Barr, J., Fraser, G. L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E. W., Gélinas, C., Dasta, J. F., … Joffe, A. M. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 41, 263–306.Google Scholar

Barton, E. D., Colwell, C. B., Wolfe, T., Fosnocht, D., Gravitz, C., Bryan, T., … Bailey, J. (2005). Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 29, 265–271.Google Scholar

Bigham, B. L., Kennedy, S. M., Drennan, I., and Morrison, L. J. (2013). Expanding paramedic scope of practice in the community: a systematic review of the literature. Prehospital Emergency Care, 17, 361–372.Google Scholar

Burnett, A. M., Peterson, B. K., Stellpflug, S. J., Engebretsen, K. M., Glasrud, K. J., Marks, J., and Frascone, R. J. (2015). The association between ketamine given for prehospital chemical restraint with intubation and hospital admission. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 33, 76–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Corbett, S. W., Grange, J. T., and Thomas, T. L. (1998). Exposure of prehospital care providers to violence. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2, 127–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dupont, R., Cochran, S., and Pillsbury, S. Crisis Intervention Team core elements. The University of Memphis School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy, Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice, CIT Center. Crisis Intervention Team website; 2007. Retrieved from http://cit.memphis.edu/CoreElements.pdf.Google Scholar

Dunn, T. M. (2008). Handle with care: the challenges of transporting suicidal patients. JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 33, 86–92.Google Scholar

Dunn, T. M., Johnston, J., Dunn, W. W., and Doty, C. (2014). Violence against emergency medical service providers: Reports from over 2,500 EMTs and paramedics. Paper presented at the Association for Psychological Science 26th Annual Convention, San Francisco.Google Scholar

Hopper, A. B., Vilke, G. M., Castillo, E. M., Campillo, A., Davie, T., and Wilson, M. P. (2015). Ketamine use for acute agitation in the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 48, 712–719.Google Scholar

Keating, G. (2013). Loxapine inhalation powder: a review of its use in the acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. CNS Drugs, 27, 479–489.Google Scholar

Knox, D. K., and Holloman, G. H. (2012). Use and avoidance of seclusion and restraint: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Seclusion and Restraint Workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, 35–40.Google Scholar

Kwentus, J., Riesenberg, R. A., Marandi, M., Manning, R. A., Allen, M. H., Fishman, R. S., … Cassella, J. V. (2012). Rapid acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar I disorder: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with inhaled loxapine. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 31–40.Google Scholar

Livingston, G., Kelly, L., Lewis-Holmes, E., Baio, G., Morris, S., Patel, N., … Cooper, C. (2014). Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 436–442.Google Scholar

Mabry, R. L., Apodaca, A., Penrod, J., Orman, J. A., Gerhardt, R. T., and Dorlac, W. C. (2012). Impact of critical care–trained flight paramedics on casualty survival during helicopter evacuation in the current war in Afghanistan. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 73, S32–S37.Google Scholar

Mock, E. F., Wrenn, K. D., Wright, S. W., Eustis, T. C., and Slovis, C. M. (1998). Prospective field study of violence in emergency medical services calls. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 32, 33–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nordstrom, K., and Allen, M. (2013). Alternative delivery systems for agents to treat acute agitation: progress to date. Drugs, 73, 1783–1792.Google Scholar

Nordstrom, K., and Wilson, M. (2015). Deadly behavioral emergencies. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports, 3, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otahbachi, M., Cevik, C., Bagdure, S., and Nugent, K. (2010). Excited delirium, restraints, and unexpected death: a review of pathogenesis. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31, 107–112.Google Scholar

Pletcher, M. J., Maselli, J., and Gonzales, R. (2004). Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: An analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The American Journal of Medicine, 117, 863–867.Google Scholar

Pozner, C. N., Zane, R., Nelson, S. J., and Levine, M. (2004). International EMS systems: the United States: past, present, and future. Resuscitation, 60, 239–244.Google Scholar

Richmond, J. S., Berlin, J. S., Fishkind, A. B., Holloman, G. H., Zeller, S. L., Wilson, M. P., … Ng, A. T. (2012). Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-escalation Workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13.Google Scholar

Scheppke, K. A., Braghiroli, J., Shalaby, M., and Chait, R. (2014). Prehospital use of IM ketamine for sedation of violent and agitated patients. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15, 736–741.Google Scholar

Smith, J., and Bodai, B. (1985). The urban paramedic’s scope of practice. JAMA, 253, 544–548.Google Scholar

Stout, D. (June 17, 2006). Inquiry into reporter’s death finds multiple failures in care. New York Times, A9.Google Scholar

Vilke, G. M., Bozeman, W. P., Dawes, D. M., DeMers, G., and Wilson, M. P. (2012). Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): treatment options and considerations. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 19, 117–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, H. E., Mann, N. C., Jacobson, K. E., Ms, M. D., Mears, G., Smyrski, K., and Yealy, D. M. (2013). National characteristics of emergency medical services responses in the United States. Prehospital Emergency Care, 17, 8–14.Google Scholar

