsky, J. F. & Niec, L. (2002). Characteristics of Young Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: A Pilot Study. Child Maltreatment, 7, 187197.Google Scholar
Silovsky, J. F., Niec, L., Bard, D., & Hecht, D. B. (2007). Treatment for Preschool Children with Interpersonal Sexual Behavior Problems: A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(3), 378391. doi:10.1080/15374410701444330.Google Scholar
St. Amand, A., Bard, D. E., & Silovsky, J. F. (2008). Meta-Analysis of Treatment For Child Sexual Behavior Problems: Practice Elements and Outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 13(2), 145166. doi:10.1177/1077559508315353.Google Scholar
Tebele, C., Nel, K. A, & Michaelides, M. J (2013). The Undize Phenomenon – South African Childhood Sex Games and Their Contributions to Early Sexual Experiences. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(2), 323326.Google Scholar
Thigpen, J. W. (2009). Early Sexual Behavior in a Sample of Low-Income, African American Children. Journal of Sex Research, 46(1), 6779. doi:10.1080/00224490802645286.Google Scholar
Thigpen, J. W. (2012). Childhood Sexuality: Exploring Culture as Context. In Carpenter, L. M. & DeLamater, J. (Eds.), Sex for Life: From Virginity to Viagra, How Sexuality Changes throughout Our Lives (43106). New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Waisbrod, N. & Reicher, B. (2014). What Happened to Eric? The Derailment of Sexual Development. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(1), 94113. doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.864745.Google Scholar
Wang, N. (2016). Parent–Adolescent Communication about Sexuality in Chinese Families. Journal of Family Communication, 16(3). doi:10.1080/15267431.2016.1170685.Google Scholar
Wilson, E., Dalberth, B., & Koo, H. (2010). “We’re the Heroes!”: Fathers’ Perspectives on Their Role in Protecting Their Preteenage Children from Sexual Risk. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42 (2), 117124.Google Scholar

References

Ariès, P. (1960). Centuries of Childhood. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Attwood, F. (ed.) (2009). Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualisation of Western Culture. London: I. B. Taurus & Co.Google Scholar
Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Burr, V. (1995). An Introduction to Social Constructionism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Camic, C. (1986). The Matter of Habit. The American Journal of Sociology, 91(5), 10391087.Google Scholar
Dines, G. (2011). Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked Our Sexuality. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Dunning, E. & Hughes, J. (2013). Norbert Elias and Modern Sociology: Knowledge, Interdependence, Power, Process. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Durham, M. G. (2008). The Lolita Effect: The Media Sexualization of Young Girls and What We Can Do about It. Woodstock: The Overlook Press.Google Scholar
Egan, D. (2013). Becoming Sexual: A Critical Appraisal of the Sexualization of Girls. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Egan, D. R. & Hawkes, G. (2009). The Problem with Protection: Or, Why We Need to Move towards Recognition and the Sexual Agency of Children. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 23(3), 389400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, N. (1978). What Is Sociology? New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Elias, N. (1987). Involvement and Detachment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.Google Scholar
Elias, N. (1991). The Society of Individuals. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Elias, N. (1994). The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Elias, N. & Scotson, J. L. (1994). The Established and the Outsiders. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Elias, N., van Krieken, R. & Dunning, E. (1997). Towards a Theory of Social Processes: A Translation. The British Journal of Sociology, 48(3), 355383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume 1 an Introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1983). The Subject and Power. In Dreyfus, H. & Rabinow, P. (Eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1977). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. London: Penguin Books Ltd, originally published in 1905.Google Scholar
Furedi, F. (2001). Paranoid Parenting. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Gittins, D. (1998). The Child in Question. Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1999). The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkes, G. (1996). A Sociology of Sex and Sexuality. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkes, G. & Egan, R. D. (2008). Landscapes of Erotophobia: The Sexual(ized) Child in the Postmodern Anglophone World. Sexuality & Culture, 12(4), 193203.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (1982). Childhood and Sexuality. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
James, A. & James, A. L. (2004). Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jenks, C. (1996). Childhood. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kehily, M. J. (2010). Childhood in Crisis? Tracing the Contours of ‘Crisis’ and Its Impact upon Contemporary Parenting Practices. Media, Culture & Society, 32(2), 171185.Google Scholar
Kippax, S. & Smith, G. (2001). Anal Intercourse and Power in Sex between Men. Sexualities, 4(4), 413434.Google Scholar
Kitzinger, J. (1997). Who Are You Kidding? Children, Power, and the Struggle against Sexual Abuse. In James, A. & Prout, A. (Eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood (165189). London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Lahire, B. (2013). Elias, Freud and the Human Science In Dépelteau, F. & Landini, T. S. (Eds.), Norbert Elias and Social Theory (7589). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Leaton Gray, S. & Phippen, A. (2017). Invisibly Blighted: The Digital Erosion of Childhood. London: UCL Institute of Education Press.Google Scholar
Levin, D. E. & Kilbourne, J. (2008). So Sexy So Soon: The New Sexualized Childhood and What Parents Can Do to Protect Their Kids. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Lind, C. (1998). Law, Childhood Innocence and Sexuality. In Moran, L. et al. (Eds), Legal Queeries: Lesbian, Gay and Transgender Legal Studies. London: Cassell.Google Scholar
Louv, R. (2008). Last Child in the Woods: Saving our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. North Carolina: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Loyal, S. & Quilley, S. (2004). Towards a “Central Theory”: The Scope and Relevance of the Sociology of Norbert Elias. In Loyal, S. & Quilley, S. (Eds), The Sociology of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McNair, B. (2002). Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mennell, S. (2011) ‘Norbert Elias: Beyond Freud’ http://norberteliasfoundation.nl/blog/?p=345.Google Scholar
Moore, A. (2010). ‘I’ and ‘We’ Identities – An Eliasian Perspective on Lesbian and Gay Identities. Sociological Research Online, 15 (4), www.socresonline.org.uk/15/4/10.html.Google Scholar
Moore, A. (2013) For Adults Only? Young People and (Non)participation in Sexual Decision Making. Global Studies of Childhood 3(2), 163172.Google Scholar
Moore, A. & Reynolds, P. (2017), Childhood and Sexuality: Contemporary Issues and Debates. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Olfman, S. (Ed.) (2008). The Sexualization of Childhood. Westport: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Paassonen, S., Nikunen, K. & Saaenmaa, L. (2007). Pornification: Sex and Sexuality in Media Culture. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. (2007). Toxic Childhood: How the Modern World Is Damaging Our Children and What We Can Do about It. London: Orion Books.Google Scholar
Petchesky, R. P. (2001). Sexual Rights Inventing a Concept Mapping an International Practice. In Blasius, M. (Ed.), Sexual Identities Queer Politics (118139). Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pollack, L. (1983). Forgotten Children: Parent–Child Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Postman, N. (1983). The Disappearance of Childhood. London: W.H Allen.Google Scholar
Quilley, S. & Loyal, S. (2005). Eliasian Sociology as a ‘Central Theory’ for the Human Sciences. Current Sociology, 53(5), 807828.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2005). Girls, Boys and Junior Sexualities: Exploring Children’s Gender and Sexual Relations in the Primary School. London: Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. (2012). ‘Difficult Citizenship’: The Precarious Relationships between Childhood, Sexuality and Access to Knowledge. Sexualities, 15(3/4), 257276.Google Scholar
Roseneil, S. & Ketokivi, K. (2016). Relational Persons and Relational Processes: Developing the Notion of Relationality for the Sociology of Personal Life. Sociology, 50(1), 143159.Google Scholar
Shahar, S. (1992). Childhood in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Thomson, R. (2004). Sexuality and Young People: Policies, Practices and Identities. In Jean Carabine, J. (Ed.), Sexualities: Personal Lives and Social Policy (85122). Bristol: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
van Krieken, R. (1998). Norbert Elias. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Walkerdine, V. (2001). Safety and Danger: Childhood, Sexuality and Space at the End of the Millennium. In Hultqvist, K. & Dahlberg, G. (Eds), Governing the Child in the New Millennium. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Walter, N. (2011). Living Dolls the Return of Sexism. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. (2007). The World We Have Won. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

References

Allen, L. & Ingram, T. (2015). “Bieber Fever”: Girls, Desire and the Negotiation of Childhood Sexualities. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualisation (141158). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Alsop, R., Fitzsimmons, A., & Lennon, K. (2002). Theorizing Gender. London: Polity.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. L. & Robards, F. (2013). What Is Adolescence and Who Are Adolescents? In Kang, M., Skinner, S. R., Sanci, L. A., Sawyer, S. M. (Eds.), Youth Health and Adolescent Medicine (pp. 319). Melbourne, Australia: I.P. Communications Pty. Ltd.Google Scholar
Bhana, D. (2008). Discourses of Childhood Innocence in Primary School: HIV AIDS Education in South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 7(1), 149158.Google Scholar
Bhana, D. (2014). Under Pressure: The Regulation of Sexualities in South African Schools. Braamfontein, South Africa: MaThoko’s Books.Google Scholar
Blaise, M. (2005). Playing It Straight!: Uncovering Gender Discourses in the Early Childhood Classroom. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blaise, M. (2009). “What a Girl Wants, What a Girl Needs”: Responding to Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in the Early Childhood Classroom. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 23(4), 450460.Google Scholar
Bond Stockton, K. (2009) The Queer Child, or Growing Sideways in the Twentieth Century. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Britzman, D. P. (2000). Precocious Education. In Talburt, S. & Steinberg, S. R. (Eds.), Thinking Queer: Sexuality, Culture and Education. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1993). Bodies That Matter: on the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (2004). Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, J., Segal, L., & Osbo, P. (1994). Gender as Performance: An Interview with Judith Butler. Radical Philosophy, 67, 3239.Google Scholar
Corteen, K. & Scraton, P. (1997). Prolonging “Childhood”, Manufacturing “Innocence” and Regulating Sexuality. In Scraton, P. (Ed.), Childhood in “Crisis”. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Davies, B. (1989). Frogs and Snails and Feminist Tails: Preschool Children and Gender. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Davies, C. (2008). Becoming Sissy: A Response to David McInnes. In Davies, B. (Ed.), Judith Butler in Conversation: Analysing the Texts and Talk of Everyday Life (pp. 117133). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davies, C. & Robinson, K. H. (2010). Hatching Babies and Stork Deliveries: Risk and Regulation in the Construction of Children’s Sexual Knowledge. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(3), 249263.Google Scholar
Davies, C. & Robinson, K. H. (2013). Reconceptualising Family: Negotiating Sexuality in a Governmental Climate of Neoliberalism. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14(1), 3953.Google Scholar
Davies, C., Skinner, R. S., Odgers, H. L., Khut, G. P., & Morrow, A. (2018). The Use of Mobile and New Media Technologies in a Health Intervention about HPV and HPV Vaccination in Schools. In Grealy, L. D., Driscoll, C., & Hickey-Moody, A. (Eds.), Youth, Technology, Governance, Experience: Adults Understanding Young Lives. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Egan, R. D. (2015). Desexualizing the Freudian Child in a Culture of “Sexualization”: Trends and Implications. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, R. D. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (pp. 105123). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Egan, D. R. & Hawkes, G. (2010) Theorizing the Sexual Child in Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Elliott, S. (2012). Not My Kid: What Parents Believe about the Sex Lives of Their Teenagers. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, D. (1995). ‘Girls Don’t Do Bricks’: Gender and Sexuality in the Primary Classroom. In Siraj-Blatchford, J. & Siraj-Blatchford, I. (Eds.), Educating the Whole Child: Cross-Curricular Skills Themes and Dimensions. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2008). Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, Series in Childhood Studies.Google Scholar
Fields, J. & Payne, E. (2016). Editorial Introduction: Gender and Sexuality Taking Up Space in Schooling. Sex Education, 16(1), 17.Google Scholar
Ford, C. & Beach, F. (1951). Patterns of Sexual Behavior. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1984). The History of Sexuality. Volume 1, An Introduction. Hurley, R. (Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1976 [1905]). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. (1965). Sexuality and Sexual Learning in the Child. Psychiatry, 28, 212228.Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. (1973). The Creation of the Sexual in Early Adolescence. In Groubard, S. (Ed.), From Twelve to Sixteen. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. & Simon, W. (1974). Sexual Conduct. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J. (2014). Sexuality in School: The Limits of Education. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, R. & Goldman, J. (1982). Children’s Sexual Thinking: A Comparative Study of Children Aged 5 to 15 Years in Australia, North America, Britain and Sweden. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (1982). Childhood and Sexuality. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Scott, S. (2015). A Sociological History of Researching Childhood and Sexuality: Continuities and Discontinuities. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualisation. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Vares, T. (2015). New Visibilities? Using Video Diaries to Explore Girls’ Experiences of Sexualized Culture. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization. London: Plagrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jagose, A. (1996). Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kromidas, M. (2015). “He’s Cute, for Her”: Kids’ Entangled Pedagogies of Sexuality and Race in New York City. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (pp. 159173). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2001). The Secret Lives of Girls: What Good Girls Really Do – Sex Play, Aggression and Their Guilt. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Lupton, D. (1992). Discourse Analysis: A New Methodology for Understanding the Ideologies of Health and Illness. Australian Journal of Public Health, 16(2), 145150.Google Scholar
Mead, M. (1948 [1935]). Sex and Temperament. New York: Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1959). The Language and Thought of the Child (3rd edn.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1960). The Child’s Conception of the World. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2005). Girls, Boys, and Junior Sexualities: Exploring Children’s Gender and Sexual Relations in the Primary School. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2006). “They Won’t Let Us Play … Unless You’re Going Out with Them”: Girls, Boys and Butler’s “Heterosexual Matrix” in the Primary Years. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(4), 489509.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. (2013). Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood: The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. & Davies, C. (2008). Docile Bodies and Heteronormative Moral Subjects: Constructing the Child and Sexual Knowledge in Schooling. Sexuality & Culture, 12(4), 221239. doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9037-7Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. & Davies, C. (2014). Doing Sexuality Research with Children: Ethics, Theory, Methods and Practice. 4, 4(4), 250263.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. & Davies, C. (2015). Children’s Gendered and Sexual Cultures: Desiring and Regulating Recognition through Life Markers of Marriage, Love and Relationships. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and ‘Sexualization (174190). London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H., Smith, E., & Davies, C. (2017). Responsibilities, Tensions, and Ways Forward: Parents’ Perspectives on Children’s Sexuality Education. Sex Education, 17(3), 333347.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P. & Cappello, D. (2001). Ten Talks Parents Must Have with Their Children about Sex and Character. Rydalmere: Hodder Headline Australia.Google Scholar
Simon, W. & Gagnon, J. (1996). On Psychosexual Development. In Goslin, D. A. (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (pp. 733752). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender Play: Boys and Girls in School. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. (1985). Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths, and Modern Sexualities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

