Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-21T19:10:03.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Natural Philosophy

from Part III - Dividing the Study of Nature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Ann Blair
Edited by
Katharine Park  and
Lorraine Daston
Katharine Park
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Lorraine Daston
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
Get access

Summary

“Natural philosophy” is often used by historians of science as an umbrella term to designate the study of nature before it could easily be identified with what we call “science” today. This is done to avoid the modern and potentially anachronistic connotations of the term “science.” But “natural philosophy” (and its equivalents in different languages) was also an actor’s category, a term commonly used throughout the early modern period and typically defined quite broadly as the study of natural bodies. As the central discipline dedicated to laying out the principles and causes of natural phenomena, natural philosophy underwent tremendous transformations during the early modern period. From its medieval form as a bookish Aristotelian discipline institutionalized in the universities, natural philosophy became increasingly associated during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with new authorities, new practices, and new institutions, as is clear from the emergence of new expressions such as the “experimental natural philosophy” of Robert Boyle (1627–1691) and the Royal Society of London or the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) of Isaac Newton (1642–1727).

Traditional natural philosophy (that is, of the bookish, largely Aristotelian variety) continued to prevail in university teaching through much of the seventeenth century (see Grafton, Chapter 10, this volume), but it, too, was transformed by the innovations of the period, which prompted attempts at adaptation as well as staunch resistance. By 1700, it had yielded definitively in all but the most conservative contexts to the mechanical, mathematized natural philosophies of Cartesianism and Newtonianism.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Science , pp. 363 - 406
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adolphus Scribonius, GuilelmusPhysica et sphaerica doctrina, 4th ed., with annotations by the English doctor Bright, Thomas (Frankfurt: Palthenius, 1600)Google Scholar
Agrimi, Mario “Descartes nella Napoli di fine Seicento,” in Descartes: Il Metodo e i Saggi (Atti del Convegno per il 350 anniversario della pubblicazione del Discours de la méthode e degli Essais), ed. Belgioioso, Giulia, Cimino, Guido, Costabel, Pierre and Papuli, Giovanni, 2 vols. (Florence: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1990), 2.Google Scholar
Alsted, Johann HeinrichEncyclopedia, vol. 2 (Herborn, 1630; facsimile Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1989).Google Scholar
André, NeherJewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: David Gans (1541–1613) and His Times, trans. Maisel, David (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Ariew, RogerDescartes’ Meditations: Background Source Materials, Ariew, Roger, Cottingham, John, and Sorell, Tom ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariew, Roger and Gabbey, Alan, “The Scholastic Background,” in The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, ed. Garber, Daniel and Ayers, Michael, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1Google Scholar
Ariew, Roger and Grene, Marjorie, “The Cartesian Destiny of Form and Matter,” Early Science and Medicine, 2 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariew, Roger “Aristotelianism in the Seventeenth Century,” in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Craig, Edward, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1998)Google Scholar
Ariew, Roger “Damned If You Do: Cartesians and Censorship, 1663–1706,” Perspectives on Science, 2 (1994).Google Scholar
Ariew, Roger “Descartes and Scholasticism: The Intellectual Background to Descartes’ Thought,” in The Cambridge Companion to Descartes, ed. Cottingham, John (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)Google Scholar
Ariew, Roger “Galileo’s Lunar Observations in the Context of Medieval Lunar Theory,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 15 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariew, Roger “The Theory of Comets at Paris, 1600–50,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 53 (1992)Google Scholar
Ariew, RogerDescartes and the Last Scholastics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Baillet, AdrienLa vie de Monsieur Descartes [1691], 1.14 (New York: Garland, 1987)Google Scholar
Barker, Peter “Stoic Contributions to Early Modern Science,” in Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquility: Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European Thought, ed. Osler, Margaret (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Belgioioso, Giulia “Philosophie aristotélicienne et mécanisme cartésien à Naples à la fin du XVIIe siècle,” Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, 1 (1995)Google Scholar
Belgioioso, GiuliaGiornale critico della filosofia italiana, 16 (1996).
