Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T00:14:36.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Catholic nationalism in Greater Hungary and Poland

from PART II - THE CHURCHES AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Sheridan Gilley
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Brian Stanley
Affiliation:
Henry Martyn Centre, Cambridge
Get access

Summary

The Hungary which became a co-equal partner with Austria in the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1867 was more than three times larger than the truncated modern state which emerged from the First World War, and which excluded 3 million Hungarians. Hungary before 1918 included Slovakia (which became part of Czechoslovakia) and Transylvania, which was transferred in 1918 to Romania. Croatia-Slavonia, which was 70 per cent Catholic and a little over a quarter Orthodox, and was to be come a part of Yugoslavia, had its own institutions, but was subordinate to Hungary, with representation in the Hungarian government and parliament. Hungary was very diverse religiously. Where the Austrian half of the empire in 1900 was 91 per cent Roman Catholic (including 3 million Uniates), Hungary (excluding Croatia) was only just under half Roman Catholic (8,200,000 people) and another 10 per cent Uniate (over 1,800,000), mostly Romanian and Ruthenian. The remaining 40 per cent of the population included just under 2½ million Hungarian Calvinists (14 per cent of the population), 1¼ million German Lutherans, and over 2 million Greek Orthodox, most of them Romanians in Transylvania. There was a substantial minority of more than 800,000 Jews and an historic body of nearly 70,000 Unitarians.