References

American Psychological Association (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ariès, P. (1962). Centuries of Childhood. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York and London: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter. Signs, 28(3), 801831.Google Scholar
Boone, T. (2005). Youth of Darkest England: Working-Class Children at the Heart of Victorian Empire. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Brown, L., Lamb, S., & Tappan, M. B. (2009). Packaging Boyhood: Superheroes, Slackers, and Other Media Stereotypes, New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Cahill, S. & Jones, K. T. (2002). Child Sexual Abuse and Homosexuality: The Long History of the “Gays as Pedophiles” Fallacy. Retrieved October 3, 2002, from www.NGLTF.org.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. (1988) Spinoza: Practical Philosophy (4851). Translated by Robert Hurley. San Francisco: City Lights Books.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (2005). A Thousand Plateaus. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Dines, G. & Levy, D. (2013, August 1). A rare defeat for corporate lobbyists. Counterpunch. www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/01/a-rare-defeat-for-corporate-lobbyists/.Google Scholar
Duschinsky, R. (2013a). Sexualization: A State of Injury. Theory & Psychology, 23(3), 351370. doi:10.1177/0959354312469732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duschinsky, R. (2013b). The Emergence of Sexualization as a Social Problem: 1981–2010. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 20 (1), 137156. doi:10.1093/sp/jxs016.Google Scholar
Egan, R. & Hawkes, G. (2008). Endangered Girls and Incendiary Objects: Unpacking the Discourse on Sexualization, Sexuality & Culture, 12(4), 291311. doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9036-8.Google Scholar
Egan, R. & Hawkes, G. (2010). Theorizing the Sexual Child in Modernity. Gordonsville: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Faulkner, J. (2013). Vulnerability of “Virtual” Subjects: Childhood, Memory, and Crisis in the Cultural Value of Innocence. Substance 42(3), 127147. doi:10.1353/sub.2013.0029.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2008). Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fischel, J. J. (2016). Pornographic Protections? Itineraries of Childhood Innocence. Law, Culture and the Humanities 12(2), 206220. doi:10.1177/1743872113492396.Google Scholar
Fuss, D. (1995). Identification Papers, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gill, R. (2012). Media, Empowerment and the “Sexualization of Culture” Debates. Sex Roles 66(11–12), 736745. doi:10.1007/s11199-011–0107-1.Google Scholar
Giroux, H. A. (1998). Nymphet Fantasies: Child Beauty Pageants and the Politics of Innocence. Social Text, no. 57, 3153.Google Scholar
Grillo, T. (2013). Anti-essentialism and Intersectionality: Tools to Dismantle the Master’s House. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, 10(1), 1630. doi:10.15779/Z38MC6W.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (2009). What’s Happening to Our Girls? Melbourne: Penguin Group Australia.Google Scholar
Haraway, D. (1991). Cyborgs, Simians and Women. London: Free Association Books.Google Scholar
Higgonet, A. (1998). Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Irvine, J. M. (2004). Talk about Sex. The Battles over Sex Education in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
James, A., Jenks, C., & Prout, A. (1998). Theorising Childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Jenks, C. (1996). Childhood. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. (1998). Introduction: Childhood Innocence and Other Modern Myths. In Jenkins, H. (Ed.), The Children’s Culture Reader. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kincaid, J. (1998). Erotic Innocence: The Culture of Child Molesting. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kinney, A. B. (1995). Chinese Views of Childhood. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Kristeva, J. & Roudiez, L. S. (1982). Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2010). Feminist Ideals of Healthy Female Adolescent Sexuality: A Critique. Sex Roles, 62(5/6), 294306.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. & Brown, L. M. (2006). Packaging Girlhood: Rescuing Our Daughters from Marketers’ Schemes. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, S., Graling, K., & Lustig, K. (2013). The Use and Misuse of Pleasure in Sex Education Curricula. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 13(3), 305318. doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.738604.Google Scholar
Lott, T. (2013, May 10). What exactly is the innocence of childhood. The Guardian.Google Scholar
Maďarová, Z. (2015). Love and Fear. Argumentative Strategies against Gender Equality in Slovakia In Anti-gender Movements on the Rise?: Strategising for Gender Equality in Central and Eastern Europe (3342). Berlin: Heinrich Böll Stiftung.Google Scholar
Najafi, S. & Higonnet, A. (2003). Picturing innocence: An interview with Anne Higonnet. Cabinet, Issue 9. www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/9/picturing_innocence.php.Google Scholar
Orme, N. (2001). Medieval Children. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Paternotte, D. (2015). Blessing the Crowds. Catholic Mobilisations against Gender in Europe. In Hark, S. & Villa, P.-I. (Eds.), Anti-Genderismus. Sexualität und Geschlecht als Schauplätze aktueller politischer Auseinandersetzungen (129147). Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2005). Girls, Boys and Junior Sexualities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Renold, E. & Ringrose, J. (2008). Regulation and Rupture: Mapping Tween and Teenage Girls’ “Resistance” to the Heterosexual Matrix. Feminist Theory 9(3), 335360.Google Scholar
Ringrose, J. & Reynold, E. (2012). Slut-Shaming, Girl Power and “Sexualisation”: Thinking through the Politics of the International SlutWalks with Teen Girls. Gender and Education, 24(3), 333343. doi:10.1080/09540253.2011.645023.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. (2008). In the Name of ‘Childhood Innocence’; A Discursive Exploration of the Moral Panic Associated with Childhood and Sexuality. Cultural Studies Review, 14(2), 113129.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. H. (2012). “Difficult Citizenship”: The Precarious Relationships between Childhood, Sexuality and Access to Knowledge. Sexualities 15(3/4), 257276. doi:10.1177/1363460712436469.Google Scholar
Russell, G. & Kelly, N. (2003). Subtle Stereotyping: The Media, Homosexuality, and the Priest Sexual Abuse Scandal. Amherst: The Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies.Google Scholar
Schmincke, I. (2015). Das Kind als Chiffre politischer Auseinandersetzung am Beispiel neuer konservativer Protestbewegungen in Frankreich und Deutschland. In Hark, S. & Villa, P.-I. (Eds.), Anti-Genderismus. Sexualität und Geschlecht als Schauplätze aktueller politischer Auseinandersetzungen (93107). Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.Google Scholar
Skeggs, B. (2004). Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spivak, G. C. (1990). The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. R. (2000). Public Policy, Homosexuality and the Sexual Coercion of Children. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 12(4), 8.Google Scholar
Walkerdine, V. (1997). Daddy’s Girl: Young Girls and Popular Culture. London, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Walkerdine, V. (2001). Safety and Danger: Childhood, Sexuality, and Space at the End of the Millennium. In Hultqvist, K. & Dahlberg, G. (Eds.), Governing the Child in the New Millennium, (1534). New York and London: Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
Whittier, N. (2009). The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Emotion, Social Movements, and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young-Bruehl, E. (2012). Childism: Confronting Prejudice against Children. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. (2009). Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Diamond, L. M., Breedlove, S. M., Vilain, E., & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 45101.Google Scholar
Bockting, W. O. (2014). Transgender Identity Development. In Tolman, D. L. & Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Vol. 1: Person-based Approaches. (739758). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bornstein, K. (1994). Gender Outlaw: Men, Women, and the Rest of Us. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Camras, L. A. & Witherington, D. C. (2005). Dynamical Systems Approaches to Emotional Development. Developmental Review, 25(3), 328350.Google Scholar
Carroll, L., Gilroy, P. J., & Ryan, J. (2002). Counseling Trangendered, Transsexual, and Gender-Variant Clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 131138.Google Scholar
Carver, P. R., Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (2004). Children Who Question Their Heterosexuality. Developmental Psychology, 40(1), 4353. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.43.Google Scholar
Cass, V. (1979). Homosexual Identity Formation: A Theoretical Model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4, 219235.Google Scholar
Cass, V. (1984). Homosexual Identity: A Concept in Need of a Definition. Journal of Homosexuality, 9, 105126.Google Scholar
Cass, V. (1990). The Implications of Homosexual Identity Formation for the Kinsey Model and Scale of Sexual Preference. In McWhirter, D. P., Sanders, S. A., & Reinisch, J. M. (Eds.), Homosexuality/Heterosexuality: Concepts of Sexual Orientation (239266). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Curtis, W. J. (2006). The Developing Brain and Neural Plasticity: Implications for Normality, Psychopathology, and Resilience. In Cicchetti, D., Cohen, D. J., Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology: Developmental Neuroscience, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. (pp. 164). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Cohen, K. M. & Savin-Williams, R. C. (1996). Developmental Perspectives on Coming Out to Self and Others. In Savin-Williams, R. C. & Cohen, K. M. (Eds.), The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults (pp. 113151). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Coleman, E. (1981/1982). Developmental Stages of the Coming Out Process. Journal of Homosexuality, 7, 3143.Google Scholar
Denny, D. (2004). Changing Models of Transsexualism. In Leli, U. & Drescher, J. (Eds.), Transgender Subjectivities: A Clinician’s Guide. (2540). New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Devor, A. H. (2004). Witnessing and Mirroring: A Fourteen Stage Model of Transsexual Identity Formation. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8(1), 4167.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2003). Was It a Phase? Young Women’s Relinquishment of Lesbian/Bisexual Identities over a 5-Year Period. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 352364.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2008). Female Bisexuality from Adolescence to Adulthood: Results from a 10 Year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, 44, 514. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.5.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2016). Sexual Fluidity in Males and Females. Current Sexual Health Reports. 8(4), 249256. doi:10.1007/s11930-016-0092-z.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M., Pardo, S. T., & Butterworth, M. R. (2011). Border Crossings: Transgender Experience and Identity. In Schwartz, S., Luyckx, K., & Vignoles, V. (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (629648). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. & Rosky, C. J. (2016). Scrutinizing Immutability: Research on Sexual Orientation and U.S. Legal Advocacy for Sexual Minorities. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4/5), 363391. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1139665.Google Scholar
Drummond, K. D., Bradley, S. J., Peterson-Badali, M., & Zucker, K. J. (2008). A Follow-Up Study of Girls with Gender Identity Disorder. Developmental Psychology, 44, 3445. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.34.Google Scholar
Dubé, E. M. & Savin-Williams, R. C. (1999). Sexual Identity Development among Ethnic Sexual-Minority Male Youths. Developmental Psychology, 35, 13891398. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1389.Google Scholar
Ekins, R. & King, D. (1999). Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies. The Sociological Review, 47, 580602. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00185.Google Scholar
Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., Hertzman, C., et al. (2013). Epigenetic Vestiges of Early Developmental Adversity: Childhood Stress Exposure and DNA Methylation in Adolescence. Child Development, 84(1), 5875. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2012). The Dynamic Development of Gender Variability. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 398421. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.653310.Google Scholar
Fogel, A. (1993). Developing through Relationships. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fogel, A. & Thelen, E. (1987). Development of Early Expressive and Communicative Action: Reinterpreting the Evidence from a Dynamic Systems Perspective. Developmental Psychology, 23(6), 747761.Google Scholar
Ford, D. L. & Lerner, R. M. (1992). Developmental Systems Theory: An Integrative Approach. Newberry Park: Sage.Google Scholar
Gagné, P., Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming Out and Crossing Over: Identity Formation and Proclamation in a Transgender Community. Gender & Society, 11(4), 478508.Google Scholar
Galván, A. (2010). Neural Plasticity of Development and Learning. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 879890. doi:10.1002/hbm.21029.Google Scholar
Golden, C. (1996). What’s in a Name? Sexual Self-Identification among Women. In Savin-Williams, R. C. & Cohen, K. M. (Eds.), The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults (229249). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Granic, I. (2005). Timing Is Everything: Developmental Psychopathology from a Dynamic Systems Perspective. Developmental Review, 25(3), 386407.Google Scholar
Granic, I. & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a Comprehensive Model of Antisocial Development: A Dynamic Systems Approach. Psychological Review, 113(1), 101131.Google Scholar
Halberstam, J. (2005). In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, M. A., Ehrensaft, D., Tishelman, A. C., et al. (2013). The Gender Affirmative Model: What We Know and What We Aim to Learn. Human Development, 56(5), 285290. doi:10.1159/000355235.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, H. (2012). Considering the Role of Conditioning in Sexual Orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 6371. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9915-9.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, H., Janssen, E., & Turner, S. L. (2004). Classical Conditioning of Sexual Arousal in Women and Men: Effects of Varying Awareness and Biological Relevance of the Conditioned Stimulus. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(1), 4353.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Ackerman, B. P., Schoff, K. M., & Fine, S. E. (2000). Self-organization of Discrete Emotions, Emotion Patterns, and Emotion-Cognition Relations. In Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I. (Eds.), Emotion, Development, and Self-organization: Dynamic Systems Approaches to Emotional Development. (1536). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar
Kitzinger, C. (1995). Social Constructionism: Implications for Lesbian and Gay Psychology. In D’Augelli, A. R. & Patterson, C. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan (136161). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kitzinger, C. & Wilkinson, S. (1995). Transitions from Heterosexuality to Lesbianism: The Discursive Production of Lesbian Identities. Developmental Psychology, 31, 95104.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L., Ullian, D. Z., Friedman, R. C., Richart, R. M., Vande Wiele, R. L., & Stern, L. O. (1974). Stages in the Development of Psychosexual Concepts and Attitudes Sex Differences in Behavior. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2013). Childhood Sexuality. In Tolman, D. L. & Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook on Psychology and Sexuality. Washington, DC: APA Press.Google Scholar
Levine, S. B., Brown, G. R., Coleman, E., et al. (1999). The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 11(2), 134.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (2000). The Promise of Dynamic Systems Approaches for an Integrated Account of Human Development. Child Development, 71(1), 3643.Google Scholar
Li, S.-C. (2013). Neuromodulation and Developmental Contextual Influences on Neural and Cognitive Plasticity across the Lifespan. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(9, Part B), 22012208. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.019.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, S. F. (1985). On the Diversity of Love Object Orientations among Women. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 3(2/3), 724.Google Scholar
Mallon, G. P. & DeCrescenzo, T. (2006). Transgender Children and Youth: A Child Welfare Practice Perspective. Child Welfare Journal, 85(2), 215241.Google Scholar
Martin, C. L. & Ruble, D. (2004). Children’s Search for Gender Cues: Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 6770.Google Scholar
McClintock, M. K. & Herdt, G. (1996). Rethinking Puberty: The Development of Sexual Attraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 178183. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512422.Google Scholar
McHugh, P. (2013). Brief of Amicus Curiae concerning the immutability of sexual orientations in support of affirmance on the merits, Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675 (Nos. 12–307).Google Scholar
Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the Biological Definition of Gene X Environment Interactions. Child Development, 81(1), 4179. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x.Google Scholar
Morgan, S. W. & Stevens, P. E. (2008). Transgender Identity Development as Represented By a Group of Female-to-Male Transgendered Adults. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29(6), 585599.Google Scholar
Naumova, O. Y., Hein, S., Suderman, M., et al. (2016). Epigenetic Patterns Modulate the Connection between Developmental Dynamics of Parenting and Offspring Psychosocial Adjustment. Child Development, 87(1), 98110. doi:10.1111/cdev.12485.Google Scholar
Ngun, T. C., Guo, W., Ghahramani, N. M., et al. (2015). A Novel Predictive Model of Sexual Orientation Using Epigenetic Markers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Ngun, T. C. & Vilain, E. (2014). The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation: Is There a Role for Epigenetics? Advances in Genetics, 86, 167184. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5.Google Scholar
Nowak, A., Vallacher, R. R., & Zochowski, M. (2005). The Emergence of Personality: Dynamic Foundations of Individual Variation. Developmental Review, 25(3), 351385.Google Scholar
Overton, W. F. (2013). A New Paradigm For Developmental Science: Relationism and Relational-Developmental Systems. Applied Developmental Science, 17, 94107.Google Scholar
Ott, M. Q., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Rosario, M., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Stability and Change in Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in Young People: Application of Mobility Metrics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 519532. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9691-3Google Scholar
Poston, W. C. (1990). The Biracial Identity Development Model: A Needed Addition. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(2), 152155. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01477.x.Google Scholar
Rice, W. R., Friberg, U., & Gavrilets, S. (2012). Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development. The Quarterly Review Of Biology, 87(4), 343368.Google Scholar
Roen, K. (2002). “Either/or” and “Both/Neither”: Discursive Tensions in Transgender Politics. Signs, 27(2), 501522. doi:10.1086/495695.Google Scholar
Rohlfs Domínguez, P. (2014). Promoting Our Understanding of Neural Plasticity by Exploring Developmental Plasticity in Early and Adult Life. Brain Research Bulletin, 107, 3136. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.006.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2008). Predicting Different Patterns of Sexual Identity Development over Time among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Cluster Analytic Approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 42(3–4), 266282. doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9207-7.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2011). Different Patterns of Sexual Identity Development over Time: Implications for the Psychological Adjustment of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths. Journal of Sex Research, 48(1), 315.Google Scholar
Roth, T. L. & Sweatt, J. D. (2011). Annual Research Review: Epigenetic Mechanisms and Environmental Shaping of the Brain during Sensitive Periods of Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(4), 398408. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02282.x.Google Scholar
Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2006). Gender Development. In Eisenberg, N., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th ed.: Vol 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. (858932). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Ruble, D. N., Taylor, L. J., Cyphers, L., Greulich, F. K., Lurye, L. E., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). The Role of Gender Constancy in Early Gender Development. Child Development, 78(4), 11211136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01056.x.Google Scholar
Saghir, M. T. & Robins, E. (1973). Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (1998). “… And Then I Became Gay”: Young Men’s Stories. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2011). Identity Development among Sexual-Minority Youth. In Schwartz, S., Luyckx, K., & Vignoles, V. (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (671689). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Smith, L. B. & Thelen, E. (1993). A Dynamic Systems Approach to Development: Applications. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Steensma, T. D., Biemond, R., de Boer, F., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Desisting and Persisting Gender Dysphoria after Childhood: A Qualitative Follow-Up Study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(4), 499516. doi:10.1177/1359104510378303.Google Scholar
Steensma, T. D. & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2015). More than Two Developmental Pathways in Children with Gender Dysphoria? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 147148. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.016.Google Scholar
Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P. C., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Factors Associated with Desistence and Persistence of Childhood Gender Dysphoria: A Quantitative Follow-Up Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 582590. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.016.Google Scholar
Thelen, E., Kelso, J. A. S., & Fogel, A. (1987). Self-Organizing Systems and Infant Motor Development. Developmental Review, 7(1), 3965.Google Scholar
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. B. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. B. (1998). Dynamic Systems Theories. In Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Volume 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development, 5th edn. (563634). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Troiden, R. R. (1989). The Formation of Homosexual Identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 17, 4373.Google Scholar
Vallacher, R. R., Nowak, A., & Zochowski, M. (2005). Dynamics of Social Coordination: The Synchronization of Internal States in Close Relationships. Interaction Studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems, 6(1), 3552.Google Scholar
van Geert, P. & Steenbeek, H. (2005). Explaining after by before: Basic Aspects of a Dynamic Systems Approach to the Study of Development. Developmental Review, 25(3), 408442.Google Scholar
Wallien, M. S. C. & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2008). Psychosexual Outcome of Gender-Dysphoric Children. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(12), 14131423. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818956b9.Google Scholar