Belgioioso, GiuliaCultura a Napoli e cartesianesimo: Scritti su G. Gimma, P. M. Doria, C. Cominale (Galatina: Congedo Editore, 1992)Google Scholar
Biagioli, MarioGalileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Blackwell, RichardGalileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Blair, Ann “Authorship in the Popular ‘Problemata Aristotelis,’” Early Science and Medicine, 4 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann “La persistance du latin comme langue de science à la fin de la Renaissance,” in Sciences et langues en Europe, ed. Chartier, Roger and Corsi, Pietro (Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1996)Google Scholar
Blair, Ann “Mosaic Physics and the Search for a Pious Natural Philosophy in the Late Renaissance,” Isis, 91 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann “The Teaching of Natural Philosophy in Early Seventeenth-Century Paris: The Case of Jean Cécile Frey,” History of Universities, 12 (1993)Google Scholar
Blair, Ann “Tradition and Innovation in Early Modern Natural Philosophy: Jean Bodin and Jean-Cécile Frey,” Perspectives on Science, 2 (1994)Google Scholar
Blair, Ann “Tycho Brahe’s Critique of Copernicus and the Copernican System,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 51 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, AnnThe Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997)Google Scholar
Blair, , “The Problemata as a Natural Philosophical Genre,” in Natural Particulars: Nature and the Disciplines in Early Modern Europe, ed. Grafton, Anthony and Siraisi, Nancy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999)Google Scholar
Bossy, JohnGiordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Bouju, TheophrasteCorps de toute la philosophie divisé en deux parties, vol. 1 (Paris: Charles Chastellain, 1614), ch. 18.Google Scholar
Boyle, RobertSome Considerations Concerning the Usefulnesse of Experimental Natural Philosophy (Oxford: Printed by Henry Hall for Richard Davis, 1664).Google Scholar
Brather, Hans-Stephan, ed., Leibniz und seine Akademie: Ausgewählte Quellen zur Geschichte der Berliner Sozietät der Wissenschaften, 1697–1716 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, Robin “The Académie Royale des Sciences and the Pursuit of Utility,” Past and Present, 131 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockliss, Laurence “Copernicus in the University: The French Experience,” in New Perspectives on Renaissance Thought: Essays in the History of Science, Education, and Philosophy, ed. Henry, John and Hutton, Sarah (London: Duckworth, 1990)Google Scholar
Brockliss, Laurence “Descartes, Gassendi, and the Reception of the Mechanical Philosophy in the French Colleges de Plein Exercice, 1640–1730,” Perspectives on Science, 3 (1995)Google Scholar
Brockliss, LaurenceFrench Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)Google Scholar
Brown, HarcourtScientific Organizations in Seventeenth-Century France, 1620–80 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967).Google Scholar
Carlo Garfagnini, GianAmbrogio Traversari nel VI centenario della nascita, ed. (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1988).Google Scholar
Cavaillé, Jean-Pierre, “‘Le plus éloquent philosophe des derniers temps’: Les stratégies d’auteur de René Descartes,” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 2 (1994).Google Scholar
Céard, Jean, “Les transformations du genre du commentaire,” in L’Automne de la Renaissance, 1580–1630, ed. Lafond, Jean and Stegmann, André (Paris: J. Vrin, 1981)Google Scholar
Charles Frank, S.J., Philosophia naturalis (Freiburg: Herder, 1949).Google Scholar
Chene, Dennis DesPhysiologia: Natural Philosophy in Late Aristotelian and Cartesian Thought (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Ciliberto, Michele “Giordano Bruno tra mito e storia,” I Tatti Studies, 7 (1997)Google Scholar
Clucas, Stephen “The Atomism of the Cavendish Circle: A Reappraisal,” The Seventeenth Century, 9 (1994)Google Scholar
Cohen, Bernard I.Revolution in Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Cohen, I. B.The Birth of a New Physics, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).Google Scholar
Copenhaver, Brian “Natural Magic, Hermetism, and Occultism in Early Modern Science,” in Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, ed. Lindberg, David and Westman, Robert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)Google Scholar
Copenhaver, BrianSymphorien Champier and the Reception of the Occultist Tradition in Renaissance France (The Hague: Mouton, 1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cormack, Lesley B.Charting an Empire: Geography at the English Universities, 1580–1620 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)Google Scholar
