Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:00:33.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Renal cell cancer: overview and immunochemotherapy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

Vincent Khoo
Affiliation:
Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Academic Urology, Unit Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Uday Patel
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital, London
Get access

Summary

Introduction and epidemiology

Kidney cancer is a relatively common urological cancer, accounting for approximately 2% of all adult cancers. In the UK during 2003, 6683 new kidney cancer cases were registered. Of these 4059 cases were male and 2624 cases were female making it approximately two times more common in males. In the USA, the American Cancer Society predicts that there will be approximately 51,200 new cases of kidney cancer (31,590 in men and 19,600 in women) in 2007 and some 12,890 people will die from this disease.

The incidence appears to be rising not only in Western societies owing to a variety of reasons, including the increased use of cross-sectional imaging, but also throughout the world. Risk factors for kidney cancer include obesity, smoking, and hypertension. Other implicated factors are environmental exposure to asbestos, end-stage renal disease, and hemodialysis. Long-term dialysis may result in acquired renal cystic disease, predisposing to the development of multifocal and bilateral renal cancers.

The histological subtypes of kidney cancers are listed in Table 1.1 and discussed in more detail in Chapter 2. This chapter, and indeed most of this book, will concentrate on adult renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Traditionally RCCs were often detected late as they can grow to a relatively large size because of their retroperitoneal location.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk. Kidney Cancer. 2007.
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_2x.asp?sitearea=&dt=22.
Chow, W. H., Devesa, S. S., Warren, J. L.et al., Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA, 281:17 (1999), 1628–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathew, A., Devesa, S. S., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr.et al., Global increases in kidney cancer incidence, 1973–1992. Eur J Cancer Prev, 11:2 (2002), 171–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, W. H., Gridley, G., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr.et al., Obesity, hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men. N Engl J Med, 343:18 (2000), 1305–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. H., Shearn, V. I., and Wood, R., Asbestos and kidney cancer: the evidence supports a causal association. Am J Ind Med, 16:2 (1989), 159–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretan, P. N. Jr., Busch, M. P., Hricak, H.et al.,. Chronic renal failure: a significant risk factor in the development of acquired renal cysts and renal cell carcinoma. Case reports and review of the literature. Cancer, 57:9 (1986), 1871–9.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, D. G., Pritchett, T. R., Lieskovsky, G.et al., Vena caval involvement by renal cell carcinoma. Surgical resection provides meaningful long-term survival. Ann Surg, 210:3 (1989), 387–92, discussion 392–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delahunt, B., and Eble, J. N., History of the development of the classification of renal cell neoplasia. Clin Lab Med, 25:2 (2005), 231–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnabas, N., Amin, M. B., Pindolia, K.et al., Mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene refine differential diagnostic criteria in renal cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 80:1 (2002), 52–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, R. E., Tirukonda, P., Taylor, C.et al., Genetic and epigenetic analysis of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene alterations and relationship with clinical variables in sporadic renal cancer. Cancer Res, 66:4 (2006), 2000–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, M. B., Tamboli, P., Javidan, J.et al., Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: an experience of 405 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 26:3 (2002), 281–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patard, J. J., Leray, E., Rioux-Leclercq, N.et al., Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol, 23:12 (2005), 2763–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Dorey, F.et al., Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol, 19:6 (2001), 1649–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Figlin, R. A.et al., Validation of the Ucla integrated staging system for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 19:17 (2001), 3792–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patard, J. J., Kim, H. L., Lam, J. S.et al., Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol, 22:16 (2004), 3316–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Mazumdar, M., Bacik, J.et al., Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 17:8 (1999), 2530–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Bacik, J., Schwartz, L. H.et al., Prognostic factors for survival in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 22:3 (2004), 454–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Mazumdar, M., Bacik, J.et al., Effect of cytokine therapy on survival for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 18:9 (2000), 1928–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cindolo, L., Patard, J. J., Chiodini, P.et al., Comparison of predictive accuracy of four prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: a multicenter European study. Cancer, 104:7 (2005), 1362–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bui, M. H., Seligson, D., Han, K. R.et al., Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res, 9:2 (2003), 802–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Bui, M. H., Visapaa, H., Seligson, D.et al., Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase IX and KI67 as predictors of survival for renal clear cell carcinoma. J Urol, 171:6 (Pt 1) (2004), 2461–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Bander, N. H., and Nanus, D. M., Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 335:12 (1996), 865–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, J. S., Shvarts, O., Leppert, J. T.Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S., Renal cell carcinoma 2005: new frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy. J Urol, 173:6 (2005), 1853–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppin, C., Porzsolt, F., Kumpf, J.et al., Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2000), CD001425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itano, N. B., Blute, M. L., Spotts, B.et al., Outcome of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence after nephrectomy. J Urol, 164:2 (2000), 322–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riches, E. W., Griffiths, I. H., and Thackray, A. C., New growths of the kidney and ureter. Br J Urol, 23:4 (1951), 297–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flocks, R. H. and Kadesky, M. C., Malignant neoplasms of the kidney; an analysis of 353 patients for followed five years or more. J Urol, 79:2 (1958), 196–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratherton, D. G., The place of radiotherapy in the treatment of hypernephroma. Br J Radiol, 42:504 (1969), 949.Google ScholarPubMed
Peeling, W. B., Mantell, B. S., and Shepheard, B. G., Post-operative irradiation in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Br J Urol, 41:1 (1969), 23–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werf-Messing, B., Proceedings: Carcinoma of the kidney. Cancer, 32:5 (1973), 1056–61.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juusela, H., Malmio, K., Alfthan, O.et al., Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 11:3 (1977), 277–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finney, R., The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of hypernephroma – a clinical trial. Br J Urol, 45:3 (1973), 258–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kjaer, M., Frederiksen, P. L., and Engelholm, S. A., Postoperative radiotherapy in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma. A randomized trial by the Copenhagen Renal Cancer Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 13:5 (1987), 665–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickisch, G. H., Garin, A., Poppel, H.et al., Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet, 358:9286 (2001), 966–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flanigan, R. C., Salmon, S. E., Blumenstein, B. A.et al., Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med, 345:23 (2001), 1655–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halperin, E. C. and Harisiadis, L., The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 51:4 (1983), 614–17.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onufrey, V. and Mohiuddin, M., Radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 11:11 (1985), 2007–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yagoda, A., Abi-Rached, B., and Petrylak, D., Chemotherapy for advanced renal-cell carcinoma: 1983–1993. Semin Oncol, 22:1 (1995), 42–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Coppin, C., Porzsolt, F., Awa, A.et al., Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1 (2005), CD001425.Google ScholarPubMed
Coppin, C., Porzsolt, F., Autenrieth, M.et al., Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2007) 1 (2007).Google Scholar
Larkin, J. M. and Gore, M. E., The MRC randomised-controlled trial of interferon-alpha, interleukin-2 and 5-fluorouracil vs. interferon-alpha alone in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RE04): rationale and progress. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 17:5 (2005), 319–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicklin, D. J. and Ellis, L.M. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol, 23:5 (2005), 1011–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, J. C., Sherry, R. M., Steinberg, S. M.et al., Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol, 21:16 (2003), 3127–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilhelm, S., Carter, C., Lynch, M.et al., Discovery and development of sorafenib: a multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 5:10 (2006), 835–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escudier, B., Eisen, T., Stadler, W. M.et al., Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 356:2 (2007), 125–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Michaelson, M. D., Redman, B. G.et al., Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 24:1 (2006), 16–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motzer, R. J., Hutson, T. E., Tomczak, P.et al., Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 356:2 (2007), 115–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Renal cell cancer: overview and immunochemotherapy
    • By Vincent Khoo, Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Academic Urology, Unit Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.003
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Renal cell cancer: overview and immunochemotherapy
    • By Vincent Khoo, Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Academic Urology, Unit Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.003
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Renal cell cancer: overview and immunochemotherapy
    • By Vincent Khoo, Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Academic Urology, Unit Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.003
Available formats
×