References

Aggleton, P. & Campbell, C. (2000). Working with Young People – Towards an Agenda for Sexual Health. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15(3), 283296. doi:10.1080/14681990050109863.Google Scholar
Ahmadi, N. (2003). Migration Challenges Views on Sexuality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(4), 684706. doi:10.1080/0141987032000087361.Google Scholar
Al Omari, O., Abdel Razeq, N. M., & Fooladi, M. M. (2015). Experience of Menarche among Jordanian Adolescent Girls: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 29(3), 246251. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.09.005.Google Scholar
Attwood, F. (2007). Sluts and Riot Grrrls: Female Identity and Sexual Agency. Journal of Gender Studies, 16(3), 233247. doi:10.1080/09589230701562921.Google Scholar
Bale, C. (2011). Raunch or Romance? Framing and Interpreting the Relationship between Sexualized Culture and Young People’s Sexual Health. Sex Education, 11(3), 303313. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.590088.Google Scholar
Bartky, S. (1999). Skin Deep: Femininity as a Disciplinary Regime. In Daring to Be Good: Essays in Feminist Ethics and Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Beausang, C. C. & Razor, A. G. (2000). Young Western Women’s Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation. Health Care for Women International, 21(6), 517528. doi:10.1080/07399330050130304.Google Scholar
Beck, A., Majumdar, A., Estcourt, C., & Petrak, J. (2005). “We Don’t Really Have Cause to Discuss These Things, They Don’t Affect Us”: A Collaborative Model for Developing Culturally Appropriate Sexual Health Services with the Bangladeshi Community of Tower Hamlets. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(2), 158162. doi:10.1136/sti.2004.012195.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. & Harden, J. (2014). An Exploration of Mothers’ Attitudes towards Their Daughters’ Menarche. Sex Education, 14(4), 457470. doi:10.1080/14681811.2014.922862.Google Scholar
Bennett, L. R. (2005). Women, Islam and Modernity: Single Women, Sexuality and Reproductive Health in Contemporary Indonesia. New York: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
Bishop, E. C. (2012). Examining the Raunch Culture Thesis through Young Australian Women’s Interpretations of Contradictory Discourses. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(7), 821840. doi:10.1080/13676261.2012.693597.Google Scholar
Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Culture and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Botfield, J. R., Newman, C. E., & Zwi, A. B. (2016). Young People from Culturally Diverse Backgrounds and Their Use of Services for Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs: A Structured Scoping Review. Sexual Health, 13(1), 19. doi:10.1071/SH15090.Google Scholar
Bramwell, R. (2001). Blood and Milk: Constructions of Female Bodily Fluids in Western Society. Women & Health, 34(4), 8596. doi:10.1300/J013v34n04_06.Google Scholar
Braun, V. & Wilkinson, S. (2001). Socio-cultural Representations of the Vagina. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 19(1), 1732. doi:10.1080/02646830020032374.Google Scholar
Brown, C. (2007). Feminist Therapy, Violence, Problem Drinking and Re-Storying Women’s Lives: Reconceptualizing Anti-Oppressive Feminist Therapy. In Baines, D. (Ed.), Doing Anti-Oppressive Practice (128144). Halifax: Fernwood publishing.Google Scholar
Bunevicius, R., Kusminskas, L., Bunevicius, A., Nadisauskiene, R. J., Jureniene, K., & Pop, V. J. M. (2009). Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression during Pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 88(5), 599605. doi:10.1080/00016340902846049.Google Scholar
Burrows, A. & Johnson, S. (2005). Girls’ Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 23(3), 235249. doi:10.1080/02646830500165846.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Subramanian, S. V., Acevedo-Garcia, D., & Kawachi, I. (2005). Women’s Status and Depressive Symptoms: A Mulitlevel Analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 4960.Google Scholar
Chrisler, J. C. (2011). Leaks, Lumps, and Lines: Stigma and Women’s Bodies. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(2), 202214. doi:10.1177/0361684310397698.Google Scholar
Cooper, S. C. & Koch, P. B. (2007). “Nobody Told Me Nothin”: Communication about Menstruation among Low-Income African American Women. Women & Health, 46(1), 5778. doi:10.1300/J013v46n01_05.Google Scholar
Corrêa, S., Petchesky, R. P., & Parker, R. (2008). Sexuality, Health and Human Rights. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Costos, D., Ackerman, R., & Paradis, L. (2002). Recollections of Menarche: Communication between Mothers and Daughters Regarding Menstruation. A Journal of Research, 46(1), 4959. doi:10.1023/A:1016037618567.Google Scholar
Curtin, N., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2011). Femininity Ideology and Sexual Health in Young Women: A focus on Sexual Knowledge, Embodiment, and Agency. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(1), 4862. doi:10.1080/19317611.2010.524694.Google Scholar
Davies, B. & Harre, R. (1990). Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves. Journal of the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20, 4365.Google Scholar
Day, K., Johnson, S., Milnes, K., & Rickett, B. (2010). Exploring Women’s Agency and Resistance in Health-Related Contexts: Contributors’ Introduction. Feminism & Psychology, 20(2), 238241. doi:10.1177/0959353509359761.Google Scholar
Dean, J., Mitchell, M., Stewart, D., & Debattista, J. (2016). Intergenerational Variation in Sexual Health Attitudes and Beliefs among Sudanese Refugee Communities in Australia. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 19(1), 1731. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1184316.Google Scholar
do Amaral, M. C. E., Hardy, E., & Hebling, E. M. (2011). Menarche among Brazilian Women: Memories of Experiences. Midwifery, 27(2), 203208. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2009.05.008Google Scholar
Donmall, K. (2013). What It Means to Bleed: An Exploration of Young Women’s Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 29(2), 202216. doi:10.1111/bjp.12016.Google Scholar
Evans, A., Riley, S., & Shankar, A. (2010). Technologies of Sexiness: Theorizing Women’s Engagement in the Sexualization of Culture. Feminism & Psychology, 20(1), 114131. doi:10.1177/0959353509351854.Google Scholar
Fahs, B. (2016). Out for Blood: Essays on Menstruation and Resistance. New York: Suny Press.Google Scholar
Fenton, K. A. (2001). Strategies for Improving Sexual Health in Ethnic Minorities. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 6369.Google Scholar
Fine, M. & McClelland, S. (2006). Sexuality Education and Desire: Still Missing After All These Years. Harvard Educational Review, 76(3), 297338.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173206.Google Scholar
Frosh, S., Phoenix, A., & Pattman, R. (2003). Taking a Stand: Using Psychoanalysis to Explore the Positioning of Subjects in Discourse. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 39.Google Scholar
Gagnon, J. H. (1990). The Explicit and Implicit Use of the Scripting Perspective in Sex Research. Annual Review of Sex Research, 1, 143.Google Scholar
Gavey, N. & McPhillips, K. (1999). Subject to Romance: Heterosexual Passivity as an Obstacle to Women Initiating Condom Use. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 349367.Google Scholar
Gilbert, E., Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., Wong, W. K. T., Hobbs, K., & Mason, C. (2013). Men’s Experiences of Sexuality after Cancer: A Material Discursive Intra-Psychic Approach. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(8), 881895. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.789129.Google Scholar
Gill, R. (2012). Media, Empowerment and the “Sexualization of Culture” Debates. Sex Roles, 66(11–12), 736745. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0107-1.Google Scholar
Golchin Nayereh, A., Hamzehgardeshi, Z., Fakhri, M., & Hamzehgardeshi, L. (2012). The Experience of Puberty in Iranian Adolescent Girls: A Qualitative Content Analysis. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 698. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-698.Google Scholar
Grosz, E. (1994). Volitile Bodies: Towards a Corporeal Feminism. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Hankivsky, O. & Cormier, R. (2009). Intersectionality: Moving Women’s Health Research and Policy Forward. Vancouver: Women’s Health Research Network.Google Scholar
Harris, A., Aapola, S., & Gonick, M. (2000). Doing It Differently: Young Women Managing Heterosexuality in Australia, Finland and Canada. Journal of Youth Studies, 3(4), 373388. doi:10.1080/713684386.Google Scholar
Hawkey, A., Ussher, J. M., & Perz, J. (2017a). “If You Don’t Have a Baby, You Can’t Be in Our Culture”: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experiences and Constructions of Fertility and Fertility Control. Women’s Reproductive Health, 5(2), 7578. doi:10.1080/23293691.2018.1463728.Google Scholar
Hawkey, A., Ussher, J. M., & Perz, J. (2017b). Regulation and Resistance: Experiences and Constructions of Premarital Sexuality in the Context of Migrant and Refugee Women. Journal of Sex Research, doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1336745.Google Scholar
Hawkey, A. J., Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., & Metusela, C. (2017). Experiences and Constructions of Menarche and Menstruation among Migrant and Refugee Women. Qualitative Health Research, 27(10), 14731490. doi:10.1177/1049732316672639.Google Scholar
Helmer, J., Senior, K., Davison, B., & Vodic, A. (2015). Improving Sexual Health for Young People: Making Sexuality Education a Priority. Sex Education, 15(2), 158171. doi:10.1080/14681811.2014.989201.Google Scholar
Henderson, S. & Kendall, E. (2011). Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Peoples Knowledge of Accessibility and Utilisation of Health Services: Exploring the Need for Improvement in Health Service Delivery. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 17(2), 195201. doi:10.1071/PY10065.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Lyons, A. (2013). Girls’ “New Femininity” Refusals and “Good Girl” Recuperations in Soap Talk. Feminist Media Studies, 13(2), 228244. doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.708511.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Scott, S. (2002). Embodying Orgasm: Gendered Power Relations and Sexual Pleasure. Women & Therapy, 24(1–2), 99110. doi:10.1300/J015v24n01_13.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. M. & Cram, F. (2003). Disrupting the Sexual Double Standard: Young Women’s Talk about Heterosexuality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 113127. doi:10.1348/014466603763276153.Google Scholar
Jackson, T. E. & Falmagne, R. J. (2013). Women Wearing White: Discourses of Menstruation and the Experience of Menarche. Feminism & Psychology, 23(3), 379398. doi:10.1177/0959353512473812.Google Scholar
Johnston-Robledo, I. & Chrisler, J. C. (2011). The Menstrual Mark: Menstruation as Social Stigma. Sex Roles, 68(1), 918. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0052-z.Google Scholar
Johnston-Robledo, I., Sheffield, K., Voigt, J., & Wilcox-Constantine, J. (2007). Reproductive Shame: Self-Objectification and Young Women’s Attitudes toward Their Reproductive Functioning. Women & Health, 46(1), 2539. doi:10.1300/J013v46n01_03.Google Scholar
Kebede, M. T., Hilden, P. K., & Middelthon, A.-L. (2014). Negotiated Silence: The Management of the Self as a Moral Subject in Young Ethiopian Women’s Discourse about Sexuality. Sex Education, 14(6), 666678. doi:10.1080/14681811.2014.924918.Google Scholar
Keygnaert, I., Vettenburg, N., Roelens, K., & Temmerman, M. (2014). Sexual Health Is Dead in My Body: Participatory Assessment of Sexual Health Determinants by Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-416.Google Scholar
Kissling, E. A. (1996). Bleeding Out Loud: Communication about Menstruation. Feminism & Psychology, 6(4), 481504. doi:10.1177/0959353596064002.Google Scholar
Koff, E. & Rierdan, J. (1995). Early Adolescent Girls’ Understanding of Menstruation. Women & Health, 22(4), 119. doi:10.1300/J013v22n04_01.Google Scholar
Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Laws, S. (1990). Issues of Blood: The Politics of Menstruation. London: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (1994). Menarche and the (Hetero)sexualization of the Female Body. Gender & Society, 8, 343362.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2008). “A Kotex and a Smile”: Mothers and Daughters at Menarche. Journal of Family Issues, 29(10), 13251347. doi:10.1177/0192513x08316117.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2009). Bodies at Menarche: Stories of Shame, Concealment, and Sexual Maturation. Sex Roles, 60(9–10), 615627. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9569-1.Google Scholar
Lee, J. & Sasser-Coen, J. (1996). Blood Stories: Menarche and the Politics of the Female Body in Contemporary US Society. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lees, S. (1993). Sugar and Spice: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls. London: PenguinGoogle Scholar
Manderson, L. & Allotey, P. (2003). Storytelling, Marginality, and Community in Australia: How Immigrants Position Their Difference in Health Care Settings. Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness, 22(1), 121. doi:10.1080/01459740306767.Google Scholar
Martin, E. (1987). The Woman in the Body. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Martinez, A. & Phillips, K. P. (2008). Challenging Ethno-Cultural and Sexual Inequities: An Intersectional Feminist Analysis of Teachers, Health Partners and University Students’ Views on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 17(3), 141159.Google Scholar
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., et al. (2013). “We Keep It Secret So No One Should Know” – A Qualitative Study to Explore Young Schoolgirls Attitudes and Experiences with Menstruation in Rural Western Kenya. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79132. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079132.Google Scholar
McKenzie-Mohr, S. & Lafrance, M. N. (Eds.). (2014). Women Voicing Resistance: Discursive and Narrative Explorations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McMichael, C. & Gifford, S. (2009). “It Is Good to Know Now … Before It’s Too Late”: Promoting Sexual Health Literacy amongst Resettled Young People with Refugee Backgrounds. Sexuality & Culture, 13(4), 218236. doi:10.1007/s12119-009-9055-0.Google Scholar
Mcmullin, J. M., De Alba, I., Chávez, L. R., & Hubbell, A. F. (2005). Influence of Beliefs about Cervical Cancer Etiology on Pap Smear Use among Latina Immigrants. Ethnicity & Health, 10(1), 318. doi:10.1080/1355785052000323001.Google Scholar
Menger, L. M., Kaufman, M. R., Harman, J. J., Tsang, S. W., & Shrestha, D. K. (2015). Unveiling the Silence: Women’s Sexual Health and Experiences in Nepal. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(3), 359373. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.937462.Google Scholar
Moloney, S. (2010). How Menstrual Shame Affects Birth. Women and Birth, 23(4), 153159. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2010.03.001.Google Scholar
Mosavi, S. A., Babazadeh, R., Najmabadi, K. M., & Shariati, M. (2014). Assessing Iranian Adolescent Girls’ Needs for Sexual and Reproductive Health Information. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(1), 107113. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.029.Google Scholar
Ngum Chi Watts, M. C., Liamputtong, P., & Carolan, M. (2014). Contraception Knowledge and Attitudes: Truths and Myths among African Australian Teenage Mothers in Greater Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(15–16), 21312141. doi:10.1111/jocn.12335.Google Scholar
Ngum Chi Watts, M. C., McMichael, C., & Liamputtong, P. (2015). Factors Influencing Contraception Awareness and Use: The Experiences of Young African Australian Mothers. Journal of Refugee Studies, 28(3), 368387. doi:10.1093/jrs/feu040.Google Scholar
Omar, H. A. (2010). Pediatric and Adolescent Sexuality and Gynecology: Principles for the Primary Care Clinician. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Orringer, K. & Gahagan, S. (2010). Adolescent Girls Define Menstruation: A Multiethnic Exploratory Study. Health Care for Women International, 31(9), 831847. doi:10.1080/07399331003653782.Google Scholar
Rademakers, J., Mouthaan, I., & de Neef, M. (2005). Diversity in Sexual Health: Problems and Dilemmas. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 10(4), 207211. doi:10.1080/13625180500279847.Google Scholar
Raj, A., Gomez, C. S., & Silverman, J. G. (2014). Multisectorial Afghan Perspectives on Girl Child Marriage: Foundations for Change Do Exist in Afghanistan. Violence against Women, 20(12), 14891505. doi:10.1177/1077801211403288.Google Scholar
Rawson, H. & Liamputtong, P. (2009). Influence of Traditional Vietnamese Culture on the Utilisation of Mainstream Health Services for Sexual Health Issues by Second-Generation Vietnamese Australian Young Women. Sexual Health, 6(1), 7581. doi:10.1071/SH08040.Google Scholar
Rawson, H. & Liamputtong, P. (2010). Culture and Sex Education: The Acquisition of Sexual Knowledge for a Group of Vietnamese Australian Young Women. Ethnicity & Health, 15(4), 343364. doi:10.1080/13557851003728264.Google Scholar
Roberts, T. A. (2004). Female Trouble: The Menstrual Self-Evaluation Scale and Women’s Self-Objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 2226.Google Scholar
Roberts, T. A. & Waters, P. L. (2004). Self-Objectification and that “Not So Fresh Feeling”. Women & Therapy, 27(3–4), 521. doi:10.1300/J015v27n03_02.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. & Earnest, J. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health Communication among Sudanese and Eritrean Women: An Exploratory Study from Brisbane, Australia. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(2), 223236. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.967302.Google Scholar
Sadr, S. (2012). Veiled Transcripts: The Private Debate on Public Veiling in Iran. In Helie, A. & Hoodfar, H. (Eds.), Sexuality in Muslim Contexts (Vol. 182207). London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Salad, J., Verdonk, P., de Boer, F., & Abma, T. A. (2015). “A Somali girl Is Muslim and Does Not Have Premarital Sex. Is Vaccination Really Necessary?” A Qualitative Study into the Perceptions of Somali Women in the Netherlands about the Prevention of Cervical Cancer. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 113. doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0198-3.Google Scholar
Sanchez Taylor, J. (2012). Buying and Selling Breasts: Cosmetic Surgery, Beauty Treatments and Risk. Sociological Review, 60(4), 635653. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02127.x.Google Scholar
Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. S. (2005). Cycles of Shame: Menstrual Shame, Body Shame, and Sexual Decision‐Making. The Journal of Sex Research, 42(4), 324334. doi:10.1080/00224490509552288.Google Scholar
Schuler, S. R., Bates, L. M., Islam, F., & Islam, M. K. (2006). The Timing of Marriage and Childbearing among Rural Families in Bangladesh: Choosing between Competing Risks. Social Science & Medicine, 62(11), 28262837. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.004.Google Scholar
Seear, K. (2009). The Etiquette of Endometriosis: Stigmatisation, Menstrual Concealment and the Diagnostic Delay. Social Science & Medicine, 69(8), 12201277. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.023.Google Scholar
Sen, G. & Govender, V. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Changing Health Systems. Global Public Health, 10(2), 228242. doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.986161.Google Scholar
Sommer, M., Ackatia-Armah, N., Connolly, S., & Smiles, D. (2015). A Comparison of the Menstruation and Education Experiences of Girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia and Ethiopia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 45(4), 589609. doi:10.1080/03057925.2013.871399.Google Scholar
Sooki, Z., Shariati, M. Chaman, R. Khosravi, A. Effatpanah, M. & Keramat, A. (2016). The Role of Mother in Informing Girls about Puberty: A Meta-Analysis Study. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 5(1). doi:10.17795/nmsjournal30360.Google Scholar
Stenner, P. (1993). Discoursing Jealousy. In Burman, E. & Parker, I. (Eds.), Discourse Analytic Research (114134). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stephenson, J., Strange, V., Allen, E., et al. (2008). The Long-Term Effects of a Peer-Led Sex Education Programme (RIPPLE): A Cluster Randomised Trial in Schools in England. PLoS Medicine, 5(11), 15791590. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050224.Google Scholar
Stewart, F. (1999). “Once You Get a Reputation, Your Life’s Like … ‘Wrecked’”: The Implications of Reputation for Young Women’s Sexual Health and Well-Being. Women’s Studies International Forum, 22(3), 373383. doi:10.1016/S0277-5395(99)00030-8.Google Scholar
Teitelman, A. M. (2004). Adolescent Girls’ Perspectives of Family Interactions Related to Menarche and Sexual Health. Qualitative Health Research, 14(9), 12921308. doi:10.1177/1049732304268794.Google Scholar
Tiefer, L. (2004). Sex Is Not a Natural Act and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. (2002). Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. (2009). Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk about Sexuality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, D., Bowman, C. P., & Fahs, B. (2014). Sexuality and Embodiment. In Tolman, D. L. & Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology: Vol. 1. Person-Based Approaches, (759804). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. O., McDonald-Mosley, R., & Burke, A. E. (2010). Family Planning and the Burden of Unintended Pregnancies. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32(1), 152174. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq012.Google Scholar
United Nations. (2014). Sexual Health and Reproductive Rights: Articles 21,22 (1), 23 and 24 of the United Nationals Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.Google Scholar
Uskul, A. K. (2004). Women’s Menarche Stories from a Multicultural Sample. Social Science & Medicine, 59(4), 667679. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.031.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (1989). The Psychology of the Female Body. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (1997). Fantasies of Femininity: Reframing the Boundaries of Sex. London/New York: Penguin/Rutgers.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (2000). Women’s Madness: A Material-Discursive-Intra Psychic Approach. In Fee, D. (Ed.), Psychology and the Postmodern: Mental Illness as Discourse and Experience (207230). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (2006). Managing the Monstrous Feminine: Regulating the Reproductive Body. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (2011). The Madness of Women: Myth and Experience. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., Metusela, C., et al. (2017). Negotiating Discourses of Shame, Secrecy, and Silence: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Experiences of Sexual Embodiment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(7), 19011921. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0898-9.Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M., Rhyder-Obid, M., Perz, J., Rae, M., Wong, T. W. K., & Newman, P. (2012). Purity, Privacy and Procreation: Constructions and Experiences of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Assyrian and Karen Women Living in Australia. Sexuality & Culture, 16(4), 467485. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9133-6.Google Scholar
Vance, C. (1984). Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. Boston: Routledge & K. Paul.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013). Regional Framework for Reproductive Health in the Western Pacific. www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/Regional_Framework_for_RH_14022013.pdf?ua=1.Google Scholar
World Health Organization(2015). Health and human rights. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/.Google Scholar
Wray, A., Ussher, J. M., & Perz, J. (2014). Constructions and Experiences of Sexual Health among Young, Heterosexual, Unmarried Muslim Women Immigrants in Australia. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(1), 7689. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.833651.Google Scholar