Cunningham, Andrew “How the Principia Got Its Name; or, Taking Natural Philosophy Seriously,” History of Science, 29 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daneau, LambertPhysica Christiana (Geneva: Petrus Santandreanus, 1576)Google Scholar
Daniel, A. di Liscia, Kessler, Eckhard, and Methuen, Charlotte, eds., Method and Order in Renaissance Philosophy of Nature: The Aristotle Commentary Tradition (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997)Google Scholar
de Champaignac, JeanPhysique françoise (Bordeaux: S. Millanges, 1595).Google Scholar
de Dainville, FrançoisLa géographie des humanistes (Paris: Beauchesne, 1940)Google Scholar
de François, FougerollesLe théâtre de la nature universelle (Lyon: Pillehotte, 1597)Google Scholar
de Soto, DomingoSuper octo libros physicorum Aristotelis (Venice: Franciscus Zilettus, 1582)Google Scholar
Dear, Peter “Totius in Verba: Rhetoric and Authority in the Early Royal Society,” Isis, 76 (1985).Google Scholar
Dear, PeterDiscipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), chap. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, PeterMersenne and the Learning of the Schools (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Deason, Gary B. “John Wilkins and Galileo Galilei: Copernicanism and Biblical Interpretation in the Protestant and Catholic Traditions,” in Probing the Reformed Tradition: Historical Essays in Honor of Edward A. Dowey, Jr., ed. Anne, Elsie McKee and Armstrong, Brian G. (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Descartes, , Oeuvres de Descartes, ed. Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul, 12 vols (Paris: Le Cerf, 1897–1910), 2Google Scholar
Dibon, Paul “Der Cartesianismus in den Niederlanden,” in Die Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts, ed. Schobinger, Jean-Pierre, 4 vols. (Basel: Schwabe, 1992), 2.Google Scholar
Dibon, PaulLa philosophie néerlandaise au siècle d’or, vol. 1: L ’Enseignement philosophique dans les universités à l’époque précartésienne (1575–1650) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1954)Google Scholar
Dijksterhuis, E. J.The Mechanization of the World Picture, Pythagoras to Newton (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961)Google Scholar
Dooley, Brendan, ed. and trans., Italy in the Baroque: Selected Readings (New York: Garland, 1995)Google Scholar
Dooley, Brendan “Social Control and the Italian Universities: From Renaissance to Illuminismo,” Journal of Modern History, 61 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, Stillman and Drabkin, I. E.Nova scientia [1537] in Mechanics in Sixteenth-Century Italy, ed. and trans. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969).Google Scholar
Drake, StillmanGalileo at Work: His Scientific Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)Google Scholar
Eamon, WilliamScience and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), chap. 6.Google Scholar
Efron, Noah “Irenism and Natural Philosophy in Rudolfine Prague: The Case of David Gans,” Science in Context, 10 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engammare, Max “Tonnerre de Dieu et ‘courses d’exhalations encloses es nuées’: Controverses autour de la foudre et du tonnerre au soir de la Renaissance,” in Sciences et religions de Copernic à Galilée (1540–1610) (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1999)Google Scholar
Evans, R. W. J. “Learned Societies in Germany in the 17th Century,” European Studies Review, 7 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R. W. J.Der Akademiegedanke im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, ed. Hartmann, Fritz and Vierhaus, Rudolf (Bremen: Jacobi Verlag, 1977).Google Scholar
Evans, R. W. J.Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History, 1576–1612 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973).Google Scholar
Farmer, S. A.Syncretism in the West: Pico’s 900 Theses (1486): The Evolution of Traditional Religious and Philosophical Systems, ed. and trans. (Tempe, Ariz.: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1998).Google Scholar
Fatio, OlivierMéthode et théologie: Lambert Daneau et les débuts de la scolastique réformée (Geneva: Droz, 1976)Google Scholar
Fein-gold, MordechaiThe Mathematicians’ Apprenticeship: Science, Universities, and Society in England, 1560–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)Google Scholar
Feldhay, Rivka “Knowledge and Salvation in Jesuit Culture,” Science in Context, 1 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, Judith V.Kepler’s Geometrical Cosmology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988)Google Scholar
Findlen, PaulaPossessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994)Google Scholar
Firpo, Luigi “The Flowering and Withering of Speculative Philosophy – Italian Philosophy and the Counter Reformation: The Condemnation of Francesco Patrizi,” in The Late Italian Renaissance, 1525–1630, ed. Cochrane, Eric (London: Macmillan, 1970)Google Scholar
