Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction to Carnivora
- 2 Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations
- 3 Phylogeny of the Viverridae and ‘Viverrid-like’ feliforms
- 4 Molecular and morphological evidence for Ailuridae and a review of its genera
- 5 The influence of character correlations on phylogenetic analyses: a case study of the carnivoran cranium
- 6 What's the difference? A multiphasic allometric analysis of fossil and living lions
- 7 Evolution in Carnivora: identifying a morphological bias
- 8 The biogeography of carnivore ecomorphology
- 9 Comparative ecomorphology and biogeography of Herpestidae and Viverridae (Carnivora) in Africa and Asia
- 10 Ecomorphological analysis of carnivore guilds in the Eocene through Miocene of Laurasia
- 11 Ecomorphology of North American Eocene carnivores: evidence for competition between Carnivorans and Creodonts
- 12 Morphometric analysis of cranial morphology in pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora): convergence, ecology, ontogeny, and dimorphism
- 13 Tiptoeing through the trophics: geographic variation in carnivoran locomotor ecomorphology in relation to environment
- 14 Interpreting sabretooth cat (Carnivora; Felidae; Machairodontinae) postcranial morphology in light of scaling patterns in felids
- 15 Cranial mechanics of mammalian carnivores: recent advances using a finite element approach
- Index
- Plates
- References
11 - Ecomorphology of North American Eocene carnivores: evidence for competition between Carnivorans and Creodonts
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2014
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction to Carnivora
- 2 Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations
- 3 Phylogeny of the Viverridae and ‘Viverrid-like’ feliforms
- 4 Molecular and morphological evidence for Ailuridae and a review of its genera
- 5 The influence of character correlations on phylogenetic analyses: a case study of the carnivoran cranium
- 6 What's the difference? A multiphasic allometric analysis of fossil and living lions
- 7 Evolution in Carnivora: identifying a morphological bias
- 8 The biogeography of carnivore ecomorphology
- 9 Comparative ecomorphology and biogeography of Herpestidae and Viverridae (Carnivora) in Africa and Asia
- 10 Ecomorphological analysis of carnivore guilds in the Eocene through Miocene of Laurasia
- 11 Ecomorphology of North American Eocene carnivores: evidence for competition between Carnivorans and Creodonts
- 12 Morphometric analysis of cranial morphology in pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora): convergence, ecology, ontogeny, and dimorphism
- 13 Tiptoeing through the trophics: geographic variation in carnivoran locomotor ecomorphology in relation to environment
- 14 Interpreting sabretooth cat (Carnivora; Felidae; Machairodontinae) postcranial morphology in light of scaling patterns in felids
- 15 Cranial mechanics of mammalian carnivores: recent advances using a finite element approach
- Index
- Plates
- References
Summary
Introduction
Evolutionary history is characterised by numerous occurrences of ‘double-wedge’ patterns of diversification and decline, wherein one taxon rises in diversity, but then declines alongside an increase in diversity of a second group (Figure 11.1). In some instances, temporal overlap of these two diversity curves has been taken to imply competitive replacement. In a review of the subject, Benton (1987) discussed the problem of distinguishing true competitive replacement from turnover events that result from some extrinsic factor such as environmental change. This distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic factors is at the heart of the debate over detection of competition in the fossil record.