References

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2009). How Sources of Information Relate to Adolescent’s Beliefs about Sex. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33, 3748.Google Scholar
Brown, J. & L’Engle, K. (2009). X-Rated: Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with U.S. Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media. Communication Research, 36, 129151.Google Scholar
Carver, K., Joyner, K., & Udry, J.D. (2003). National Estimates of Adolescent Romantic Relationships. In Florsheim, P. (Ed.), Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications (291329). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2016. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Chandra, A., Mosher, W. D., Copen, C., & Sionean, C. (2011). Sexual Behavior, Sexual Identity and Sexual Attraction in the United States: Data from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Reports, 36, 136.Google Scholar
Childstats.gov. (2017). POP3: Race and Hispanic origin composition. www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/tables/pop3.asp.Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60: 631652.Google Scholar
DeLamater, J. & Blumenstock, S. (2018). Sexuality across the Life Course. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxford-bibliographies-9780199799701?cc=us&lang=en&.Google Scholar
DeLamater, J. & Hyde, J.S. (1998). Essentialism vs. Social Constructionism in the Study of Human Sexuality. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 1018. doi:10.1080/00224499809551913.Google Scholar
DeLamater, J., Myers, D. J., & Collett, J. L. (2015). Social Psychology. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Del Giudice, M., Angeleri, R., & Manera, V. (2009). The Juvenile Transition: A Developmental Switch Point in Human Life History. Developmental Review, 29, 131.Google Scholar
Eder, D. (With Evans, C.C. & Parker, S.) (1995). School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, N. L. (2016). Sexualities. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fortenberry, J. D. (2013). Puberty and Adolescent Sexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 280287. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007.Google Scholar
Giordano, P.C., Longmore, M.A. & Manning, W.D. (2006). Gender and the Meaning of Adolescent Romantic Relationships: A Focus on Boys. American Sociological Review, 71, 260287.Google Scholar
Guttmacher Institute. (2017). U.S. Rates of Pregnancy, Birth and Abortion among Adolescents and Young Adults Continue to Decline. www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/us-rates-pregnancy-birth-and-abortion-among-adolescents-and-young-adults-continue.Google Scholar
Hébert, M., Tourigny, M., Cyr, M., et al. (2009). Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Timing of Disclosure in a Representative Sample of Adults from Quebec. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 631636.Google Scholar
Howden, L. M. & Meyer, J. A. (2011). Age and Sex Composition: 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S. (Ed.) (2005). Biological Substrates of Human Sexuality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S. & DeLamater, J. (2017). Understanding Human Sexuality. 13e. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.Google Scholar
Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., et al. (2016), Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(6). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Google Scholar
Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, C. L., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From Sex to Sexuality: Exposing the Heterosexual Script on Prime-Time Television. The Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145157.Google Scholar
Larsson, I. B & Svedin, C-G. (2002). Sexual Experiences in Childhood: Young Adults’ Recollections. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 263274Google Scholar
McClintock, M. & Herdt, G. (1996). Rethinking Puberty: The Development of Sexual Attraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 178183.Google Scholar
Ott, M. A. (2010). Examining the Development and Sexual Behavior of Adolescent Males. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, S3S11.Google Scholar
Ott, M. A., Millstein, S., Ofner, S., & Halpern-Flesher, B. (2006). Greater Expectations: Adolescents Positive Motivations for Health. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38, 8489.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, L. F. & Thompson, A. E. (2014) Sexuality in Adolescence. In Tolman, D. L. & Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Vol. 1: Person-Based Approaches (433486). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, doi:10.1037/14193–015.Google Scholar
Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, You’re a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Poston, D. L. Jr. & Baumle, A. K. (2010) Patterns of Asexuality in the United States. Demographic Research, 23, 509530.Google Scholar
Price, M. & Hyde, J. (2009). When Two Isn’t Better Than One: Predictors of Early Sexual Activity in Adolescence Using a Cumulative Risk Model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 10591071.Google Scholar
Reisner, S. L., Greytak, E. A. Parsons, J. T., & Ybarra, M. L. (2015). Gender Minority Social Stress in Adolescence: Disparities in Adolescent Bullying and Substance Use By Gender Identity. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 243256.Google Scholar
Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). GenerationM2: Media in the Lives of 8 to 18 Year Olds. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation. www.kff.org.Google Scholar
Robbins, C., Fortenberry, J. D., Reece, M., Herbenick, D., Sanders, S., & Dodge, B. (2010). Masturbation Frequency and Patterns among U.S. Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(Suppl 1), S36S337.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Hunter, J., Exner, T. M., Gwadz, M., & Keller, A. M. (1996). The Psychological Development of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths. The Journal of Sex Research, 33, 113126.Google Scholar
Saewyc, E. (2011). Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 256272.Google Scholar
Smiler, A.P., Ward, L.M., Carruthers, A., & Merriweather, A. (2005). Pleasure, Empowerment, and Love: Factors Associated with a Positive First Coitus. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3, 4155.Google Scholar
Sprecher, S. (2014). Evidence of Change in Men’s Versus Women’s Emotional Reactions to First Sexual Intercourse: A 23-year Study in a Human Sexuality Course at a Midwestern University. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 466472.Google Scholar
Steensma, T. D., Kreukels, B. P.C., de Vries, A. L. C., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Gender Identity Development in Adolescence. Hormones and Behavior 64, 288297.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and Affective Development in Adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 6974.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk-Taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives from Brain and Behavioral Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 5559.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence, 8th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Udry, J. R. (1988). Biological Predispositions and Social Control in Adolescent Sexual Behavior. American Sociological Review, 53, 709722.Google Scholar
Walls, N. E. & Bell, S. (2011). Correlates of Engaging in Survival Sex among Homeless Youth and Young Adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 48, 423436.Google Scholar
Ward, L.M., Reed, L., Trinh, S.L., & Foust, M. (2014). Sexuality and Entertainment Media. In Tolman, D. L. & Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Vol. 2: Contextual Approaches (373423). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2018). Sexual Health. www.who.int/topics/sexual_health/en/.Google Scholar

