Book contents
- Capnography
- Capnography
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Commonly used abbreviations
- 1 Clinical perspectives
- 1 Ventilation
- 2 Ventilation Capnography and respiratory assessment outside of the operating room
- 3 Airway management in the out-of-hospital setting
- 4 Airway management in the hospital setting
- 5 Airway management in the operating room
- 6 Capnography during anesthesia
- 7 Monitoring during mechanical ventilation
- 8 Capnography during transport of patients (inter/intrahospital)
- 9 Capnography as a guide to ventilation in the field
- 10 Neonatal monitoring
- 11 Capnography in sleep medicine
- 12 Conscious sedation
- 13 Capnometry monitoring in high- and low-pressure environments
- 14 Biofeedback
- 15 Capnography in non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
- 16 End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in postoperative ventilator weaning
- 17 Optimizing the use of mechanical ventilation and minimizing its requirement with capnography
- 18 Volumetric capnography for monitoring lung recruitment and PEEP titration
- 19 Capnography and adjuncts of mechanical ventilation
- 20 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- 21 Capnography and pulmonary embolism
- 22 Non-invasive cardiac output via pulmonary blood flow
- 23 PaCO2, PetCO2, and gradient
- 24 The physiologic basis for capnometric monitoring in shock
- 25 Carbon dioxide production, metabolism, and anesthesia
- 26 Tissue- and organ-specific effects of carbon dioxide
- 27 Atmospheric monitoring outside the healthcare environment and within enclosed environments: a historical perspective
- 28 Capnography in veterinary medicine
- 29 Carbon dioxide pathophysiology
- 30 Acid–base balance and diagnosis of disorders
- 31 Ventilation/perfusion abnormalities and capnography
- 32 Capnographic measures
- 33 Improving the analysis of volumetric capnograms
- 34 Capnography and the single-path model applied to cardiac output recovery and airway structure and function
- 35 Carbon dioxide and the control of breathing: a quantitative approach
- 36 Technical specifications and standards
- 37 Carbon dioxide measurement
- 38 Gas flow measurement
- 39 Combining flow and carbon dioxide
- 40 Brief history of time and volumetric capnography
- 41 The first years of clinical capnography
- 42 The early days of volumetric capnography
- Appendix: Patterns of time-based capnograms
- Index
30 - Acid–base balance and diagnosis of disorders
from 1 - Ventilation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2011
Book contents
- Capnography
- Capnography
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Commonly used abbreviations
- 1 Clinical perspectives
- 1 Ventilation
- 2 Ventilation Capnography and respiratory assessment outside of the operating room
- 3 Airway management in the out-of-hospital setting
- 4 Airway management in the hospital setting
- 5 Airway management in the operating room
- 6 Capnography during anesthesia
- 7 Monitoring during mechanical ventilation
- 8 Capnography during transport of patients (inter/intrahospital)
- 9 Capnography as a guide to ventilation in the field
- 10 Neonatal monitoring
- 11 Capnography in sleep medicine
- 12 Conscious sedation
- 13 Capnometry monitoring in high- and low-pressure environments
- 14 Biofeedback
- 15 Capnography in non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
- 16 End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in postoperative ventilator weaning
- 17 Optimizing the use of mechanical ventilation and minimizing its requirement with capnography
- 18 Volumetric capnography for monitoring lung recruitment and PEEP titration
- 19 Capnography and adjuncts of mechanical ventilation
- 20 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- 21 Capnography and pulmonary embolism
- 22 Non-invasive cardiac output via pulmonary blood flow
- 23 PaCO2, PetCO2, and gradient
- 24 The physiologic basis for capnometric monitoring in shock
- 25 Carbon dioxide production, metabolism, and anesthesia
- 26 Tissue- and organ-specific effects of carbon dioxide
- 27 Atmospheric monitoring outside the healthcare environment and within enclosed environments: a historical perspective
- 28 Capnography in veterinary medicine
- 29 Carbon dioxide pathophysiology
- 30 Acid–base balance and diagnosis of disorders
- 31 Ventilation/perfusion abnormalities and capnography
- 32 Capnographic measures
- 33 Improving the analysis of volumetric capnograms
- 34 Capnography and the single-path model applied to cardiac output recovery and airway structure and function
- 35 Carbon dioxide and the control of breathing: a quantitative approach
- 36 Technical specifications and standards
- 37 Carbon dioxide measurement
- 38 Gas flow measurement
- 39 Combining flow and carbon dioxide
- 40 Brief history of time and volumetric capnography
- 41 The first years of clinical capnography
- 42 The early days of volumetric capnography
- Appendix: Patterns of time-based capnograms
- Index
Summary
Capnography can provide important clues concerning the acid-base status of patients. Arterial blood gas analysis is essential to properly evaluate the acid-base status, and diagnose and treat underlying disorders. Acids and bases are constantly formed in the body as by-products of metabolism, and are carefully regulated. Buffering mechanisms include intracellular and extracellular chemical buffers, regulation of CO2 by the respiratory and central nervous systems (CNS), and control of bicarbonate by the kidney. Capillary blood samples can be used, particularly in children, to measure arterial blood gases (ABGs). Loop and thiazide diuretics can incite a metabolic alkalosis, while carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can cause a metabolic acidosis. Overdoses of drugs can produce mixed acid-base disorders, such as the combined metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis from a salicylate overdose. Simple acid-base disorders involve a primary abnormality in either metabolism or respiration that produces a secondary change, or compensatory response, in the other component.
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- Capnography , pp. 295 - 312Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011