This chapter makes us walk a few preliminary, but decisive, steps towards quantum information theory (QIT), which will be the focus of the rest of this book. Here, we shall remain in the classical world, yet getting a hint that it is possible to think of a different world where computations may be reversible, namely, without any loss of information. One key realization through this paradigm shift is that “information is physical.” As we shall see, such a nonintuitive and striking conclusion actually results from the age-long paradox of Maxwell's demon in thermodynamics, which eventually found an elegant conclusion in Landauer's principle. This principle states that the erasure of a single bit of information requires one to provide an energy that is proportional to log 2, which, as we know from Shannon's theory, is the measure of information and also the entropy of a two-level system with a uniformly distributed source. This consideration brings up the issue of irreversible computation. Logic gates, used at the heart of the CPU in modern computers, are based on such computation irreversibility. I shall then describe the computers' von Newman's architecture, the intimate workings of the ALU processing network, and the elementary logic gates on which the ALU is based. This will also provide some basics of Boolean logic, expanding on Chapter 1, which is the key to the following logic-gate concepts.