References

Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Witting, K. et al. (2010). Common Genetic Effects on Childhood Gender Atypical Behavior and Adult Sexual Orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 8192.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M. & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Sexual Orientation: A Conceptual Analysis and Quantitative Review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 4355.Google Scholar
Barnes, D. M. & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Religious Affiliation, Internalized Homophobia, and Mental Health in Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 505515.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M., Connolly, E. J., Schwartz, J. A. Boutwell, B. B., Barnes, J. C., & Nedelec, J. L. (2016). Sexual Orientation and Involvement in Nonviolent and Violent Delinquent Behaviors: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 17591769.Google Scholar
Becker, M., Cortina, K. S., Tsai, Y. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2014). Sexual Orientation, Psychological Well-Being, and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Analysis from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 132145.Google Scholar
Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., & Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bos, H. & Sandfort, T. (2015). Gender Nonconformity, Sexual Orientation, and Dutch Adolescents’ Relationship with Peers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 12691279. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0461-5.Google Scholar
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of Sexual Orientation and the Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 468475.Google Scholar
Calzo, J. P., Antonucci, T. C., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2011). Retrospective Recall of Sexual Orientation Identity Development among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adults. Developmental Psychology, 47, 16581673.Google Scholar
Carrillo, H. & Fontdevila, J. (2011). Rethinking Sexual Initiation: Pathways to Identity Formation among Gay and Bisexual Mexican Male Youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 12411254.Google Scholar
Clements, B. & Field, C. D. (2014). Public Opinion toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights in Great Britain. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78, 523547.Google Scholar
Cohen, K. M. (2002). Relationships among Childhood Sex-Atypical Behavior, Spatial Ability, Handedness, and Sexual Orientation in Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 31, 129143.Google Scholar
Cohen-Bendahan, C. C. C., van de Beek, C., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2005). Prenatal Sex Hormone Effects on Child and Adult Sex-Typed Behavior: Methods and Findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 353384.Google Scholar
Cohler, B. J. & Hammack, P. L. (2007). The Psychological World of the Gay Teenager: Social Change, Narrative, and “Normality.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 4759.Google Scholar
Connolly, J. A. & McIsaac, C. (2009). Romantic Relationships in Adolescence. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 3rd edn. (104151). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Copen, C. E., Chandra, A., & Febo-Vazquez, I. (2016). Sexual Behavior, Sexual Attraction, and Sexual Orientation among Adults Aged 18–44 in the United States: Data from the 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Reports, 88, 114.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, T. R., Grossman, A. H., & Starks, M. T. (2008). Gender Atypicality and Sexual Orientation Development among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Prevalence, Sex Differences, and Parental Responses. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 12, 121143.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2008). Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. & Lucas, S. (2004). Sexual-Minority and Heterosexual Youths’ Peer Relationships: Experiences, Expectations, and Implications for Well-Being. Journal of Research on Adolescence 14, 313340.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2009). Adolescent Sexuality. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 3rd edn (479523). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Dickson, N., van Roode, T., Cameron, C., & Paul, C. (2013). Stability and Change in Same-Sex Attraction, Experience, and Identity by Sex and Age in a New Zealand Birth Cohort. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 753763.Google Scholar
Doyle, D. M. & Molix, L. (2016). Disparities in Social Health by Sexual Orientation and the Etiologic Role of Self-Reported Discrimination. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 13171327.Google Scholar
Drasin, H., Beals, K. P., Elliott, M. N., Lever, J., Klein, D. J., & Schuster, M. A. (2008). Age Cohort Differences in the Developmental Milestones of Gay Men. Journal of Homosexuality, 54, 381399.Google Scholar
Dubé, E. M. (2000). The Role of Sexual Behavior in the Identification Process of Gay And Bisexual Males. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 123132.Google Scholar
Dubé, E. M. & Savin-Williams, R. C. (1999). Sexual Identity Development among Ethnic Sexual-Minority Male Youths. Developmental Psychology, 35, 13891399.Google Scholar
Fisher, C. M., Irwin, J. A., & Coleman, J. D. (2014). LGBT Health in the Midlands: A Rural/Urban Comparison of Basic Health Indicators. Journal of Homosexuality, 61, 10621090.Google Scholar
Floyd, F. J. & Bakeman, R. (2006). Coming-Out across the Life Course: Implications of Age and Historical Context. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 287296.Google Scholar
Garofalo, R. (2014). A Personal Reflection on the History of Population-Based Research with Sexual Minority Youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 198200.Google Scholar
Golombok, S., Rust, J., Zervoulis, K., Golding, J., & Hines, M. (2012). Continuity in Sex-Typed Behavior from Preschool to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Population Study of Boys and Girls Aged 3–13 Years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 591597.Google Scholar
Grellert, E. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1982). Childhood Play Activities of Male and Female Homosexuals and Heterosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 451478.Google Scholar
Hammack, P. L. (2005). The Life Course Development of Human Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Paradigm. Human Development, 48, 267290.Google Scholar
Harden, K. P. (2014). A Sex-Positive Framework for Research on Adolescent Sexuality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 455469.Google Scholar
Heywood, W., Patrick, K., Pitts, M., & Mitchell, A. (2016) “Dude, I’m Seventeen … It’s Okay Not to Have Sex by This Age”: Feelings, Reasons, Pressures, and Intentions Reported by Adolescents Who Have Not Had Sexual Intercourse. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 12071214.Google Scholar
Horowitz, S. M., Weis, D. L., & Laflin, M. T. (2001). Differences between Sexual Orientation Behavior Groups and Social Background, Quality Of Life, and Health Behaviors. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 205218.Google Scholar
Huebner, D. M., Rebchook, G. M., & Kegeles, S. M. (2004). Experiences of Harassment, Discrimination, and Physical Violence among Young Gay and Bisexual Men. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 12001203.Google Scholar
Josephs, L. (2015). How Children Learn about Sex: A Cross-Species and Cross-Cultural Analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 10591069.Google Scholar
Juster, R. P. Smith, N. G., Ouellet, E., Sindi, S., & Lupiendoi, S. J. (2013). Sexual Orientation and Disclosure in Relation to Psychiatric Symptoms, Diurnal Cortisol, and Allostatic Load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 103116.Google Scholar
Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Diaz, E. M., & Bartkiewicz, M. J. (2010). The 2009 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth in Our Nation’s Schools. New York: Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network.Google Scholar
Kuyper, L., Fernee, H., & Keuzenkamp, S. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of a Community and General Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 45, 683693.Google Scholar
Lea, T., de Wit, J., & Reynolds, R. (2014). Minority Stress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults in Australia: Associations with Psychological Distress, Suicidality, and Substance Use. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 15711578.Google Scholar
Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Is Coming Out Always a “Good Thing”? Exploring the Relations of Autonomy Support, Outness, and Wellness for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 145152.Google Scholar
LeVay, S. (2016). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levine, J. (2002). Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lippa, R. A., & Tan, F. D. (2001). Does Culture Moderate the Relationship between Sexual Orientation and Gender-Related Personality Traits? Cross-Cultural Research, 35, 6587.Google Scholar
Lucassen, M. F. G., Clark, T. C., Denny, S. J., et al. (2014). What Has Changed from 2001 to 2012 for Sexual Minority Youth in New Zealand? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 51, 410418.Google Scholar
Maguen, S., Floyd, F. J., Bakeman, R., & Armistead, L. (2002). Developmental Milestones and Disclosure of Sexual Orientation among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths. Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 219233.Google Scholar
McClelland, S. I., Rubin, J. D., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2016). “I Liked Girls and I Thought They Were Pretty”: Initial Memories of Same-Sex Attraction in Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 13751389.Google Scholar
McClintock, M. K. & Herdt, G. (1996). Rethinking Puberty: The Development of Sexual Attraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 178183.Google Scholar
Morris, M. (2017). ‘Gay Capital’ in Undergraduate Friendship Networks: An Intersectional Analysis of Class, Masculinity and Decreased Homophobia. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. doi:10.1177/0265407517705737.Google Scholar
Morris, M., McCormack, M., & Anderson, E. (2014). The Changing Experiences of Bisexual Male Adolescents, Gender and Education, 26, 397413.Google Scholar
Muehlenhard, C. L. (2000). Categories and Sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 101107.Google Scholar
Pachankis, J. E. & Bernstein, L. B. (2012). An Etiological Model of Anxiety in Young Gay Men: From Early Stress to Public Self-Consciousness. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 13, 107122.Google Scholar
Pachankis, J. E., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2015). The Mental Health of Sexual Minority Adults In and Out of the Closet: A Population-Based Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 890901.Google Scholar
Peplau, L. A. (2003). Human Sexuality: How Do Men and Women Differ? Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, 3740.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2013). A Survey of LGBT Americans: Attitudes, Experiences and Values in Changing Times. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Remafedi, G. (1987). Adolescent Homosexuality: Psychosocial and Medical Implications. Pediatrics, 79, 331337.Google Scholar
Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Gygax, L., & Bailey, J. M. (2008). Sexual Orientation and Childhood Gender Nonconformity: Evidence from Home Videos. Developmental Psychology, 44, 4658.Google Scholar
Riggle, E. D. B., Whitman, J. S., Olson, A., Rostosky, S. S., & Strong, S. (2008). The Positive Aspects of Being a Lesbian or Gay Man. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 210217.Google Scholar
Roesler, T. & Deisher, R. W. (1972). Youthful Male Homosexuality: Homosexual Experience and the Process of Developing Homosexual Identity in Males Aged 16 to 22 Years. JAMA 219, 10181023.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Hunter, J., Exner, T. M., Gwadz, M., & Keller, A. M. (1996). The Psychosexual Development of Urban Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths. Journal of Sex Research 33, 113126.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J., & Levy-Warren, A. (2009). The Coming-Out Process of Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women: Are There Butch/Femme Differences in Sexual Identity Development? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 3449.Google Scholar
Rule, N. O. & Alaei, R. (2016). Gaydar: The Perception of Sexual Orientation from Subtle Cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 444448.Google Scholar
Rust, P. C. R. (2002). Bisexuality: The State of the Union. Annual Review of Sex Research 13, 180240.Google Scholar
Saghir, M. T. & Robbins, E. (1973). Male and Female Homosexuality. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Samarova, V., Shilo, G., & Diamond, G. M. (2014). Changes in Youths’ Perceived Parental Acceptance of Their Sexual Minority Status over Time. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 681688.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001a). Suicide Attempts among Sexual-Minority Youth: Population and Measurement Issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 983991.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001b). A Critique of Research on Sexual-Minority Youths. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 513.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001c). “Mom, Dad. I’m Gay.” How Families Negotiate Coming Out. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2014). The New Sexual-Minority Teenager: Freedom from Traditional Notions of Sexual Identity. In Kaufman, J. S. & Powell, D. A. (Eds.), The Meaning of Sexual Identity in the Twenty-first century (520). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2016a). Sexual Orientation: Categories or Continuum? Commentary on Bailey et al. (2016). Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 3744.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2016b). Becoming Who I Am: Young Men on Being Gay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2017). Mostly Straight: Sexuality Fluidity among Men. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C., Cash, B. M., McCormack, M., & Rieger, G. (2017). Gay, Mostly Gay, or Bisexual Leaning Gay? An Exploratory Study Distinguishing Gay Sexual Orientations among Young Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 265272.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. & Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual Identity Trajectories among Sexual-Minority Youths: Gender Comparisons. Archives of Sexual Behavior 29, 419440.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C., Joyner, K., & Rieger, G. (2012). Prevalence and Stability of Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity during Young Adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 103110.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. & Vrangalova, Z. (2013). Mostly Heterosexual as a Distinct Sexual Orientation Group: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence. Developmental Review, 33, 5888.Google Scholar
Schrimshaw, E. W., Downing, M. J., & Cohn, D. J. (2018). Reasons for Non-Disclosure of Sexual Orientation among Behaviorally Bisexual Men: Non-Disclosure as Stigma Management. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(1), 219233.Google Scholar
Schrimshaw, E. W., Siegel, K., Downing, M. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2012). Disclosure and Concealment of Sexual Orientation and the Mental Health of Non-Gay-Identified, Behaviorally Bisexual Men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 141153.Google Scholar
Semon, T. L., Hsu, K. J., Rosenthal, A. M., & Bailey, J. M. (2017). Bisexual Phenomena among Gay-Identified Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 237245.Google Scholar
Silva, C., Chu, C., Monahan, K. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). Suicide Risk among Sexual Minority College Students: A Mediated Moderation Model of Sex and Perceived Burdensomeness. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 2233.Google Scholar
Silva, T. (2018). “Helpin’ a Buddy Out:” Perceptions of Identity and Behaviour among Rural Straight Men That Have Sex with Each Other. Sexualities, 21, 6889. doi:10.1177/1363460716678564.Google Scholar
Smiler, A. P. (2016). Dating and Sex: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century Teen Boy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Stief, M. (2017). The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of Hijra, Kothi, and Panthi in Mumbai, India. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 7385.Google Scholar
Taulke-Johnson, R. (2008). Moving beyond Homophobia, Harassment and Intolerance: Gay Male University Students’ Alternative Narratives. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 29, 121133.Google Scholar
Thomeer, M. B. & Reczek, C. (2016). Happiness and Sexual Minority Status. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 17451758.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L. & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative Sexuality Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242255.Google Scholar
Troiden, R. R. (1979). Becoming Homosexual: A Model of Gay Identity Acquisition. Psychiatry 42, 362373.Google Scholar
Troiden, R. R. (1989). The Formation of Homosexual Identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 17, 4373.Google Scholar
Vaccaro, A. (2009). Intergenerational Perceptions, Similarities and Differences: A Comparative Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Millennial Youth with Generation X and Baby Boomers. Journal of LGBT Youth, 6, 113134.Google Scholar
Vrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C (2010). Correlates of Same-Sex Sexuality in Heterosexually-Identified Young Adults. Journal of Sex Research, 47, 92102.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, L. P., & Hayes-Skelton, S. A. (2015). Differences among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Individuals and Those Who Reported an Other Identity on an Open-Ended Response on Levels of Social Anxiety. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 181187.Google Scholar
Waidzunas, T. (2012). Young, Gay, and Suicidal: Dynamic Nominalism and the Process of Defining a Social Problem with Statistics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 37, 199225.Google Scholar
Walton, M. T., Lykins, A. D., & Bhullar, N. (2016). Beyond Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual: A Diversity in Sexual Identity Expression. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 15911597.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, J. M., Noor, S. W., Galos, D. L., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2016). Correlates of a Single-Item Indicator Versus a Multi-Item Scale of Outness about Same-Sex Attraction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 12691277.Google Scholar
Yu, L., Winter, S., & Xie, D. (2010). The Child Play Behavior and Activity Questionnaire: A Parent-Report Measure of Childhood Gender-Related Behavior in China. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 807815.Google Scholar

References

Anderson, K. L. & Umberson, D. (2001). Gendering Violence: Masculinity and Power in Men’s Accounts of Domestic Violence. Gender & Society, 15, 358380. doi:10.1177/089124301015003003.Google Scholar
Ballet, J., Biggeri, M., & Comim, F. (2011). Children’s Agency and the Capability Approach: A Conceptual Framework. In Biggeri, M., Ballet, J., & Comim, F. (Eds.), Children and the Capability Approach (2245). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Basile, K. C. (1999). Rape by Acquiescence: The Ways in which Women “Give In” to Unwanted Sex with Their Husbands. Violence against Women, 5, 10361058. doi:10.1177/1077801299005009004.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2015). The Agency Line: A Neoliberal Metric for Appraising Young Women’s Sexuality. Sex Roles, 73, 279291. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0452-6.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2017). Critically Sex/Ed: Asking Critical Questions of Neoliberal Truths in Sex Education. In Allen, L. & Rasmussen, M. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Sexuality Education (343376). London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. & Bruns, A. E. (2016). Yes, but: Young Women’s Views of Unwanted Sex at the Intersection of Gender and Class. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 504517.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y., Bruns, A. E., & Maguin, E. (2018). Agents, Virgins, Sluts, and Losers: The sexual typecasting of young heterosexual women. Sex Roles. Online first. doi: 10.1007/s11199-018-0907-7.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. & Eliseo-Arras, R. K. (2008). The Making of Unwanted Sex: Gendered and Neoliberal Norms in College Women’s Unwanted Sexual Experiences. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 386397. doi:10.1080/00224490802398381.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. & Fava, N. M. (2014). What Puts “At-Risk Girls” at Risk? Sexual Vulnerability and Social Inequality in the Lives of Girls in the Child Welfare System. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 11, 116125. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0142-5.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y., Livingston, J. A., & Fava, N. M. (2011). Adolescent Girls’ Assessment and Management of Sexual Risks: Insights from Focus Group Research. Youth & Society, 43, 11671193. doi: 10.1177/0044118X10384475.Google Scholar
Becker, M. G. & Barth, R. P. (2000). Power through Choices: The Development of a Sexuality Education Curriculum for Youths in Out-of-Home Care. Child Welfare, 79, 269282.Google Scholar
Beckman, L. J. (2016). Abortion in the United States: The Continuing Controversy. Feminism & Psychology, 27, 101113. doi:10.1177/0959353516685345.Google Scholar
Berglas, N. F., Constantine, N. A., & Ozer, E. J. (2014). A Rights-Based Approach to Sexuality Education: Conceptualization, Clarification and Challenges. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 6372.Google Scholar
Bessner, D. & Sparke, M. (2017). Nazism, Neoliberalism, and the Trumpist Challenge to Democracy. Environment and Planning A, 49, 12141223.Google Scholar
Brown, W. (2003). Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. Theory & Event, 7. doi:10.1353/tae.2003.0020.Google Scholar
Brown, W. (2006). American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservatism, and De-democratization. Political Theory, 34, 690714. doi:10.1177/0090591706293016.Google Scholar
Craig, S. L., McInroy, L., McCready, L. T., & Alaggia, R. (2015). Media: A Catalyst for Resilience in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12, 254275. doi:10.1080/19361653.2015.1040193.Google Scholar
Dean, H. (2009). Critiquing Capabilities: The Distractions of a Beguiling Concept. Critical Social Policy, 29, 261273.Google Scholar
Dehlendorf, C., Harris, L. H., & Weitz, T. A. (2013). Disparities in Abortion Rates: A Public Health Approach. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 17721779. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301339.Google Scholar
Duggan, L. (2002). The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism. In Castronovo, R. & Nelson, D. D (Eds.), Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics (175194). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Elliott, S. (2014). “Who’s to Blame?” Constructing the Responsible Sexual Agent in Neoliberal Sex Education. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 114. doi:10.1007/s13178-014-0158-5.Google Scholar
Ely, G. E., Hales, T., Jackson, D. L., Maguin, E., & Hamilton, G. (2017). The Undue Burden of Paying for Abortion: An Exploration of Abortion Fund Cases. Social Work in Health Care, 56, 99114. doi:10.1080/00981389.2016.1263270.Google Scholar
Evans, A. & Riley, S. (2014). Technologies of Sexiness: Sex, Identity, and Consumer Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2008). Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fine, M. & McClelland, S. I. (2007). The Politics of Teen Women’s Sexuality: Public Policy and the Adolescent Female Body. Emory Law Journal, 56, 9931038.Google Scholar
Fox, J. & Ralston, R. (2016). Queer Identity Online: Informal Learning and Teaching Experiences of LGBTQ Individuals on Social Media. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 635642. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.009.Google Scholar
Froyum, C. M. (2010). Making “Good Girls”: Sexual Agency in the Sexuality Education of Low-Income Black Girls. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12, 5972. doi:10.1080/13691050903272583.Google Scholar
Gavey, N. (2005). Just Sex?: The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gill, R. (2008). Culture and Subjectivity in Neoliberal and Postfeminist Times. Subjectivity, 25, 432445. doi:10.1057/sub.2008.28.Google Scholar
Giroux, H. (2016). Donald Trump and the Plague of Atomization in a Neoliberal Age [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://billmoyers.com/story/donald-trump-plague-atomization-neoliberal-age/.Google Scholar
Giroux, H. A. (2017). America at War with Itself. San Francisco: City Lights Books.Google Scholar
Gomillion, S. C. & Giuliano, T. A. (2011). The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 330354. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.546729.Google Scholar
Gonick, M. (2006). Between “Girl Power” and “Reviving Ophelia”: Constituting the Neoliberal Girl Subject. NWSA Journal, 18, 123. doi:10.1353/nwsa.2006.0031.Google Scholar
Goodkind, S. (2009). “You Can Be Anything You Want, But You Have to Believe It”: Commercialized Feminism in Gender‐Specific Programs for Girls. Signs, 34, 397422. doi:10.1086/591086.Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. & Armstrong, E. A. (2009). Gendered Sexuality in Young Adulthood: Double Binds and Flawed Options. Gender and Society, 23, 589616. doi:10.1177/0891243209345829.Google Scholar
Harris, A. (2004). Future Girl: Young Women in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hasstedt, K. (2016). Recent Funding Restriction on the U.S. Family Planning Safety Net May Foreshadow What Is to Come. Guttmacher Policy Review, 19, 6772.Google Scholar
Heldman, C. (2013). Pennsylvania Public Service Announcement Blames Rape Victims [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/21/pennsylvania-public-service-announcement-blames-rape-victims/.Google Scholar
Herrman, J. W. & Waterhouse, J. K. (2012). A Pilot Program to Address Healthy Sexual Behaviors among Girls in Juvenile Detention. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 25, 224231. doi:10.1111/jcap.12007.Google Scholar
Holland, M. M. & DeLuca, S. (2016). “Why Wait Years to Become Something?” Low-Income African American Youth and the Costly Career Search in For-Profit Trade Schools. Sociology of Education, 89, 261278. doi:10.1177/0038040716666607.Google Scholar
Ioverno, S., Belser, A. B., Baiocco, R., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2016). The Protective Role of Gay–Straight Alliances for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Students: A Prospective Analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3, 397406. doi:10.1037/sgd0000193.Google Scholar
Jones, T. (2011). A Sexuality Education Discourses Framework: Conservative, Liberal, Critical, and Postmodern. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 6, 133175. doi:10.1080/15546128.2011.571935.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881919. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x.Google Scholar
Kelly, P. (2001). Youth at Risk: Processes of Individualisation and Responsibilisation in the Risk Society. Discourse, 22, 2333. doi:10.1080/01596300120039731.Google Scholar
Kendall, N. (2012). The Sex Education Debates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, T. M. (2014). Sustaining White Homonormativity: The Kids Are All Right as Public Pedogogy. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 18,118132.Google Scholar
Kimmel, M. S. (2002). “Gender Symmetry” in Domestic Violence: A Substantive and Methodological Research Review. Violence against Women, 8, 13321363. doi:10.1177/107780102237407Lesko 2001.Google Scholar
Klein, N. (2016). It Was the Democrats’ Embrace of neoliberalism that Won It for Trump [Blog post]. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/09/rise-of-the-davos-class-sealed-americas-fate.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (1999). New Versions of Victims: Feminists Struggle with the Concept. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2010). Towards a Sexual Ethics Curriculum: Bringing Philosophy and Society to Bear on Individual Development. Harvard Educational Review, 80, 81105.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2015). Revisiting Choice and Victimization: A Commentary on Bay-Cheng’s Agency Matrix. Sex Roles, 73, 292297.Google Scholar
Lamont, E. (2017). “We Can Write the Scripts Ourselves”: Queer Challenges to Heteronormative Courtship Practices. Gender & Society, 31, 624646.Google Scholar
Lesko, N. (2001). Act Your Age!: A Cultural Construction of Adolescence. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lesko, N. (2010) Feeling Abstinent? Feeling Comprehensive? Touching the Affects of Sexuality Curricula. Sex Education, 10, 281297. doi:10.1080/14681811.2010.491633.Google Scholar
Macleod, C. & Vincent, L. (2014). Introducing a Critical Pedagogy of Sexual and Reproductive Citizenship: Extending the “Framework of Thick Desire”. In Allen, L., Rasmussen, M. L., & Quinlivan, K. (Eds.), The Politics of Pleasure in Sexuality Education (115135). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Marx, R. A. & Kettrey, H. H. (2016). Gay-Straight Alliances Are Associated with Lower Levels of School-Based Victimization of LGBTQ+ Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 12691282. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0501-7.Google Scholar
McClelland, S. I. & Frost, D. M. (2014). Sexuality and Social Policy. In Tolman, D. L. and Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology: Volume 2, Contextual Approaches (311337). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, D. (2006). An Affair to Remember. New York Review of Books. Retrieved from www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/02/23/an-affair-to-remember/?pagination=false.Google Scholar
Mitnik, P. A., Cumberworth, E., & Grusky, D. B. (2016). Social Mobility in a High-Inequality Regime. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 663, 140184.Google Scholar
Ng, E. (2013). A “Post-Gay” Era? Media Gaystreaming, Homonormativity, and the Politics of LGBT Integration. Communication, Culture, & Critique, 6. 258283.Google Scholar
Norton, B. (2016). How Neoliberalism Fuels the Racist Xenophobia Behind Brexit and Donald Trump [Blog post]. Retrieved from www.salon.com/2016/07/01/how_neoliberalism_fuels_the_racist_xenophobia_behind_brexit_and_donald_trump/.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. & Dixon, R. (2012). Children’s Rights and a Capabilities Approach: The Question of Special Priority. Cornell Law Review, 97, 549593.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2016). As Election Nears, Voters Divided over Democracy and “Respect.” New York: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Poteat, V. P., Sinclair, K. O., DiGiovanni, C. D., Koenig, B. W., & Russell, S. T. (2013). Gay–Straight Alliances Are Associated with Student Health: A Multischool Comparison of LGBTQ and Heterosexual Youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 319330. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00832.x.Google Scholar
Probyn, E. (1993). Choosing Choice: Images of Sexuality And “Choiceoisie” in Popular Culture. In Fisher, S. & Davis, K. (Eds.), Negotiating at the Margins: The Gendered Discourses of Power and Resistance (278294). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Raifman, J., Moscoe, E., Austin, B., & McConnell, M. (2017). Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(4):350356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529.Google Scholar
Ringrose, J. & Walkerdine, V. (2008). What Does It Mean to Be a Girl in the Twenty-First Century? Exploring Some Contemporary Dilemmas of Femininity and Girlhood in the West. In Mitchell, C. A. & Reid-Walsh, J. (Eds.), Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia (616). Westport: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, G. S. (2011). Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality. In Rubin, G. S. (Ed.), Deviations: A Gayle Rubin Reader (137181). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. (Original work published 1984).Google Scholar
Schalet, A. T. (2011). Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schram, S. F. & Pavlovskaya, M. (2018). Rethinking Neoliberalism: Resisting the Disciplinary Regime. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sisson, G. & Kimport, K. (2016). Depicting Abortion Access on American Television, 2005–2015. Feminism & Psychology, 27, 5671. doi:10.1177/0959353516681245.Google Scholar
Smeeding, T. M. (2016). Multiple Barriers to Economic Opportunity for the “Truly” Disadvantaged and Vulnerable. Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2, 98122.Google Scholar
Soss, J., Fording, R. C., & Schram, S. F. (2011). Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, H. & Stolberg, S. G. (2017). White nationalists march on University of Washington. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com.Google Scholar
Stahl, L. (Interviewer). (2016). The 45th president [Television broadcast]. In J. Fager (Executive Producer), 60 Minutes. New York: CBS.Google Scholar
Stringer, R. (2014). Knowing Victims: Feminism, Agency and Victim Politics in Neoliberal Times. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
van Eeden-Moorefield, B., Martell, C. R., Williams, M., & Preston, M. (2011). Same-Sex Relationships and Dissolution: The Connection between Heteronormativity and Homonormativity. Family Relations, 60, 562571.Google Scholar
Vitulli, E. (2010). A Defining Moment in Civil Rights History? The Employment Non-Discrimination Act, Trans-inclusion, and Homonormativity. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 7, 155167.Google Scholar
Watson, J. (2011). Understanding Survival Sex: Young Women, Homelessness, and Intimate Relationships. Journal of Youth Studies, 14, 639655. doi:10.1080/13676261.2011.588945.Google Scholar
Whitten, A. & Sethna, C. (2014). What’s Missing? Antiracist Sex Education! Sex Education, 14, 414429.Google Scholar