This mosaic of minorities, the consequence of the absence of Habsburg power during the era of Ottoman occupation and its limitations after the subsequent Habsburg reconquest, left the Roman Catholic Church a diverse, rich and privileged institution, by far the largest in the country. It bore a special relation to the Hungarian state and nation, but without the kind of historic monopoly it enjoyed in most countries with a predominantly Catholic tradition.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adriányi, Gabriel, Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte Ungarns, Studia Hungarica 30 (Munich: Trofenik-Verlag, 1986).Google Scholar
Adriányi, Gabriel, Die Stellung der ungarischen Kirche zum österreichischen Konkordat von 1855 (Rome: privately published, 1963).Google Scholar
Adriányi, Gabriel, FünfzigJahre ungarischer Kirchengeschichte, 1895–1945, Studia Hungarica 6 (Mainz: Verlag von Hase and Koehler, 1974).Google Scholar
Adriányi, Gabriel, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Ungarn, Bonner Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte 26 (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau-Verlag, 2004).Google Scholar
Adriányi, Gabriel, Kleine Kirchengeschichte Ungarns, Studien zur Geschichte Ungarns 5 (Herne: Verlag Gabriele Schäfer, 2003).Google Scholar
Adriányi, Gabriel, Ungarn und das I. Vaticanum, Bonner Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte 5 (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau-Verlag, 1975).Google Scholar
Billot, C. C, Honorat Komiński 1829–1916 (Paris: Editions Notre Dame de la Trinité, 1982).Google Scholar
Chlebowczyk, Józef, On small and young nations in Europe: nation-forming processes in ethnic borderlands in east-central Europe (Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. ssolinskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1980).Google Scholar
Davies, Norman, God’s playground: a history of Poland, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Delsol, Chantal and Maslowski, Michel (directors), Histoire des idées politiques de l’Europe centrale (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1998).Google Scholar
Delsol, Chantal, Maslowski, Michel and Nowicki, Joanna (directors), Mythes et symboles politiques en Europe centrale (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002).Google Scholar
Gergely, Jenö, Katolikus egyház, magyar társadalom 1890–1986 (Budapest: Tankönyvkiado, 1989).Google Scholar
Gratz, Gusztáv, A dualizmus kora:Magyarország története 1867–1918, 2 vols. (Budapest: Magyar Szemle Társ, 1934).Google Scholar
Haltmayer, Josef (ed.), Die katholischen Donauschwaben in der Doppelmonarchie 1867–1918 (Stuttgart: Verlag Buch und Kunst Kettlerhaus, 1977).Google Scholar
Hanák, Péter, et al, Magyarország töorténete 1848–1918, 2 vols. (Budapest: Tankönyvkiado, 1972).Google Scholar
Hanák, Péter (ed.), Studien zur Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1961).Google Scholar
Hermann, Egyed, A katolikus egyház törtánete Magyarországon 1914-ig, Dissertationes Hun-garicae ex Historia Ecclesiae 1 (Munich: Aurora Könyvek, 1973).Google Scholar
Hrytsak, Jaroslav, Historia Ukrainy 1772–1999: Narodziny nowoczesnego narodu (Birth of a modern nation) (Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2000).Google Scholar
Kiaupa, Zigmantas, The history of Lithuania, trans. Rowell, S. C. (Vilnius, Lithuania: Baltos Lankos, 2002).Google Scholar
Kieniewicz, Stefan, ‘Eglises et nationalités en Europe centrale-orientale au XIXe s.’, in The common Christian roots of the European nation: an international colloquium in the Vatican, 2 vols. (Florence: Le Monnier, 1982), vol. 1.Google Scholar
Kieniewicz, Stefan, ‘Polish revolutionaries of the nineteenth century and the Catholic Church’, in David, Loades and Katherine, Walsh (eds.), Faith and identity: Christian political experience, Studies in Church History Subsidia 6 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990).Google Scholar
Kloczowski, Jerzy, ‘Christianisme et nationalité dans l’Europe du centre est’, in Jacques, Gadille and Jean-Marie, Mayeur (directors), Histoire du Christianisme des origines à nosjours (Paris: Declée, 1995).Google Scholar
Kloczowski, Jerzy, ‘The place of the Jews in the socio-religious history of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian commonwealth’, in Andrzej, K. Paluch (ed.), The Jews in Poland, 2 vols. (Cracow: Research Centre on Jewish History and Culture in Poland, Jagiellonian University, 1992), Subsidia 6, vol. 1.Google Scholar
Kloczowski, Jerzy (ed.), Histoire religieuse de la Pologne (Paris: Centurion, 1987).Google Scholar
Kloczowski, Jerzy and Beauvois, Daniel (eds.), Historia Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2 vols. (Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2000).Google Scholar
Kloczowski, JerzyA history of Polish Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Kloczowski, JerzyBelarus, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine: the foundations of historical and cultural traditions in east-central Europe (Lublin: Institute of East-Central Europe; Rome: Foundation of John Paul II, 1994).Google Scholar
Magocsi, Paul R., A history of Ukraine (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Nyisztor, Zoltán, Ötven esztendö: Századunk katolikus megujhodása (Vienna: Becs Opus Mystici Corporis, 1962).Google Scholar
Olszamowska-Skowrońska, Z., ‘La suppression des diocèses catholiques par le gouvernement russe aprés l’insurrection de 1843’, Antemurale 9 (1965).Google Scholar
Olszamowska-Skowrońska, Z., ‘Tentatives d’introduire la lange russe dans les églises latines de la Pologne orientale (1865–1903)’, Antemurale 11 (1967).Google Scholar
Olszewski, Daniel, ‘Le rôle des églises dans le processus nation-formateurs en Europe-centrale et orientale au declin du XIXe s. et au début du XXe s.’, in The common Christian roots of the European nation: an international colloquium in the Vatican, 2 vols. (Florence: Le Monnier, 1982), vols. 1.Google Scholar
Parot, Joseph John, Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850–1920:areligious history (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Salacz, Gábor, Egyház ésállam Magyarországon a dualizmus korában 1867–1918, Dissertationes Hungaricae ex Historia Ecclesiae 2 (Munich: Aurora Könyvek, 1974).Google Scholar
Shibeko, Zakhar Vasil’evich, Historia Bialorusi: 1795–2000 (Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2002).Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy, The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus 1569–1999 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Sporluk, Roman, Russia, Ukraine and the breakup of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Steed, H. Wickham, Phillips, Walter Alison and Hannay, David, A short history of Austria-Hungary and Poland (London: Encyclopaedia Britannica Co., 1914).Google Scholar
Török, Jenö, A katolikus autonómia mozgalom 1848–1871 (Budapest: Stephaneum, 1941).Google Scholar
Trzeciakowski, Lech, ‘The Prussian state and the Catholic Church in Prussian Poland, 1871–1914’, Slavic Review 26 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wandycz, Piotr Stefan, The lands of partitioned Poland 1795–1918, vol. VII: A history of east central Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Wandycz, Piotr Stefan, The price of freedom: a history of east central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present (London and New York: Routledge, 2001).Google Scholar
Wlodarski, S. W., The origin and growth of the Polish National Catholic Church (Scranton, PA: Polish National Catholic Church, 1974).Google Scholar
Zamoyski, Adam, The Polish way: a thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture (New York: F. Watts, 1988).Google Scholar
Zaprudnik, Jan, Belarus: at a crossroads in history (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Zernack, Klaus, PolenundRussland: zwei Wegeindereuropaïschen Geschichte (Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 1994).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×