Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:24:03.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Social contracts in a changing climate: security of what and for whom?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

Bronwyn Hayward
Affiliation:
University of Surrey, UK
Karen O'Brien
Affiliation:
University of Oslo, Norway
Karen O'Brien
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo
Asunción Lera St. Clair
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Bergen, Norway
Berit Kristoffersen
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Tromsø, Norway
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Climate change is exacerbating complex social–ecological changes that threaten the security of individuals and local communities around the world. The complexity and the sheer scale of the risks now associated with climate change has undermined the idea that any nation state, acting alone, can credibly claim to provide security for its citizens (Pelling and Dill, 2006, 2009; O'Brien, Hayward and Berkes, 2009). The global extent of climate change, with its diverse local manifestations, calls for rapid and comprehensive responses at all levels to reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and vulnerability to climate variability and change.

Given these challenges, is not surprising that there are urgent calls for new political solutions. A new ‘social contract’ is proposed by many as a way to organise a more effective, collective response to climate change. Individual politicians and non-governmental organisations alike have called for new agreements between citizens and the state to address the threats associated with climate change. For example, in 2006 David Miliband (then Environment Secretary in the UK), argued that a new ‘environmental contract’ is essential to clarifying the rights and responsibilities of citizens, businesses and nations to one another (Miliband, 2006). In 2008, members of the European Parliament called for a new ‘global contract’ for climate justice, to promote environmental effectiveness, avoid unduly harsh economic impacts and ‘shield the world's poor’ from the worst effects of climate change (Edenhofer et al., 2008).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adger, W. N. and Jordan, A. 2009. Governing Sustainability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, W. N., Paavola, J., Huq, S. and Mace, M. J., eds. 2006. Fairness in Adaptation to Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
Barry, B. 1995. Justice as Impartiality. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bohman, J. 2004. Decentering democracy: inclusion and transformation in complex societies. The Good Society, 13(2), 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. 1994. The social contract and its critics. In Boucher, D. and Kelly, P., eds., The Social Contract from Hobbes to Rawls. London: Routledge, pp. 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cash, D. W., Adger, W. N., Berkes, F.et al. 2006. Scale and cross-scale dynamics: governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecology and Society, 11(2), 8. Available online: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art8/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castree, N. 2005. Nature. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cragg, W. 2000. Human rights and business ethics: fashioning a new social contract. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1–2), 205–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boer, Y. 2009. Energy, Development and Climate Change. Address to the World Bank Group Energy Week. Washington, DC, 31 March – 2 April, 2009. Available online: http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/statements/application/pdf/090331_speech_energy_wb.pdf.Google Scholar
Delamonica, E. and Mehrotra, S. 2006. A Capability Centred Approach to Environmental Sustainability. Monograph. Brazil: UNDP and International Poverty Centre.Google Scholar
Dobson, A. 2003. Citizenship and the Environment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, A. and Eckersley, R. (eds). 2006. Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Dryzek, J. 1987. Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Duxfield, F. 2007. The twin crises of climate change. Just Change, Critical Thinking on Global Issues: Special issue Going Under, 10 (October), 6–10.Google Scholar
Eckerlsey, R. 1993. Free market environmentalism: friend or foe?Environmental Politics, 2, 1–20.Google Scholar
Eckersley, R. 2004. The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Edenhofer, O., Luderer, G., Flachsland, C. and Fussel, H. 2008. A Global Contract for Climate Change. Background Paper for A Global Contract for Climate Justice Conference of the European Parliament Brussels, 11 November 2008. Available online: http://global-contract.eu/content/file/GlobalContract_Backgroundpaper.pdf.