References

Ahmed, S. (2004). Collective Feelings: Or, the Impressions Left by Others. Theory, Culture & Society, 21, 2542.Google Scholar
Allison, R. & Risman, B. J. (2013). A Double Standard for “Hooking Up”: How Far Have We Come toward Gender Equality? Social Science Research, 42, 11911206.Google Scholar
Almukhtar, S., Gold, M., & Buchanan, L. (2017). After Weinstein: 47 men accused of sexual misconduct and their fall from power. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/10/us/men-accused-sexual-misconduct-weinstein.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. M., & Seeley, J. L. (2014). “Good Girls”: Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77, 100-122.Google Scholar
Aubrey, J. S. (2004). Sex and Punishment: An Examination of Sexual Consequences and the Sexual Double Standard in Teen Programming. Sex Roles, 50, 505514.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2003). The Trouble of Teen Sex: The Construction of Adolescent Sexuality through School-Based Sexuality Education. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 3, 6174.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2012). Recovering Empowerment: De-personalizing and Re-Politicizing Adolescent Female Sexuality. Sex Roles, 66, 713717.Google Scholar
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2015). The Agency Line: A Neoliberal Metric for Appraising Young Women’s Sexuality. Sex Roles, 73, 279291.Google Scholar
Bermúdez, M., Castro, A., Gude, F., & Buela-Casal, G. (2010). Relationship Power in the Couple and Sexual Double Standard as Predictors of the Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV: Multicultural and Gender Differences. Current HIV Research, 8, 172178.Google Scholar
Blackett, E. (2016). “I’m Allowed to Be Angry”: Students Resist Postfeminist Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Women’s Studies Journal, 30, 3852.Google Scholar
Bordini, G. S. & Sperb, T. M. (2013). Sexual Double Standard: A Review of the Literature between 2001 and 2010. Sexuality & Culture, 17, 686704.Google Scholar
Bowman, C. P. (2017). Persistent pleasures: Agency, social power, and embodiment in women’s solitary masturbation experiences. Doctoral dissertation. City University of New York.Google Scholar
Brown, L. M. (2016). Powered by Girl: A Field Guide for Working with Girl Activists. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chmielewski, J. F. (2017). A Listening Guide Analysis of Lesbian and Bisexual Young Women of Color’s Experiences of Sexual Objectification. Sex Roles, 77, 533549.Google Scholar
Chmielewski, J. F., Tolman, D. L., & Kincaid, H. (2017). Constructing Risk and Responsibility: A Gender, Race, and Class Analysis of News Representations of Adolescent Sexuality. Feminist Media Studies, 17, 412425.Google Scholar
Cohn, D., Passel, J. S., Wang, W., & Livingston, G. (2011). Barely half of U.S. adults are married – A record low. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC. Retrieved from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/12/14/barely-half-of-u-s-adults-are-married-a-record-low/Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631652.Google Scholar
Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., & Moors, A. C. (2013). Backlash from the Bedroom: Stigma Mediates Gender Differences in Acceptance of Casual Sex Offers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 392407.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual Double Standards: A Review and Methodological Critique of Two Decades of Research. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 1326.Google Scholar
de Meyer, S., Kågesten, A., Mmari, K. et al. (2017). “Boys Should Have the Courage to Ask a Girl Out”: Gender Norms in Early Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, S42S47.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2005). ‘I’m Straight, but I Kissed a Girl’: The Trouble with American Media Representations of Female–Female Sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 15, 104110.Google Scholar
Dobson, A. S. (2015). Postfeminist Digital Cultures: Femininity, Social Media, and Self-representation. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Edell, D. (2013). “Say It How It Is”: Urban Teenage Girls Challenge and Perpetuate Stereotypes through Writing and Performing Theatre. Youth Theatre Journal, 27, 5162.Google Scholar
Elliott, S. (2010). Parents’ Constructions of Teen Sexuality: Sex Panics, Contradictory Discourses, and Social Inequality. Symbolic Interaction, 33, 191212.Google Scholar
Emmerink, P. M., van den Eijnden, R. J., ter Bogt, T. F., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2017). A Scale for the Assessment of Sexual Standards among Youth: Psychometric properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 16991709.Google Scholar
England, P., Shafer, E. F., & Fogarty, A. C. (2008). Hooking Up and Forming Romantic Relationships on Today’s College Campuses. The Gendered Society Reader, 3, 531593.Google Scholar
Farvid, P. & Braun, V. (2017). Unpacking the “Pleasures” and “Pains” of Heterosexual Casual Sex: Beyond Singular Understandings. The Journal of Sex Research, 54, 7390.Google Scholar
Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2017). “No Girl Wants to Be Called a Slut!”: Women, Heterosexual Casual Sex and the Sexual Double Standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26, 544560.Google Scholar
Fasula, A. M., Carry, M., & Miller, K. S. (2014). A Multidimensional Framework for the Meanings of the Sexual Double Standard and Its Application for the Sexual Health of Young Black Women in the US. The Journal of Sex Research, 51, 170183.Google Scholar
Fasula, A. M., Miller, K. S., & Wiener, J. (2007). The Sexual Double Standard in African American Adolescent Women’s Sexual Risk Reduction Socialization. Women & Health, 46, 321.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2008). Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, Schooling, and Adolescent Females: The Missing Discourse of Desire. Harvard Educational Review, 58, 2954.Google Scholar
Fjaer, E. G., Pedersen, W., & Sandberg, S. (2015). “I’m Not One of Those Girls”: Boundary- Work and the Sexual Double Standard in a Liberal Hookup Context. Gender & Society, 29, 960981.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: Introduction Vol 1. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Gavey, N. (2012). Beyond “Empowerment”? Sexuality in a Sexist World. Sex Roles, 66, 718724.Google Scholar
Gill, R. (2008). Empowerment/Sexism: Figuring Female Sexual Agency in Contemporary Advertising. Feminism & Psychology, 18, 3560.Google Scholar
Gill, R. (2012). Media, Empowerment and the “Sexualization of Culture” Debates. Sex Roles, 66, 736745.Google Scholar
Goncalves, H., Behague, D. P., Gigante, D. P. et al. (2008). Determinants of Early Sexual Initiation in the Pelotas Birth Cohort from 1982 to 2004–5, Southern Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica, 42, 3441.Google Scholar
Greene, K. & Faulkner, S. L. (2005). Gender, Belief in the Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Talk in Heterosexual Dating Relationships. Sex Roles, 53, 239251.Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. & Armstrong, E. A. (2009). Gendered Sexuality in Young Adulthood: Double Binds and Flawed Options. Gender & Society, 23, 589616.Google Scholar
Hayes, R. M., Abbott, R. L., & Cook, S. (2016). It’s Her Fault: Student Acceptance of Rape Myths on Two College Campuses. Violence against Women, 22, 15401555.Google Scholar
Hill Collins, P. (2004). Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S., & Thomson, R. (1994). Power and Desire: The Embodiment of Female Sexuality. Feminist Review, 46, 2138.Google Scholar
Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S., & Thomson, R. (2004). The Male in the Head: Young People, Heterosexuality and Power, 2nd edn. London: Tufnell Press (Original work published 1998).Google Scholar
Horne, S. & Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J. (2006). The Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Inventory for Late Adolescents and Emerging Adults. Psychology of  Women Quarterly, 30, 125138.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. & Vares, T. (2011). Media “Sluts”: “Tween” Girls’ Negotiations of Postfeminist Sexual Subjectivities in Popular Culture. In Gill, R. & Scharff, C. (Eds.), New Femininities (134146). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jonason, P. K. & Marks, M. J. (2009). Common vs. Uncommon Sexual Acts: Evidence for the Sexual Double Standard. Sex Roles, 60, 357365.Google Scholar
Jozkowski, K. N., Marcantonio, T. L., & Hunt, M. E. (2017). College Students’ Sexual Consent Communication and Perceptions of Sexual Double Standards: A Qualitative Investigation. Perspectives On Sexual And Reproductive Health, 44, 237244.Google Scholar
Kapur, R. (2012). Pink Chaddis and SlutWalk Couture: The Postcolonial Politics of Feminism Lite. Feminist Legal Studies, 20, 120.Google Scholar
Kiefer, A. K. & Sanchez, D. T. (2007). Scripting Sexual Passivity: A Gender Role Perspective. Personal Relationships, 14, 269290.Google Scholar
Kreager, D. A., Staff, J., Gauthier, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). The Double Standard at Sexual Debut: Gender, Sexual Behavior and Adolescent Peer Acceptance. Sex Roles, 75, 377392.Google Scholar
Lamb, S., Graling, K., & Wheeler, E. E. (2013). ‘Pole-arized’ Discourse: An Analysis of Responses to Miley Cyrus’s Teen Choice Awards Pole Dance. Feminism & Psychology, 23, 163183.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. & Peterson, Z. D. (2012). Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: Two Feminists Explore the Concept. Sex Roles, 66, 703712.Google Scholar
Lamb, S., Roberts, T., & Plocha, A. (2016). Girls of Color, Sexuality, and Sex Education. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Levy, A. (2006). Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lorde, A. (1984). Sister Outsider. Freedom: The Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, H., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2011). Identity, Peer Relationships, and Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Behavior: An Exploration of the Contemporary Double Standard. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 437449.Google Scholar
Maxwell, C. & Aggleton, P. (2012). Bodies and Agentic Practice in Young Women’s Sexual and Intimate Relationships. Sociology, 46, 306321.Google Scholar
McClelland, S. I. & Fine, M. (2008). Rescuing a Theory of Adolescent Sexual Excess: Young Women and Wanting. In Harris, A. (Ed.), Next Wave Cultures: Feminism, Subcultures, Activism (83102). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster (2017). Merriam-Webster’s 2017 words of the year. Retrieved from www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year-2017-feminism/feminism.Google Scholar
Milhausen, R. R. & Herold, E. S. (2002). Reconceptualizing the Sexual Double Standard. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 13, 6383.Google Scholar
Ostrow, C. (2011). Love ya, slut [Blog post]. Retrieved from www.sparkmovement.org/2011/04/07/love-ya-slut/.Google Scholar
Papp, L. J., Hagerman, C., Gnoleba, M. A. et al. (2015). Exploring Perceptions of Slut-Shaming on Facebook: Evidence for a Reverse Sexual Double Standard. Gender Issues, 32, 5776.Google Scholar
Payne, E. (2010). Sluts: Heteronormative Policing in the Stories of Lesbian Youth. Educational Studies, 46, 317336.Google Scholar
Piran, N. (2017). Journeys of Embodiment at the Intersection of Body and Culture: The Developmental Theory of Embodiment. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Reid, J. A., Elliott, S., & Webber, G. R. (2011). Casual Hookups to Formal Dates: Refining the Boundaries of the Sexual Double Standard. Gender & Society, 25, 545568.Google Scholar
Renold, E. (2005). Girls, Boys and Junior Sexualities. London: Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence. Signs, 5, 631660.Google Scholar
Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards and ‘Sexting’: Gendered Value in Digital Image Exchange. Feminist Theory, 14, 305323.Google Scholar
Rogow, D. & Haberland, N. (2005). Sexuality and Relationships Education: Toward a Social Studies Approach. Sex Education, 5, 333344.Google Scholar
Rubin, Gayle. (1984). Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality. In Vance, C. S. (Ed.), Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (267319). London: Pandora.Google Scholar
Rudman, L. A. & Fetterolf, J. C. (2014). Gender and Sexual Economics: Do Women View Sex as a Female Commodity? Psychological Science, 25, 14381447.Google Scholar
Saewyc, E. M. (2011). Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 256272.Google Scholar
Sanchez, D. T., Crocker, J., & Boike, K. R. (2005). Doing Gender in the Bedroom: Investing in Gender Norms and the Sexual Experience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 14451455.Google Scholar
Sanchez, D. T., Fetterolf, J. C., & Rudman, L. A. (2012). Eroticizing Inequality in the United States: The Consequences and Determinants of Traditional Gender Role Adherence in Intimate Relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 49, 168183.Google Scholar
Sanchez, D.T. & Kiefer, A.K. (2007). Body Concerns in and out of the Bedroom: Implications for Sexual Pleasure and Problems. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 808820.Google Scholar
Schippers, M. (2007). Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony. Theory and Society, 36, 85102.Google Scholar
Seabrook, R. C., Ward, L. M., Cortina, L. M., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J. R. (2017). Girl Power or Powerless Girl? Television, Sexual Scripts, and Sexual Agency in Sexually Active Young Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 41, 240253.Google Scholar
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2013). Premarital Sexual Standards and Sociosexuality: Gender, Ethnicity, and Cohort Differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 13951405.Google Scholar
Tanenbaum, L. (2000). Slut!: Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Tanenbaum, L. (2015). I Am Not a Slut: Slut-Shaming in the Age of the Internet. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L. (2002). Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk about Sexuality. Boston: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L. (2012). Female Adolescents, Sexual Empowerment and Desire: A Missing Discourse of Gender Inequity. Sex Roles, 66, 746757.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L., Anderson, S. M., & Belmonte, K. (2015). Mobilizing Metaphor: Considering Complexities, Contradictions, and Contexts in Adolescent Girls’ and Young Women’s Sexual Agency. Sex Roles, 73, 298310.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L., Davis, B. R., & Bowman, C. P. (2016). “That’s Just How It Is”: A Gendered Analysis of Masculinity and Femininity Ideologies in Adolescent Girls’ and Boys’ Heterosexual Relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31, 331.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L. & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative Sexuality Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242255.Google Scholar
Truman, D. M., Tokar, D. M., & Fischer, A. R. (1996). Dimensions of Masculinity: Relations to Date Rape Supportive Attitudes and Sexual Aggression in Dating Situations. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 555562.Google Scholar
Walker, S., Sanci, L., & Temple-Smith, M. (2013). Sexting: Young Women’s and Men’s Views on Its Nature and Origins. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 697701.Google Scholar
Way, N., Ali, A., Gilligan, C., & Noguera, P. (Eds.). (2018). The Crisis of Connection: Roots, Consequences, and Solutions. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
White, E. (2002). Fast Girls: Teenage Tribes and the Myth of the Slut. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Woerner, J. & Abbey, A. (2017). Positive Feelings After Casual Sex: The Role of Gender and Traditional Gender-Role Beliefs. The Journal of Sex Research, 54, 717727.Google Scholar
Young, M., Penhollow, T. M., & Bailey, W. C. (2010). Hooking-Up and Condom Provision: Is There a Double Standard? American Journal of Health Studies, 25, 156164.Google Scholar

