Rubens Borba de Moraes and William Berrien, Manual de estudos brasileiros (Rio de Janeiro, 1949), although outdated, is still the most important bibliographical guide. Specifically about the Empire but now also somewhat outdated are Stanley Stein, ‘The historiography of Brazil, 1808–1889’, HAHR, 40/2 (1960), 234–78; George Boehrer, ‘Brazilian historical bibliography: Some lacunae and suggestions’, RIB, 11/2 (1961), 137–49, and ‘The Brazilian Republican Revolution, old and new views’, L-BR, 3/2 (1966), 43–57. A more recent analysis of the historiography of the last two decades of the Empire is Emília Viotti da Costa, ‘Sobre as orígens da república’ in Da monarquia à república: Momentos decisivos (São Paulo, 1977), 243–90.

A variety of interesting data can be found in the travelers’ accounts published in the nineteenth century. Particularly informative and containing many useful tables is Santa-Anna Nery, La Brésil en 1889 (Paris, 1889). Also relevant for the study of the last decade of the Empire is Louis Couty, Le Brésil en 1884 (Rio de Janeiro, 1884); C. F. Van Delden Laerne, Le Brésil et Java: Rapport sur la culture du café en Amérique, Asie, et Afrique (avec chartes, planches et diagrammes) (The Hague, 1885); Max Leclerc, Cartas do Brasil (São Paulo, 1942); and Alfred Marc, Le Brésil, excursion á travers de ses 20 provinces (Paris, 1890).