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7 - Migration and Turkey: the dynamics of state, society and politics

from PART II - REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2009

By
Kemal Kirişci
Edited by
Reşat Kasaba
Reşat Kasaba
Affiliation:
University of Washington
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Summary

Introduction: from the late Ottoman period to the Turkish Republic

The Turkish Republic and its predecessor state, the Ottoman Empire, have been deeply shaped by migration in its many variations. The end of the Ottoman Empire was particularly marked by the forced displacement of people. As nationalism set out to establish homogenous national identities, the multi-ethnic and multicultural order of the Ottoman Empire was undermined. The collapse of the empire and the rise of nationalism, especially in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, were characterised by the ‘un-mixing’ of peoples and the dislocation of large numbers of Christians, Jews and Muslims. These displaced people came from a great variety of ethnic groups, including Armenians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Circassians, Greeks, Kurds, Pomaks, Tatars and Turks. The population shifts of the Balkan and First World Wars were followed by a compulsory exchange of population between Greece and the new Turkish Republic, which saw the arrival of almost half a million Muslims.

Economic circumstances and state pressure both compelled Christian minorities living in an ever-contracting Ottoman Empire to emigrate. Some had already started to immigrate to the United States from the late nineteenth century onwards. Greeks and Armenians constituted almost half of the emigration from the Ottoman Empire to the United States, and this emigration intensified during 1900–1913 with the rise in Turkish nationalism. The massive forced migration of Christians, however, occurred mostly during the First World War and in its immediate aftermath. Armenians and Greeks were particularly affected.

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The Cambridge History of Turkey , pp. 173 - 198
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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