References

Allison, R. & Risman, B. J. (2013). A Double Standard for “Hooking Up”: How Far Have We Come toward Gender Equality? Social Science Research, 42(5), 11911206. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.006.Google Scholar
Allison, R. & Risman, B. J. (2014). “It Goes Hand in Hand with the Parties”: Race, Class, and Residence in College Student Negotiations of Hooking Up. Sociological Perspectives, 57(1), 102123. doi:10.1177/0731121413516608.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. A., England, P., & Fogarty, A. C. K. (2012). Accounting for Women’s Orgasm and Sexual Enjoyment in College Hookups and Relationships. American Sociological Review, 77(3), 435462. doi:10.1177/0003122412445802.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L., & England, P. (2010). Is Hooking Up Bad for Young Women? Contexts, 9(3), 2227. doi:10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.22.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. A. & Hamilton, L. T. (2013). Paying for the Party. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. M., & Seeley, J. L. (2014). “Good Girls”: Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(2), 100122. doi:10.1177/0190272514521220.Google Scholar
Bettie, J. (2014). Women Without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bogle, K. A. (2008). Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C., Kahn, A. S., & Saville, B. K. (2010). To Hook Up or Date: Which Gender Benefits? Sex Roles, 62(9–10), 661669. doi:10.1007/s11199-010–9765-7.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299.Google Scholar
Currier, D. M. (2013). Strategic Ambiguity: Protecting Emphasized Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity in the Hookup Culture. Gender & Society, 27(5), 704727. doi:10.1177/0891243213493960.Google Scholar
DeVault, M. L. (1990). Talking and Listening from Women’s Standpoint: Feminist Strategies for Interviewing and Analysis. Social Problems, 37(1), 96116.Google Scholar
Dynarski, S. (2016, February 19). How to help more college students graduate. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/upshot/how-to-help-more-college-students-graduate.html.Google Scholar
England, P., Shafer, E. F., & Fogarty, A. C. (2007). Hooking Up and Forming Romantic Relationships on Today’s College Campuses. The Gendered Society Reader, 3, 531593.Google Scholar
Eshbaugh, E. M. & Gute, G. (2008). Hookups and Sexual Regret among College Women. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(1), 7790. doi:10.3200/SOCP.148.1.77–90.Google Scholar
Fielder, R. L., Carey, K. B., & Carey, M. P. (2013). Are Hookups Replacing Romantic Relationships? A Longitudinal Study of First-Year Female College Students. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 52(5), 657659. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.001.Google Scholar
Fields, J. (2008). Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Garcia, L. (2012). Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself: Latina Girls and Sexual Identity. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). Grounded Theory: The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Sociology the Journal of the British Sociological Association, 12, 2749.Google Scholar
Glenn, N. & Marquardt, E. (2001). Hooking Up, Hanging Out, and Hoping for Mr. Right: College Women on Dating and Mating Today. New York: Institute for American Values.Google Scholar
Grazian, D. (2007). The Girl Hunt: Urban Nightlife and the Performance of Masculinity as Collective Activity. Symbolic Interaction, 30(2), 221243.Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. & Armstrong, E. A. (2009). Gendered Sexuality in Young Adulthood. Gender & Society, 23(5), 589616. doi:10.1177/0891243209345829.Google Scholar
Heldman, C. & Wade, L. (2010). Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(4), 323333. doi:10.1007/s13178-010-0024-z.Google Scholar
Kimmel, M. (2009). Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (1 Reprint edition). New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
McCall, L. (2005). The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 17711800.Google Scholar
Mullen, A. L. (2010). Degrees of Inequality: Culture, Class, and Gender in American Higher Education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Owen, J. J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). “Hooking Up” among College Students: Demographic and Psychosocial Correlates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(3), 653663.Google Scholar
Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, You’re a Fag. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative Research. In Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa514.Google Scholar
Paul, E. L., McManus, B., & Hayes, A. (2000). “Hookups”: Characteristics and Correlates of College Students’ Spontaneous and Anonymous Sexual Experiences. The Journal of Sex Research, 37(1), 7688. doi:10.1080/00224490009552023.Google Scholar
Pugh, A. (2013). What Good Are Interviews for Thinking about Culture? Demystifying Interpretive Analysis. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 1(1), 4268.Google Scholar
Schalet, A. T. (2011). Not Under My Roof. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. & Ray, B. (2010). Not Quite Adults. On the Frontier of Adulthood, 1(1), 236.Google Scholar
Smiler, A. P. (2008). “I Wanted to Get to Know Her Better”: Adolescent Boys’ Dating Motives, Masculinity Ideology, and Sexual Behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1), 1732.Google Scholar
Stuber, J. M. (2009). Class, Culture, and Participation in the Collegiate Extra-Curriculum. Sociological Forum, 24, 877900.Google Scholar
Sweeney, B. (2014). Party Animals or Responsible Men: Social Class, Race, and Masculinity on Campus. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(6), 804821. doi:10.1080/09518398.2014.901578.Google Scholar
Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Yaeger, P. M., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1996). First-Generation College Students: Characteristics, Experiences, and Cognitive Development. Research in Higher Education, 37(1), 122. doi:10.1007/BF01680039.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237246.Google Scholar
Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Valenti, J. (2010). The Purity Myth: How America’s Obsession with Virginity is Hurting Young Women. New York: Seal Press.Google Scholar
Wade, L. (2017). American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus, 1st edn. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Weissbourd, R., Ross Anderson, T., Cashin, A., & McIntyre, J. (2017). The Talk: How Adults Can Promote Young People’s Health Relationships and Prevent Misogyny and Sexual Harassment (Making Caring Common Project). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education.Google Scholar
Wilkins, A. C. (2008). Wannabes, Goths, and Christians: The Boundaries of Sex, Style, and Status. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilkins, A. C. (2014). Race, Age, and Identity Transformations in the Transition from High School to College for Black and First-Generation White Men. Sociology of Education, 87(3), 171187.Google Scholar
Wilkins, A. C. & Dalessandro, C. (2013). Monogamy Lite Cheating, College, and Women. Gender & Society, 27(5), 728751. doi:10.1177/0891243213483878.Google Scholar
Wilkins, A. C. & Miller, S. A. (2017). Secure Girls: Class, Sexuality, and Self-Esteem. Sexualities, 20(7). doi:10.1177/1363460716658422.Google Scholar

References

Ancheta, A. (2010). Neither Black nor White. In Wu, J. Y. S. and Chen, T. (Eds.), Asian American Studies Now: A Critical Reader. (2134). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Bacchus, N. (2017). Shifting Sexual Boundaries: Ethnicity and Pre-marital Sex in the Lives of South Asian American Women. Sexuality & Culture, 21, 776794. doi:10.1007/s12119-017-9421-2.Google Scholar
Chan, J. (2001). Chinese American Masculinities: From Fu Manchu to Bruce Lee. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Choi, K., Han, C., Paul, J., & Ayala, G. (2011). Strategies for Managing Racism and Homophobia among U.S. Ethnic and Racial Minority Men Who Have Sex with Other Men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23(2), 145158.Google Scholar
Chou, R. & Feagin, J. (2015). The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism, 2nd edn. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Chou, R. (2012). Asian American Sexual Politics. Plymouth: Rowman & Litlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639.Google Scholar
Eng, D. (2001). Racial Castration: Managing Masculinity in Asian America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Espiritu, Y. L. (2001). ‘We Don’t Sleep around Like White Girls Do’: Family, Culture, and Gender in Filipina American Lives. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 26(2), 415–40.Google Scholar
Espiritu, Y. L. (2008). Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love, 2nd edn. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Evans, P. C. & McConnell, A. (2003). Do Racial Minorities Respond in the Same Way to Mainstream Beauty Standards? Social Comparison Processes in Asian, Black, and White Women. Self and Identity, 2, 153167. doi:10.1080/15298860390129908.Google Scholar
Fung, R. (2005). Looking for My Penis: The Eroticized Asian in Gay Video Porn. In Ono, K. A. (Ed.), A Companion to Asian American Studies (235253). Malde: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Gupta, A., Szymanski, D. M., & Leong, F. T. L. (2011). The “Model Minority Myth”: Internalized Racialism of Positive Stereotypes as Correlates of Psychological Distress, and Attitudes toward Help-Seeking. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2(2), 101114.Google Scholar
Hahm, H. C., Lahiff, R., & Barreto, R. (2006). Asian American Adolescents’ First Sexual Intercourse: Gender and Acculturation Differences. Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health, 38(1), 2836.Google Scholar
Han, C., Proctor, K., & Choi, K. (2014). I Know a Lot of Gay Asian Men Who Are Actually Tops: Managing and Negotiating Gay Racial Stigma. Sexuality & Culture, 18, 219234.Google Scholar
Hill Collins, P. (2005). Black Sexual Politics. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Javier, S. & Belgrave, F. (2015). An Examination of Influences on Body Dissatisfaction among Asian American College Females: Do Family, Media, or Peers Play a Role? Journal of American College Health, 63(8), 579583.Google Scholar
Katz, J. (1999). Tough Guise: Violence, Media and the Crisis in Masculinity. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation.Google Scholar
Kaw, E. (1993). Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 7(1), 7489.Google Scholar
Kiang, L., Witkow, M., & Thompson, T. (2016). Model Minority Stereotyping, Perceived Discrimination and Adjustment among Adolescents from Asian American Backgrounds. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 45, 13661379. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0336-7.Google Scholar
Kim, E. H. (1990). “Such Opposite Creatures”: Men and Women in Asian American Literature. Michigan Quarterly Review, 29(1), 6893.Google Scholar
Kumashiro, K. (1999). Supplementing Normalcy and Otherness: Queer Asian American Men Reflect on Stereotypes, Identity, and Oppression. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 12(5), 491508.Google Scholar
Lamb, S., Roberts, T., & Plocha, A. (2016). Girls of Color, Sexuality, and Sex Education. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lindridge, A. & Wang, C. (2008). Saving ‘Face’ in China: Modernization, Parental Pressure, and Plastic Surgery. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 7, 496508. doi:10.1002/cb.267.Google Scholar
Luo, W. (2013). Aching for the Altered Body: Beauty Economy and Chinese Women’s Consumption of Cosmetic Surgery. Women’s Studies International Forum, 38, 110.Google Scholar
Nagel, J. (2003). Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nemoto, K. (2006). Intimacy, Desire, and the Construction of Self in Relationships between Asian American Women and White American Men. Journal of Asian American Studies, 9(1), 2754.Google Scholar
Nguyen, T. H. (2014). A View from the Bottom: Asian American Masculinity and Sexual Representation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ong, A., Burrow, A., Fuller-Rowell, T., Ja, N., & Sue, D. (2013). Racial Microaggressions and Daily Well-Being among Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 188199. doi:10.1037/a0031736.Google Scholar
Ocampo, A. & Soodjinda, D. (2016). Invisible Asian Americans: The Intersections of Sexuality, Race, and Education among Gay Asian Americans. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 19(3), 480499.Google Scholar
Omi, M. & Winant, H. (2015). Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Prasso, S. (2005). The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies Of the Exotic Orient. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Riggs, D. (2013). Anti-Asian Sentiment amongst a Sample of White Australian Men on Gaydar. Sex Roles, 68, 768778.Google Scholar
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Schug, J., Alt, N., & Lu, P. (2017). Gendered Race in Mass Media: Invisibility of Asian Men and Black Women in Popular Magazines. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 6(3), 222236.Google Scholar
Sung, M. R., Szymanski, D., & Henrichs-Beck, C. (2014). Challenges, Coping, and Benefits of Being an Asian American Lesbian or Bisexual Woman. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 5264.Google Scholar
Tang, I. (2005). How I Became a Black Man and Other Metamorphoses. Austin, TX: IT Works.Google Scholar
Tong, B. (1994). Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Tong, Y. (2013). Acculturation, Gender Disparity, and the Sexual Behavior of Asian American Youth. Journal of Sex Research, 50(6), 560573.Google Scholar
Trinh, S., Ward, M., Day, K., Thomas, K., & Levin, D. (2014). Emergent Peer and Parent Sexual Messages to Asian American College Students’ Sexual Behaviors. Journal of Sex Research, 51(2), 208220. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2012.721099.Google Scholar
Vargas, D. (2010). Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture. In Asencio, M. (Ed.), Latina/o Sexualities: Probing Powers, Passions, Practices, and Policies. (117136). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125151.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. & Yoshikawa, H. (2004). Experiences of and Responses to Social Discrimination among Asian and Pacific Islander Gay Men: Their Relationship to HIV Risk. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(1), 6883.Google Scholar
Wu, F. (2002). Yellow: Race in America beyond Black and White. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Yoon, E., Adams, K., Claswson, A., Chang, H., Surya, S., & Jérémie-Brink, G. (2017). East Asian Adolescents’ Ethnic Identity Development and Cultural Integration: A Qualitative Investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 6579. doi:10.1037/cou0000181.Google Scholar
Zhang, M. (2012). A Chinese Beauty Story: How College Women in China Negotiate Beauty, Body Image, and Mass Media. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(4), 437454. doi:10.1080/17544750.2012.723387.Google Scholar