Freeden, M. 2009. Failures of political thinking. Political Studies, 57, 141–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier, D. 1986. Morals by Agreement. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
,Green New Deal Group 2009. A Green New Deal: Joined-up Policies to Solve the Triple Crunch of the Credit Crisis, Climate Change and High Oil Prices. First Report of the Green New Deal Group. London: New Economics Foundation. Available online: http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/uploads/2ajogu45c1id4w55tofmpy5520072008172656.pdf.Google Scholar
Gundimeda, H. 2004. How ‘sustainable’ is the ‘sustainable development objective’ of CDM in developing countries like India?Forest Policy and Economics, 6(3–4), 329–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harsanyi, J. C. 1976. Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior and Scientific Explanation. Dordrecht, Holland: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, B. 2008. Let's talk about the weather: decentering democratic debate about climate change. Hypatia, 23(3), 79–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, T. 1998 (1651). The Leviathan. New York, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Hurrell, A. 2006. The state. In Dobson, A. and Eckersley, R., eds., Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, T. 2009. Prosperity Without Growth? Economics for a Finite Planet. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Kissi-Mensah, L. 2008. The Impact of the Minerals Industry on Surrounding Communities, Specifically the Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts, Factors and Responsibilities. AUSIMM New Leaders Conference Australasian Institute Of Mining and Metallurgy 2008, 6, 23–5.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1959 (1785). Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals. New York, NY: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Latta, A. and Garside, N. 2005. perspectives on ecological citizenship. Environments, 33(5), 1–9.Google Scholar
Lefale, P. 2008. Beyond Science: Climate change as a perfect political dilemma. In Hayward, B., eds., The Politics of Climate Change: Issues for New Zealand and Small States of the Pacific. Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand: Dunmore Books.Google Scholar
Locke, J. 1965. Two Treaties of Civil Government. New York, NY: New American Library.Google Scholar
Macpherson, C. 1973. Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Midgley, D., ed. 2005. The Essential Mary Midgley. London: Routledge.CrossRef
Midgley, M. 2003. The Myths We Live By. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Miliband, D. 2006. The Great Stink: Towards an Environmental Contract. Audit Commission Annual Lecture, 19 July, London. Available online: http://www.eeph.org.uk/energy/index.cfm?mode=view&news_id=641.
Mills, C. W. 1997. The Racial Contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mouffe, C. 2005. On the Political: Thinking in Action. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mueller, D. 2003. Public Choice III. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2006. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. and Sen, A. 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, K. L., Hayward, B. M. and Berkes, F. 2009. Rethinking Social Contracts: Building Resilience in a Changing ClimateEcology and Society, 14(2), 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pateman, C. 1988. The Sexual Contract. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Pateman, C. and Mills, C. 2007. Contract and Domination. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Pelling, M. and Dill, K. 2009. Disaster politics: Tipping points for change in the adaptation of socio-political regimes. Forthcoming in Progress in Human Geography, 34(1), 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelling, M. and Dill, K. 2006. Natural disasters as catalysts for political action. Chatham House ISP/NSC Briefing Paper, 06/01, 4–6.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robeyns, I. 2003. The capability approach: an interdisciplinary introduction. Available online: www.capabilityapproach.com/pubs/323CAtraining20031209.pdf.
Rotberg, R. and Thompson, D. 2000. Truth Versus Justice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. 1973. (1762) The Social Contract and Discourses. Translated by Cole, G., Brunfitt, J. and Hall, J.. London, UK: Everyman.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. 1968. (1762) The Social Contract. Translated by Cranston, Maurice. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. 1966. (1762) Emile. Translated by Foxley, B.. London: Everyman.Google Scholar
Sandel, M. 2009. Markets and Morals. The Reith Lecture Series. London: BBC. Available online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l0y01.Google Scholar
Scanlon, T. 1998. What we Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Sen, A 2009. The Idea of Justice. London: Allen lane.Google Scholar
Sharp, A. 1990. Justice and the Maori. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sippel, A. 2009. Back to the Future: Today and Tomorrow's Politics of Degrowth Economics (Decroissance) in Light of the Debate over Luxury among Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Utopists. International Labour and Working Class History 75 (Spring): 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simms, A. 2008. New Green Deal for Our Times. The Observer, 3 August 2008. Available online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/03/economicgrowth.climatechange.
Sullivan, A. 2009. It's the little things that will fight climate change. The Times, 5 April 2009. Available online: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/andrew_sullivan/article6035799.ece
Walzer, M. 1998 The Civil Society Argument. In Shafir, G., ed., The Citizenship Debates. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, pp. 291–308.Google Scholar
Weale, A. 2004. Contractarian theory, deliberative democracy and general agreement. In Dowding, K., Goodin, R., Pateman, C. and Barry, B., eds., Justice and Democracy: Essays for Brian Barry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, E. 2008. Facing and managing climate change: assumptions, science and governance responses. Political Science, 60(10), 133–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A. L. 2007. Is it time to rewrite the social contract? Business for Social Responsibility. Available online: www.tellus.org/publications/files/BSR_AW_Social-Contract.pdf.
Young, I. 1989. Polity and group difference. Ethics, 99(2), 250–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, I. 2006. De-centering deliverative democracy. Kettering Review, 24(3), 43–60.Google Scholar
Zadek, S. 2006. The Logic of Collaborative Governance: Corporate Responsibility, Accountability and The Social Contract. Paper 17, The Corporate Responsibility Initiative, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×