Intrinsic factors imply a competitive advantage that one group has over another, but defining that advantage is difficult. Replacement can be caused by direct competition, such as uneven resource gathering capabilities (Sepkoski, 1996; Schluter, 2000) or interference competition (e.g. carcass theft and interspecific killing) (Palomares and Caro, 1999; Van Valkenburgh, 2001). The successful group in this direct competition may possess an adaptation (Rosenzweig and McCord, 1991) that allows it to outcompete the declining group. Benton (1987) termed turnover events derived from direct competition ‘active replacement’ or ‘ecological replacement’, and found very few convincing cases in the literature for this type of replacement (Benton, 1996).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Carnivoran EvolutionNew Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function, pp. 311 - 341Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010
References
, and (2000). Global climate change and North American mammalian evolution. Paleobiology, 26(supp), 259–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001). Distinguishing the effects of the Red Queen and Court Jester on Miocene evolution in the Rocky Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 172–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Progress and competition in macroevolution. Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 62, 305–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). On the nonprevalence of competitive replacement in the evolution of tetrapods. In Evolutionary Paleobiology, ed. , , and . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 185–210.Google Scholar
, , and (1999). Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores. Nature, 402, 286–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999). Hadrosaurs as ungulate parallels: lost lifestyles and deficient data. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 237–61.Google Scholar
(1993). Non-parametric analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18, 117–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Some carnivorous mammals from the Paleogene of the eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and the application of Oligocene carnivores to stratigraphic correlation. American Museum Novitates, 3179, 1–14.Google Scholar
and (1994). Character displacement, sexual dimorphism, and morphological variation among British and Irish mustelids. Ecology, 75, 1063–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996). Patterns of size separation in carnivore communities. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution: Volume 2, ed. . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 243–66.Google Scholar
, , and (1989a). Inter- and intraspecific character displacement in mustelids. Ecology, 70, 1526–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1989b). Ecological character displacement in Saharo-Arabian Vulpes: outfoxing Bergmann's rule. Oikos, 55, 263–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 344–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2006). Ancestral state reconstruction of body size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): the effects of incorporating data from the fossil record. Systematic Biology, 55, 301–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998). Early Cenozoic Carnivora (‘Miacoidea’). In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals, ed. , , and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–23.Google Scholar
(1996). Models of morphological diversification. In Evolutionary Paleobiology, ed. , , and . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 62–86.Google Scholar
(1979). Specialized insectivory: beetle-eating and moth-eating molossid bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 60, 467–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Frugivorous and animalivorous bats (Microchiroptera): dental and cranial adaptations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 33, 249–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2007). An ecomorphological analysis of extant small carnivorans. Journal of Zoology, London, 272, 82–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1993). Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 125–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Creodonta. In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals, ed. , , and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91–109.Google Scholar
and (1995). Partial skeleton of the primitive carnivoran Miacis petilus from the early Eocene of Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy, 76, 148–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Postcranial morphology and locomotor behavior of two early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis. Palaeontology, 40, 279–305.Google Scholar
and (2004). Evolution of hypercarnivory: the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology, 30, 108–28.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005). The evolution of large size: how does Cope's Rule work?Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 4–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora; diversity of the earliest aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the origin of felids. American Museum Novitates, 3252, 1–65.Google Scholar
(2004). Global climate and the evolution of large mammalian carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 285, 139–56.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). A climatic explanation for patterns of evolutionary diversity in ungulate animals. Palaeontology, 32, 463–81.Google Scholar
(1993). Tertiary mammal evolution in the context of changing climates, vegetation, and tectonic events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, 467–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1994). Modellling equid/ruminant competition in the fossil record. Historical Biology, 8, 15–29.Google Scholar
, and (eds.) (1998). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(2003). Convergence in ecomorphology and guild structure among marsupial and placental carnivores. In Predators with Pouches, ed. , , and . Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, pp. 285–96.Google Scholar
(1989). The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
(1964a). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 2, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1964b). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika, 29, 115–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1978). Multidimensional Scaling. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, vol. 11. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). Paratritemnodon indicus (Creodonta; Mammalia) from the early middle Eocene Subathu Formation, NW Himalaya, India, and the Kalakot mammalian community structure. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 66, 387–403.Google Scholar
, and (1988). The decline and extinction of Plesiadapiformes (Mammalia: ?Primates) in North America: displacement or replacement?Paleobiology, 14, 410–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
(1989). Basal rate of metabolism, body size, and food habits in the Order Carnivora. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution: volume 1, ed. . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 335–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1977). Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta). Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution, 1, 1–134.Google Scholar
and (1998). Faunal turnovers of Palaeogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature, 394, 364–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Niche structure and evolution in creodont (Mammalia) faunas of the European and North American Eocene. Geobios, 32, 297–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon, and Iridodon, new genus. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 31, 43–78.Google Scholar