References

Aizura, A. Z. (2006). Of Borders and Homes: The Imaginary Community of (Trans)sexual Citizenship. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 7(2), 289309.Google Scholar
Akerlund, M. & Cheung, M. (2000). Teaching beyond the Deficit Model: Gay and Lesbian Issues among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans. Journal of Social Work Education, 36, 279292.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2013). “Fact sheet: Gender diversity and transgender identity in children”, July 20, 2016, www.apadivisions.org/division-44/resources/advocacy/transgender-children.pdf.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. M. & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Sexual Orientation: A Conceptual Analysis and Quantitative Review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 4355.Google Scholar
Bauer, G. R., Hammond, R., Travers, R., Kaay, M., Hohenadel, K. M., & Boyce, M. (2009), “I Don’t Think This Is Theoretical; This Is Our Lives”: How Erasure Impacts Health Care for Transgender People. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20(5), 348361.Google Scholar
Beam, C. (2007). Transparent: Love, Family, and Living the T with Transgender Teenagers. Toronto, ON: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., & Hammersmith, S. K. (1988). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bettcher, T. M. (2007). Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion Hypatia, 22(3), 4365.Google Scholar
Bettcher, T. M. (2013). Trans Women and “Interpretive Intimacy”: Some Initial Reflections. In Castañeda, D. (Ed.), The Essential Handbook of Women’s Sexuality: Diversity, Health, and Violence, Vol. 1. Meanings, Development, and Worldwide Views (5168). Santa Barbara: Praeger.Google Scholar
Bilodeau, B. & Renn, K. A. (2005). Analysis of LGBT Identity Development Models and Implications for Practice. In Sanlo, R. L. (Ed.), Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: New Directions for Student Services (vol. 111, 2540). San Francisco: Josey-Bass.Google Scholar
Blumer, M. L. C., Green, M. S., Knowles, S. J., & Williams, A. (2012). Shedding Light on Thirteen Years of Darkness: Content Analysis of Articles Pertaining to Transgender Issues in Marriage/Couple and Family Therapy Journals. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 38, 244256.Google Scholar
Bockting, W. O., Benner, A., & Coleman, E. (2009). Gay and Bisexual Identity Development among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 688701.Google Scholar
Bockting, W. O. & Coleman, E. (1991). A Comment on the Concept of Transhomosexuality, or the Dissociation of the Meaning. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20(4), 419421.Google Scholar
Bullough, V. & Bullough, B. (1993). Cross dressing, Sex, and Gender. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bungener, S. L., Steensma, T. D., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & de Vries, A. L. C. (2017). Sexual and Romantic Experiences of Transgender Youth before Gender-Affirmative Treatment. Pediatrics 139 (3), e20162283.Google Scholar
Castañeda, C. (2014). Childhood. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1–2), 5961.Google Scholar
Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., Guzman, R., & Katz, M. (2001). HIV Prevalence, Risk Behaviors, Health Care Use, and Mental Health Status of Transgender Persons: Implications for Public Health Intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 915921.Google Scholar
Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. & Pfäfflin, F. (2003). Transgenderism and Intersexuality in Childhood and Adolescence: Making Choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Coogan, K. (2006). Fleshy Specificity: (Re)considering Transsexual Subjects in Lesbian Communities. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 10(1/2), 1741.Google Scholar
Cromwell, J. (2001). Skin Memories. In Ahmed, S. & Stacey, J. (Eds.), Thinking through the Skin (5268). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dargie, E., Blair, K., Pukall, C., & Coyle, S. (2014). Somewhere under the Rainbow: Exploring the Identities and Experiences of Trans Persons. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 23 (2), 6974.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R. (1994). Identity Development and Sexual Orientation: Toward a Model of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Development. In Trickett, E. J., Watts, R. J., & Birman, D. (Eds.), Human Diversity: Perspectives on People in Context (312333). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (2010). Factors Associated with Parents’ Knowledge of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths’ Sexual Orientation. Journal of GLBT Family Studies 6(2), 121.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., Pilkington, N. W. (1998). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth and Their Families: Disclosure of Sexual Orientation and Its Consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3):361371.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R. & Patterson, C. J. (2001). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities and Youth: Psychological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Montigny, J. (2013). Negotiating everyday spaces, making places: Queer & trans* youth in Montréal. Master’s thesis. Concordia University, Montréal.Google Scholar
Devor, H. (1993). Sexual Orientation Identities, Attractions, and Practices of Female-to-Male Transsexuals. Journal of Sex Research, 30(4), 303315.Google Scholar
Devor, H. (2004). Witnessing and Mirroring: A Fourteen Stage Model of Transsexual Identity Formation. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8(1–2), 4167.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. M. (2008). Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L., Pardo, S. T., & Butterworth, M. R. (2011). Transgender Experience and Identity. In Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K., & Vignoles, V. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, Vol. 2 (pp. 629647). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Doorn, C. D., Poortinga, J., & Verschoor, A. M. (1994). Cross-Gender Identity in Transvestites and Male Transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23(2), 185201.Google Scholar
Dozier, R. (2005). Beards, Breasts, and Bodies: Doing Sex in a Gendered World. Gender and Society, 19, 297316.Google Scholar
Driver, S. (Ed.). (2008). Queer Youth Cultures. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ekins, R. & King, D. (1999). Toward a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies. The Sociological Review, 47(3), 580602.Google Scholar
Ekins, R. & King, D (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Feinberg, L. (1996). Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Rupaul. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Galupo, M. P., Henise, S. B., & Mercer, N. L. (2016) “The Labels Don’t Work Very Well”: Transgender Individuals’ Conceptualizations of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity, International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(2), 93104Google Scholar
Galupo, M. P., Davis, K. S., Grynkiewicz, A. L., & Mitchell, R. C. (2014). Conceptualization of Sexual Orientation Identity among Sexual Minorities: Patterns across Sexual and Gender Identity. Journal of Bisexuality, 14, 433456.Google Scholar
Galupo, M. P., Lomash, E., & Mitchell, R. C. (2016). “All of My Lovers Fit into This Scale”: Sexual Minority Individuals’ Responses to Two Novel Measures of Sexual Orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(2), 145165.Google Scholar
Galupo, M. P., Mitchell, R. C., Grynkiewicz, A. L., & Davis, K. S. (2014). Sexual Minority Reflections on the Kinsey Scale and the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid: Conceptualization and Measurement. Journal of Bisexuality, 14, 404432.Google Scholar
Gorman-Murray, A. (2008). Queering the Family Home: Narratives from Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth Coming Out in Supportive Family Homes in Australia. Gender, Place and Culture 15(1), 3144.Google Scholar
Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Google Scholar
Green, J. N. (1999). Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Greene, B. (1994). Lesbian and Gay Sexual Orientations: Implications for Clinical Training, Practice, and Research. In Greene, B. & Herek, G. M. (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Issues, Vol. 1. Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Greytak, E., Kosciw, J., & Diaz, E. (2009). Harsh Realities: The Experiences of Transgender Youth in Our Nation’s Schools. New York: Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network.Google Scholar
Grossman, A. & D’Augelli, A. (2006). Transgender Youth: Invisible and Vulnerable. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111128.Google Scholar
Grossman, A. H., D’Augelli, A. R., & Salter, N. P. (2006). Male-to-Female Transgender Youth: Gender Expression Milestones, Gender Atypicality, Victimization, and Parents’ Responses. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2, 7192.Google Scholar
Herdt, G & Boxer, A. (1993). Children of Horizons: How Gay and Lesbian Teens Are Leading a New Way Out of the Closet. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. J. (2000). Reading Transgender, Rethinking Women’s Studies. NWSA, 9(2), 170180.Google Scholar
Hines, S. (2007). Transforming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy, and Care. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, L., & Valentine, G. (1995). “Wherever I Lay My Girlfriend, That’s My Home”: The Performance and Surveillance of Lesbian Identities in Domestic Environments. In Bell, D. & Valentine, G. (Eds.), Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities (99113). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Katz-Wise, S. L., Reisner, S. L., White, J. M., & Keo-Meier, C. L. (2016). Differences in Sexual Orientation Diversity and Sexual Fluidity in Attractions among Gender Minority Adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 7484.Google Scholar
Katz-Wise, S. L. (2015). Sexual Fluidity in Young Adult Women and Men: Associations with Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity Development. Psychology & Sexuality, 6, 189208.Google Scholar
Kawale, R. (2004). Inequalities of the Heart: The Performance of Emotion Work by Lesbian and Bisexual Women in London, England. Social and Cultural Geography 5(6), 565581.Google Scholar
Kinnish, K. K., Strassberg, D. S., & Turner, C. W. (2005). Sex Differences in the Flexibility of Sexual Orientation: A Multidimensional Retrospective Assessment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(2), 10. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1795-9.Google Scholar
Kirby, S. & Hay, I. (1997). (Hetero)sexing Space: Gay Men and ‘Straight’ Space in Adelaide, South Australia. Professional Geographer 49(3), 295305.Google Scholar
Kosciw, J. G. & Cullen, M. K. (2001). The GLSEN 2001 National School Climate Survey: The School-Related Experiences of Our Nation’s Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth. New York: Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network.Google Scholar
Kosciw, J. G., Gretak, E. A., Giga, N. M., Villenas, C., & Danischewski, D. J. (2016). The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth in Our Nation’s Schools. Boston: GLSEN.Google Scholar
Kuklin, S. (2014). Beyond Magenta: Transgender Teens Speak Out. Somerville: Candlewick PressGoogle Scholar
Kuper, L. E., Nussbaum, R., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Exploring the Diversity of Gender and Sexual Orientation Identities in an Online Sample of Transgender Individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 49, 244254.Google Scholar
Lev, A. (2004). Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-variant People and Their Families. New York: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.Google Scholar
Lev, A. (2013). Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41 (3), 288296.Google Scholar
Lewins, F. (1995). Transsexualism in Society: A Sociology of Male-to-Female Transsexuals. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia.Google Scholar
Mallon, G. P. (1998). We Don’t Exactly Get the Welcome Wagon: The Experiences of Gay and Lesbian Adolescents in Child Welfare Systems. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mallon, G. P (1999). Knowledge for Practice with Transgendered Persons. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 10(3/4), 118.Google Scholar
Menvielle, E. J. & Tuerk, M. A. (2002). A Support Group for Parents of Gender Nonconforming Boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8), 10101013.Google Scholar
Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (2002). Gender Identity Disorder in Young Boys: A Parent- and Peer-Based Treatment Protocol. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 360376.Google Scholar
Meier, S. C., Pardo, S. T., Labuski, C., & Babcock, J. (2013). Measures of Clinical Health among Female-to-Male Transgender Persons as a Function of Sexual Orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 463474.Google Scholar
Money, J. (1988). Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
National Association of School Psychologists (2014), “Safe schools for transgender and gender diverse students [Position statement],” Communique ́, 13 July 2016.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. L. (1999). Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth: Understanding Diversity and Promoting Tolerance in Schools. The Elementary School Journal, 99, 505519.Google Scholar
Noble, J. B. (2006). Sons of the Movement: FtMs Risking Incoherence on a Post-Queer Cultural Landscape. Toronto: Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Ontario Human Rights Commission (2014), “Policy on preventing discrimination because of gender identity and gender expression,” July 13, 2014.Google Scholar
O’Shaughnessy, M., Russell, S., Heck, K., Calhoun, C., & Laub, C. (2004). Consequences of Harassment Based on Actual or Perceived Sexual Orientation and Gender Non-conformity and Steps for Making Schools Safer. Davis: California Safe School Coalition and 4-H Center for Youth Development, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Ott, M. Q, Corliss, H. L, Wypij, D., Rosario, M., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Stability and Change in Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in Young People: Application of Mobility Metrics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 519532.Google Scholar
Pearson, G. S. (2013), Editorial. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 49, 219220. doi:10.1111/ppc.12041Google Scholar
Pleak, R. R. (1999). Ethical Issues in Diagnosing and Treating Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents. In Rottnek, M. (Ed.), Sissies and Tomboys: Gender Non-conformity and Homosexual Childhood. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Pleak, R. R (2009). Transgender People. In Ruiz, P. & Primm, A. (Eds.), Disparities in Psychiatric Care: Clinical and Cross-cultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Prieur, A. (1998). Mema’s House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Prosser, J. (1998). Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Pyne, J. (2017). “Arresting Ashley X: Trans Youth.” Puberty Blockers and the Question of Whether Time is on Your Side. Somatechnics 7(1), 95123.Google Scholar
Rainess, S. J. (2015). Real Talk for Teens: Jump-Start Guide to Gender Transitioning and Beyond. Oakland: Transgress Press.Google Scholar
Rankin, S. R. (2003). Campus Climate for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People: A National Perspective. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2009). Disclosure of Sexual Orientation and Subsequent Substance Use and Abuse among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: Critical Role of Disclosure Reactions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 175184.Google Scholar
Rowniak, S. & Chesla, C. (2013). Coming Out for a Third Time: Transmen, Sexual Orientation, and Identity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 449461.Google Scholar
Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., & Diaz, R. M. (2014). Being Out at School: The Implications for School Victimization and Young Adult Adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 635643.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. (2001). Counseling Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Youths. In D’Augelli, A. & Patterson, C. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities and Youth (224250). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. (2009). A Practitioner’s Resource Guide: Helping Families to Support Their LGBT Children. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Google Scholar
Sausa, L. A. (2003). The HIV prevention and educational needs of trans youth: A qualitative study. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3087465Google Scholar
Sausa, L. A (2005). Translating Research into Practice: Trans Youth Recommendations for Improving School Systems. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3, 1.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. (1998). Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Youths’ Relationship with Their Parents. In Patterson, C. & D’Augelli, A. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities in Families (7598). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C. & Cohen, K. M. (1996). The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishing.Google Scholar
Sember, R., Lawrence, A. A., & Xavier, J. (2000). Transgender Health Concerns. Journal of the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, 4, 125134.Google Scholar
Spack, N. P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., et al. (2012). Children and Adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder Referred to a Pediatric Medical Center. Pediatrics, 178(3), 418425.Google Scholar
Spade, D. (2004). Fighting to Win. In Sycamore, M. B. (Ed.). That’s Revolting! Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation (4753). Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull.Google Scholar
Staley, R. (August 12, 2011). When boys would rather not be boys: Kids are being diagnosed – and identifying themselves – as transgendered younger than ever before. Macleans.Google Scholar
Stryker, S. (2008). Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity. Radical History Review, 100, 145157.Google Scholar
Testa, R. J., Coolhart, D., & Peta, J. (2015). The Gender Quest Workbook: A Guide for Teens and Young Adults Exploring Gender Identity. Oakland: Instant Help.Google Scholar
Tsoi, W. F. (1990). Developmental Profile of 200 Male and 100 Female Transsexuals in Singapore. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19(6), 595605.Google Scholar
Ulrichs, K. H. (1994). The Riddle of ‘Man-Manly’ Love, 2 vols, translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash, foreword by Vern L. Bullough. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Valentine, G. & Skelton, T. (2003). Finding Oneself, Losing Oneself: The Lesbian and Gay “Scene” as a Paradoxical Space. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27(4): 849866.Google Scholar
Valentine, D. (2007). Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond Sexual Orientation: Integrating Gender/Sex and Diverse Sexualities in Sexual Configurations Theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(5), 11771213.Google Scholar
Veale, J., Saewyc, E. M., Frohard-Dourlent, H., Dobson, S., Clark, B., & The Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey Research Group. (2015). Being Safe, Being Me: Results of the Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Winter, S. J. (2002). Transgender and Society: An Asian Perspective. Newsletter of the Comparative and Historical Section of the American Sociological Society, 14(3), 1618.Google Scholar
WPATH. (2011). Standards of Care: For the Health of Transsexual, Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People, 7th edition. www.wpath.org.Google Scholar
Zucker, K. J. (2004). Gender Identity Development and Issues. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(3), 551568.Google Scholar
Zucker, K. J., Green, R., Coates, S., et al. (1997). Sibling Sex Ratio of Boys with Gender Identity Disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 543551.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×