Firpo, LuigiIl processo di Giordano Bruno, ed. Quaglioni, Diego (Rome: Salerno, 1993).Google Scholar
Force, James E. and Popkin, Richard, eds., Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton’s Theology (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francisco, Vallès, De iis quae scripta sunt physice in libris sacris, sive de sacra philosophia (Turin: haeredes Nicolae Bevilacquae, 1587).Google Scholar
Freedman, Joseph “Aristotle and the Content of Philosophy Instruction at the Central European Schools and Universities during the Reformation Era (1500–1650),” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 137 (1993)Google Scholar
Freedman, Joseph “The Diffusion of the Writings of Petrus Ramus in Central Europe, c. 1570–1630,” Renaissance Quarterly, 46 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, JosephEuropean Academic Philosophy in the Late Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Life, Significance, and Philosophy of Clemens Timpler (1563/4–1624), 2 vols. (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1988).Google Scholar
Gabbey, Alan “Philosophia Cartesiana Triumphata: Henry More (1646–71),” in Problems of Cartesianism, ed. Lennon, Thomas, Nicholas, John M., and Davis, John W. (Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1982)Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo “Il ‘Platonismo’ del tardo Cinquecento e la filosofia di Galileo,” in Ricerche sulla cultura dell’Italia moderna, ed. Zambelli, Paola (Bari: Laterza, 1973)Google Scholar
Garber, Daniel “Defending Aristotle/Defending Society in Early Seventeenth-Century Paris,” in Wissenideale and Wissenkulturen in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Zittel, Claus and Detel, Wolfgang (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2002)Google Scholar
Garber, DanielRefutation des thèses erronées d’Anthoine Villon dit le soldat philosophe et Estienne de Claves medecin chimiste (Paris: Printed by the author, 1624).Google Scholar
Gascoigne, JohnScience, Politics, and Universities in Europe, 1600–1800 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).Google Scholar
Gassendi, PierreExercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos [1624], ed. and trans. Rochot, Bernard (Paris: J. Vrin, 1959).Google Scholar
Gatti, HilaryGiordano Bruno and Renaissance Science (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999), esp. chaps. 6–8.Google Scholar
Gilbert, JacchaeusInstitutiones physicae, 1.4, 4th ed. (Schleusingen: Petrus Schmit, 1635)Google Scholar
Gilson, EtienneÉtudes sur le rôle de la pensée médiévale dans la formation du système cartésien (Paris: J. Vrin, 1930)Google Scholar
Grafton, AnthonyCardano’s Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999)Google Scholar
Grant, Edward “Aristotelianism and the Longevity of the Medieval World View,” History of Science, 16 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Edward “Medieval Departures from Aristotelian Natural Philosophy,” in Studies in Medieval Natural Philosophy, ed. Caroti, Stefano (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1989)Google Scholar
Grant, Edward “Questions on the Eight Books of Aristotle’s Physics,” trans. Grant, Edward, in A Source Book in Medieval Science, ed. Grant, Edward (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974)Google Scholar
Grant, Edward “Ways to Interpret the Terms ‘Aristotelian’ and ‘Aristotelianism’ in Medieval and Renaissance Natural Philosophy,” History of Science, 25 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, EdwardPlanets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
Guerlac, Henry “Amicus Plato and Other Friends,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 39 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, RogerThe Anatomy of a Scientific Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666–1803 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).Google Scholar
Hankins, James “Marsilio Ficino as a Critic of Scholasticism,” Vivens Homo, 5 (1994)Google Scholar
Hankins, James “Platonism, Renaissance,” in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Craig, Edward, 10 vols. (London: Routledge, 1998)Google Scholar
Hankins, JamesPlato in the Renaissance, 2 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1990), 2Google Scholar
Harris, JohnLexicon technicum (London: Dan Brown [and 9 others], 1704).Google Scholar
Harris, Steven J. “Confession-Building, Long-Distance Networks, and the Organization of Jesuit Science,” Early Science and Medicine, 1 (1996)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Headley, John M.Tommaso Campanella and the Transformation of the World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997)Google Scholar
