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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2024
Between ca. 1890 and 1918 booksellers’ records indicate that they worked on the basis that £1 = $5. Other sources give a slightly lower rate of between £1 = $4.76 and £1 = 4.93.
The following figures have been used for the rest of the period:
In 1865 France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland created a Latin Monetary Union (LMU). Until the First World War 1 FRF = 1 Swiss franc = 1 Belgian franc = 1 lira. Unless otherwise stated, we have used a figure of £1 = 25.2 LMU for this period.
Germany had four different currencies during the period of this study: the Goldmark (1871–1914); the Papiermark (1914–October 1923); the Rentenmark (October 1923–1924); and the Reichsmark (from 1924). In this study we have used a conversion rate of 1 Goldmark = 1.25 LMU (a figure used by booksellers including Jacques Rosenthal) and £1 = 20.43 Goldmarks. Other exchange rates are given in the relevant chapters.
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