and (1999). The Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the lower Middle Eocene (MP 11) of Messel (Germany) with special remarks on new X-ray methods. Courier Forsch.-Inst.Senckenberg, 216, 31–73.Google Scholar
(1998). Canidae. In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals, ed. , , and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–90.Google Scholar
and (1993). Guild structure of the carnivorous mammals (Creodonta, Carnivora) from the Taatsiin Gol area, Lower Oligocene of Central Mongolia. DEINSEA, 10, 419–29.Google Scholar
and (1999). Diet and foraging group size in the yellow mongoose: a comparison with the suricate and the bat-eared fox. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 11, 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991). Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed. Volume 2. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
, and (1999). Ecomorphological study of large canids from the lower Pleistocene of southeastern Spain. Lethaia, 32, 75–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist, 153, 492–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1998). The chronological, climatic, and paleogeographic background to North American mammalian evolution. In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals, ed. , , and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–36.Google Scholar
and (2004). The Chadronian, Orellan, and Whitneyan North American Land Mammal Ages. In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America, ed. . New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 156–68.Google Scholar
(1981). Evolution of skull shape in carnivores 1. Representative modern carnivores. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 15, 369–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). Trophic relations in a community of African rainforest carnivores. Oecologia, 127, 395–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2004). Wasatchian through Duchesnean biochronology. In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America, ed. . New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 106–45.Google Scholar
and (1991). Incumbent replacement: evidence for long-term evolutionary progress. Paleobiology, 13, 202–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1996). Scales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas: implications for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 458–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004). Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). Journal of Zoology, London, 263, 41–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals, ed. and . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 249–67.Google Scholar
(2000). Ecological character displacement in adaptive radiation. American Naturalist, 156, S4–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1938). Problematical cat-like mandible from the Uinta Eocene, Apataelurus kayi, Scott. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 27, 113–20.Google Scholar
(1996). Competition in macroevolution: the double wedge revisited. In Evolutionary Paleobiology, ed. , , and . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 211–55.Google Scholar
(1998). Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 315–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1988). Carnivorous elements of the Messel fauna. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 107, 291–97.Google Scholar
(1993a). Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores. Journal of Human Evolution, 25, 471–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993b). Molar morphology and food texture among small-bodied insectivorous mammmals. Journal of Mammalogy, 74, 391–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1991). Discovery of Lushilagus and Miacis in Jiangsu and its zoogeographical significance. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 29, 59–63.Google Scholar
(1971). Adaptive zones and the orders of mammals. Evolution, 25, 420–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1985). Locomotor diversity within past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology, 11, 406–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology, 14, 155–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Carnivore dental adaptations and diet: a study of trophic diversity within guilds. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution: volume 1, ed. . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 410–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990). Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores. In Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications, ed. and . Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, pp. 181–205.Google Scholar
(1991). Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology, 17, 340–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Extinction and replacement among predatory mammals in the North American Late Eocene and Oligocene: tracking a paleoguild over twelve million years. Historical Biology, 8, 129–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Major patterns in the history of carnivorous. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 27, 463–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001). The dog-eat-dog world of carnivores: a review of past and present carnivore community dynamics. In Meat-Eating and Human Evolution, ed. and . Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101–21.Google Scholar
and (1993). Historical diversity patterns in North American large herbivores and carnivores. In Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, ed. and . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, pp. 330–40.Google Scholar
and (1993). Cranial and dental adaptations to predation in canids. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 15–37.Google Scholar
and (1987). Canine tooth strength and killing behavior in large carnivores. Journal of Zoology, London, 212, 379–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004). Cope's Rule, hypercarnivory, and extinction in North American canids. Science, 306, 101–04.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1977). The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology, 3, 245–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). Carnivore guild structure in the Pasalar Miocene fauna. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 359–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). Diversity patterns among early gastropods: contrasting taxonomic and phylogenetic descriptions. Paleobiology, 21, 410–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Functional anatomy and taphonomy. In Fossils in the Making: Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleontology, ed. and . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 182–96.Google Scholar
and (1996). Canidae. In The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America, ed. and . Cambidge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 433–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Jaw geometry and molar morphology in marsupial carnivores: analysis of a constraint and its macroevolutionary consequences. Paleobiology, 13, 342–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996a). Carnivoran ecomorphology: a phylogenetic perspective. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution: Volume 2, ed. . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 582–624.Google Scholar
(1996b). Community-wide character displacement in Miocene hyenas. Lethaia, 29, 97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). The morphological diversification of carnivores in North America. Palaeobiology, 31, 35–55.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005). Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 3, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22
- Cited by