Heyd, MichaelBetween Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982).Google Scholar
Hotson, HowardJohann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638): Between Renaissance, Reformation, and Universal Reform (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugh Kargon, RobertAtomism in England from Hariot to Newton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).Google Scholar
Hunter, Michael and Wootton, David, eds., Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, MichaelThe Royal Society and Its Fellows, 1660–1700: The Morphology of an Early Scientific Institution (Oxford: British Society for the History of Science, 1994), chap. 1.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa and Steward, Alan, Hostage to Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon (London: Victor Gollancz, 1998).Google Scholar
Jensen, Kristian “Cardanus and His Readers in the Sixteenth Century,” and Maclean, Ian, “Cardano and His Publishers, 1534–1663,” in Girolamo Cardano: Philosoph, Naturforscher, Arzt, ed. Kessler, Eckhard (Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz, 1994).Google Scholar
Jo Dobbs, Betty “Newton as Final Cause and First Mover,” Isis, 85 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo Teeter Dobbs, BettyThe Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton’s Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
John, Fauvel, Flood, Raymond, Shortland, Michael, and Wilson, Robin, eds., Let Newton Be! (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Joy, LynnGassendi the Atomist: Advocate of History in an Age of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Keill, JohnIntroductio ad veram physicam (Oxford: Sheldonian Theatre, at the expense of Thomas Bennet, 1702).Google Scholar
Kessler, Eckhard “The Transformation of Aristotelianism,” in New Perspectives on Renaissance Thought: Essays in the History of Science, Education, and Philosophy, ed. Henry, John and Hutton, Sarah (London: Duckworth, 1990)Google Scholar
Kibre, Pearl and Siraisi, Nancy, “The Institutional Setting: The Universities,” in Science in the Middle Ages, ed. Lindberg, David (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)Google Scholar
Kibre, Pearl and Siraisi, Nancy, Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Kozhamthadam, JobThe Discovery of Kepler’s Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosophy and Religion (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Kraye, Jill “The Philosophy of the Italian Renaissance,” in The Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Rationalism, ed. Parkinson, G. H. R. (Routledge History of Philosophy, 4) (London: Routledge, 1993)Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O.Eight Philosophers of the Italian Renaissance (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964).Google Scholar
Kuhn, Heinrich C.Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631): Il suo pensiero e il suo tempo (Documenti e Studi, 7) (Cento: Baraldi, 1990).Google Scholar
Kuhn, Heinrich C.Venetischer Aristotelismus am Ende der aristotelischen Welt: Aspekte der Welt und des Denkens des Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631) (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1996)Google Scholar
Kusukawa, SachikoThe Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeDoeuff, Michèle “Bacon chez les grands au siècle de Louis XIII,” in Francis Bacon: Terminologia e fortuna nel XVIII secolo, ed. Fattori, Marta (Seminario Internazionale, Rome, 11–13 March 1984) (Rome: Edizioni dell’Ateneo, 1984).Google Scholar
Lennon, ThomasThe Battle of Gods and Giants: The Legacies of Descartes and Gassendi, 1655–1715 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, Charles H. “The Sixteenth-Century Transformation of the Aristotelian Natural Philosophy,” in Aristotelismus und Renaissance: In memoriam Charles Schmitt, ed. Kessler, Eckhard, Lohr, Charles H., and Sparn, Walter (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1988)Google Scholar
Lohr, Charles “Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors A–B,” Studies in the Renaissance, 21 (1974)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohr, Charles “Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors A–B,” and its sequels in Renaissance Quarterly, 28 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, , Latin Aristotle Commentaries (Florence: Olschki, 1998), vols. 2 and 3.Google Scholar
Luethy, Christoph “Thoughts and Circumstances of Sébastien Basson: Analysis, Micro-History, Questions,” in Early Science and Medicine, 2 (1997)Google Scholar
Maclean, Ian “The Interpretation of Natural Signs: Cardano’s De Subtilitate vs. Scaliger’s Exercitationes,” in Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance, ed. Vickers, Brian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)Google Scholar
