On the bibliography of Brazil during the period from 1889 to 1930, see Thomas E. Skidmore, “The historiography of Brazil, 1889–1964”, HAHR, 55/4 (1975), 716–48, and 56/1 (1976), 81–109, and Angela de Castro Gomes and Marieta de Moraes Ferreira, “Primeira República: Um balanço historiográfico”, Estudos Históricos, 4 (1989), 244–80. An analysis of the modern trends in Brazilian historiography, in which there are references to works written on the period from 1889 to 1930, can be found in José Roberto do Amaral Lapa, A história em questão (Petrópolis, 1976).

A general history of the period is Boris Fausto (ed.), História geral dacivilização brasileira, III: Brasil republicano, vols. 1 and 2 (São Paulo, 1977). See also three valuable books by Edgard Carone: A Republica Velha: Instituiçães e classes socials (São Paulo, 1970), A República Velha: Evolução polttica (São Paulo, 1971) and a collection of documents, A Primeira República, 1889–1930: Texto e contexto (São Paulo, 1969). Among older studies, worthy of particular note are José Maria Bello, História da república, 1889’1954, 4th ed. (São Paulo, 1959), Eng. trans, by James L. Taylor, A Históry of Modern Brazil, 1889–1954 (Stanford, Calif., 1966); and Leôncio Basbaum, História sincera da República, 4 vols. (São Paulo, 1962–68). On the relationship between agrarian society and the process of authoritarian modernization, see Elisa M. Pereira Reis, “The agrarian roots of authoritarian modernization in Brazil, 1880–1930” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979). The class nature of the state is the subject of Décio Saes, A forma¸cão do estado burguês no Brasil, 1889–1891 (São Paulo, 1987). Steven Topik, The Political Economy of the Brazilian State, 1889–1930 (Austin, Tex., 1987) analyses the frankly interventionist role of the state in the economy.