Weiss, S., Peterson, K., Cheney, P., Froman, P., Ernst, A., and Campbell, M. (2012). The use of chemical restraints reduces agitation in patients transported by emergency medical services. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43, 820–828.Google Scholar

Wilson, M. P., Nordstrom, K., and Vilke, G. (2015). The agitated patient in the emergency department. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports, 3, 188–194.Google Scholar

Wilson, M. P., Pepper, D., Currier, G. W., Holloman, G. H., and Feifel, D. (2012). The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Psychopharmacology Workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, 26–34.Google Scholar

Berger, S. E., and Berger, M. A. (2009). Tarasoff “duty to warn” clarified. The National Psychologist. Available at: http://nationalpsychologist.com/2009/03/tarasoff-%E2%80%9Cduty-to-warn%E2%80%9D-clarified/101056.html (Accessed March 13, 2016).Google Scholar

Bob Meadours Act, Texas (2005). Available at: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/79R/billtext/html/SB01473F.HTM (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

California Veterans Legal Task Force. Available at: http://www.cvltf.org/ca-counties-with-veterans-treatment-courts.html (Accessed March 11, 2016)Google Scholar

Criminal Mental Health Project, Miami-Dade, Florida. Available at: http://www.jud11.flcourts.org/scsingle.aspx?pid=285 (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Crisis Intervention Team, Seattle, WA. Available at: http://www.seattle.gov/police/work/cit.htm (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Daily Training Bulletin, Los Angeles Police Department, dated November 10, 1948, titled, “How to Handle Mentally Ill Persons – Legal.”Google Scholar

Dupont, R., and Cochran, S. Police response to mental health emergencies – barriers to change. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2000; 28(3):338–344. [PubMed: 11055533]Google Scholar

Emergency Hospitalization for Evaluation, Know the Laws in Your State, Treatment Advocacy Center. Available at: http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/get-help/know-the-laws-in-your-state (Accessed March 14, 2016)Google Scholar

Ewing, C (2005). Tarasoff reconsidered: the Tarasoff rule has been extended to include threats disclosed by family members. Judicial Notebook, American Psychological Association, July/August 2005, Vol 36, No. 7 Print version: page 112.Google Scholar

Lanterman Petris Short Act, California Welfare and Institutions Code Section 5000–5121. Available at: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=wic&group=04001–05000&file=5000–5121 (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

LAPDonline, Employee Conduct. Available at: http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/volume1.htm#210._EMPLOYEE_CONDUCT (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

LAPDonline, Employee Conduct. Available at: http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/ (Accessed March 14, 2016).Google Scholar

Law Enforcement Mental Health Learning Site, the Council of State Governments Justice Center. Available at:https://csgjusticecenter.org/law-enforcement/projects/mental-health-learning-sites/ (Accessed March 13, 2016).Google Scholar

Mental Evaluation Team (MET) and Systemwide Mental Assessment Response Team (SMART), Los Angeles, CA. Available at: http://dmh.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/dmh/!ut/p/b0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOJdDQwM3P3dgo3cjd0cDTxdXYxD_AJMDAOCTfQLsh0VAfgbwJU!/pw/Z7_E000GOFS2G3FA0IED3TNP41PL7/ren/p=CTX=QCPdmhQCAcontentQCPdmhQCAsiteQCPhomeQCPourQCAservicesQCPourQCAservicesQCAdetailQCPeob-fieldQCAresponseQCAoperations/-/ (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Mental Health Court Project, the Council of State Governments Justice Center. Available at: https://csgjusticecenter.org/mental-health-court-project/ (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Mobile Crisis Team, Baltimore, MD. Available at: http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/police/workplace_violence/wvmobilecrisisteam.html (Access March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Petrila, J., and Fader-Towe, H. (2010). Information Sharing in Criminal Justice–Mental Health Collaborations: Working with HIPAA and Other Privacy Laws. Council of State Governments Justice Center Publication.Google Scholar

Psychiatric Mobile Response Team (PERT), San Diego, CA. Available at: http://sandiego.networkofcare.org/mh/services/subcategory.aspx?tax=RP-1500.3400–650&cid=28 (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

SB 11, Beall, Peace Officer Training: Mental Health, California (2015). Available at: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB11 (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

SB 29, Beall, Peace Officer Training: Mental Health, California (2015). Available at: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB29 (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar

Sequential Intercept Model, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMSHA (2016). Available at: http://www.samhsa.gov/criminal-juvenile-justice/samhsas-efforts (Accessed March 13, 2016).Google Scholar

Templin, L. (2000). Keeping the Peace: Police Discretion and Mentally Ill Persons, National Institute of Justice Journal, July 2000, pp. 8–15.Google Scholar

When does the Privacy Rule allow covered entities to disclose protected health information to law enforcement officials? U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004). Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/faq/505/what-does-the-privacy-rule-allow-covered-entities-to-disclose-to-law-enforcement-officials/index.html (Accessed March 11, 2016).Google Scholar