Maia Neto, José R. “Academic Skepticism in Early Modern Philosophy,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 58 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzoni, ClaudioI cartesiani italiani (1660–1760) (Udine: La Nuova Base, 1984)Google Scholar
Martin, JulianFrancis Bacon, the State, and the Reform of Natural Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayaud, Pierre-NoëlLa condamnation des livres coperniciens et sa révocation à la lumière de documents inédits (Rome: Editrice Pontificia, 1997).Google Scholar
Mazauric, SimoneSavoirs et philosophie à Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle: Les Conférences du Bureau d’Adresse de Théophraste Renaudot (1633–42) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1997).Google Scholar
Meinel, Christoph “Early Seventeenth-Century Atomism: Theory, Epistemology, and the Insufficiency of Experiment,” Isis, 79 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melanchthon, PhilipDoctrinae physicae elementa (Lyon: Jean de Tournes and Gul. Gazeius, 1552).Google Scholar
Mercer, Christia “Humanist Platonism in 17th Century Germany,” in Humanism and Early Modern Philosophy, ed. Kraye, Jill and Stone, M. W. F. (London: Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar
Mercer, Christia “The Vitality and Importance of Early Modern Aristotelianism,” in The Rise of Modern Philosophy: The Tension between the New and Traditional Philosophies from Machiavelli to Leibniz, ed. Sorell, Tom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)Google Scholar
Mersenne, MarinLa vérité des sciences, 1 [1625] (facsimile Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1969), chap. 5.Google Scholar
Merton, RobertScience, Technology, and Society in Seventeenth Century England (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1970)Google Scholar
Methuen, Charlotte “The Teaching of Aristotle in Late Sixteenth-Century Tübingen,” in Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Conversations with Aristotle, ed. Blackwell, Constance and Kusukawa, Sachiko (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999)Google Scholar
Methuen, CharlotteKepler’s Tübingen: Stimulus to a Theological Mathematics (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998)Google Scholar
Michel-PierreLerner, , Tommaso Campanella en France au XVIIe siècle (Naples: Bibliopolis, 1995).Google Scholar
Mikkeli, HeikkiAn Aristotelian Response to Renaissance Humanism: Jacopo Zabarella on the Nature of Arts and Sciences (Helsinki: SHS, 1992).Google Scholar
Mouy, P.Le développement de la physique cartésienne, 1646–1712 (Paris: J. Vrin, 1934)Google Scholar
Mulsow, MartinFrühneuzeitliche Selbsterhaltung: Telesio und die Naturphilosophie der Renaissance (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, John “The Analytic Character of Late Medieval Learning: Natural Philosophy without Nature,” in Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages, ed. Roberts, Lawrence D. (Binghamton, N.Y.: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1982)Google Scholar
Newman, William R.Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Newton, Isaac “General Scholium,” in Newton: Texts, Backgrounds, Commentaries, ed. Cohen, I. Bernard and Westfall, Richard (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995).Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W., Bailey, Gauvin Alexander, and Harris, Steven J.The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773, ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999)Google Scholar
Osler, Margaret “Baptizing Epicurean Atomism: Pierre Gassendi on the Immortality of the Soul,” in Religion, Science, and Worldview: Essays in Honor of Richard S. Westfall, ed. Osler, Margaret J. and Farber, Paul Lawrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)Google Scholar
Pagel, WalterParacelsus, 2nd ed. (Basel: Karger, 1982).Google Scholar
Palissy, BernardDiscours admirable des eaux et fontaines (Paris: M. le Jeune, 1580).Google Scholar
Park, Katharine and Kessler, Eckhard in The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, ed. Schmitt, Charles B., Skinner, Quentin, and Kessler, Eckhard, with Kraye, Jill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)Google Scholar
Peltonen, Markku, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Pérez-Ramos, Antonio, Francis Bacon’s Idea of Science and the Maker’s Knowledge Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)Google Scholar
Petrarch, , “On His Own Ignorance and That of Many Others,” trans. Hans Nachod, in The Renaissance Philosophy of Man, ed. Cassirer, Ernst, Oskar Kristeller, Paul, and Herman Randall, John Jr., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948)Google Scholar
Piccolomini, FranciscusLibrorum ad scientiam de natura attinentium partes quinque (Frankfurt: Wecheli haeredes, 1597).Google Scholar
Pine, Martin L.Pietro Pomponazzi: Radical Philosopher of the Renaissance (Padua: Editrice Antenore, 1986).Google Scholar
Popkin, Richard H.The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979)Google Scholar
Ramati, Ayval “Harmony at a Distance: Leibniz’s Scientific Academies,” Isis, 87 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randles, W. G. L.The Unmaking of the Medieval Christian Cosmos, 1500–1760: From Solid Heavens to Boundless Aether (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), chaps. 7–8.Google Scholar
Richard Blum, PaulPhilosophenphilosophie: und Schulphilosophie: Typen des Philosophierens in der Neuzeit (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998).Google Scholar
RobertWestman, and McGuire, J. E., Hermeticism and the Scientific Revolution (Los Angeles: The William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1977)Google Scholar
Rosa di Simone, Maria “Admission,” in A History of the University in Europe, vol. 2: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), ed. Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)Google Scholar
Ross, Sydney “Scientist: The Story of a Word,” Annals of Science, 18 (1962)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, PaoloPhilosophy, Technology, and the Arts in the Early Modern Era, ed. Nelson, Benjamin, trans. Attanasio, Salvator (New York: Harper and Row, 1970)Google Scholar
Rother, Wolfgang “Zur Geschichte der Basler Universitätsphilosophie im 17. Jahrhundert,” History of Universities, 2 (1982)Google Scholar
Ruderman, David and Veltri, Giuseppe, eds., Cultural Intermediaries: Jewish Intellectuals in Early Modern Italy (Philadelphia: University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Ruderman, David B.Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), esp. chap. 2Google Scholar
Ruderman, David B.Kabbalah, Magic, and Science: The Cultural Universe of a Sixteenth-Century Jewish Physician (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Sanchez, FranciscoThat Nothing Is Known, ed. Limbrick, Elaine, trans. Thomson, Douglas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)Google Scholar
Sargent, Rose-MaryThe Diffident Naturalist: Robert Boyle and the Philosophy of Experiment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayre Schiffman, ZacharyOn the Threshold of Modernity: Relativism in the French Renaissance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Schaffer, Simon “Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural Philosophy,” Social Studies of Science, 16 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schalk, ElleryFrom Valor to Pedigree: Ideas of Nobility in France in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), chap. 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheurleer, Lunsing H. Th. and Meyjes, G. H. M. PosthumusLeiden University in the Seventeenth Century, ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).Google Scholar
Schmalz, Tad “What Has Cartesianism to Do with Jansenism?” Journal of the History of Ideas, 60 (1999)Google Scholar
Schmidt-Biggemann, WilhelmPhilosophia perennis: Historische Umrisse abendländischer Spiritualität in Antike, Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1998).Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “Aristotle as a Cuttlefish: The Origin and Development of a Renaissance Image,” Studies in the Renaissance, 12 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “Perennial Philosophy: From Agostino Steuco to Leibniz,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 27 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B.Aristotle and the Renaissance (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), chap. 2.Google Scholar
Schott, Heinz and Zinguer, Ilana, eds., Paracelsus und seine internationale Rezeption in der Frühen Neuzeit: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Paracelsismus (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scribonius, WilhelmPhysica et sphaerica doctrina (Frankfurt: Palthenius, 1600)Google Scholar
Segre, MichaelIn the Wake of Galileo (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven and Schaffer, Simon, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Shapin, StevenA Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), chaps. 4 and 7.Google Scholar
Shapin, StevenThe Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, WilliamGalileo’s Intellectual Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1972).Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy G.The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siraisi, NancyAvicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and Medical Teaching in Italian Universities after 1500 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, Howard M.Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth-Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972)Google Scholar
Stephenson, BruceKepler’s Physical Astronomy (New York: Springer, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, BruceThe Music of the Heavens: Kepler’s Harmonic Astronomy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, LarryThe Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Stinger, Charles L.Humanism and the Church Fathers: Ambrogio Traversari (1386–1439) and Christian Antiquity in the Italian Renaissance (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977)Google Scholar
Stroup, AliceA Company of Scientists: Botany, Patronage, and Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Sturdy, David J.Science and Social Status: The Members of the Académie des Sciences, 1666–1750 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Taran, Leonardo “Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas: From Plato to Aristotle to Cervantes,” Antike und Abendland, 30 (1984)Google Scholar
Taylor, E. G. R.The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).Google Scholar
Thijssen, J. M. M. H. “What Really Happened on 7 March 1277? Bishop Tempier’s Condemnation and Its Institutional Context,” in Texts and Contexts in Ancient and Medieval Science: Studies on the Occasion of John E. Murdoch’s Seventieth Birthday, ed. Sylla, Edith and McVaugh, Michael (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997)Google Scholar
Titelmans, FransCompendium philosophiae naturalis [1542] (Paris: Michael de Roigny, 1582)Google Scholar
Trevisani, FrancescoDescartes in Germania: La ricezione del cartesianesimo nella facoltà filosofica e medica di Duisburg (1652–1703) (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1992).Google Scholar
Twersky, Isadore and Septimus, Bernard, eds., Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987)Google Scholar
Vanpaemel, G. “Rohault’s ‘Traité de physique’ and the Teaching of Cartesian Physics,” Janus, 71 (1984).Google Scholar
Verbeek, Theo, ed., La querelle d’Utrecht: René Descartes et Martin Schoock (Paris: Impressions Nouvelles, 1988).Google Scholar
Verbeek, TheoDescartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy, 1637–1650 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Vermij, RienkThe Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic 1575–1750 (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlanse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002).Google Scholar
von Nettesheim, AgrippaOf the Vanitie and Uncertaintie of Artes and Sciences [first published in Latin, 1526], ed. Dunn, Catherine (Northridge: California State University Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Walker, D. P.Spiritual and Demonic Magic (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975)Google Scholar
Ward Gilbert, NealRenaissance Concepts of Method (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960).Google Scholar
Webster, CharlesThe Great Instauration: Science, Medicine, and Reform, 1626–60 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975)Google Scholar
Westfall, RichardNever at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Westman, Robert “The Astronomer’s Role in the Sixteenth Century: A Preliminary Study,” History of Science, 18 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westman, Robert “The Melanchthon Circle, Rheticus, and the Wittenberg Interpretation of the Copernican Theory,” Isis, 66 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitmore, P. J. S.The Order of Minims in 17th-Century France (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WillemFrijhoff, , Beiträge zu Problemen deutscher Universitätsgründungen der frühen Neuzeit, ed. Baumgart, Peter and Hammerstein, Notker (Nendeln: KTO Press, 1978).Google Scholar
Wojcik, JanRobert Boyle and the Limits of Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, FrancesGiordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Natural Philosophy
  • Edited by Katharine Park, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Lorraine Daston, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Science
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572446.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Natural Philosophy
  • Edited by Katharine Park, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Lorraine Daston, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Science
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572446.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Natural Philosophy
  • Edited by Katharine Park, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Lorraine Daston, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Science
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572446.018
Available formats
×