Book contents
- Frontmatter
- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
- Contents
- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CHAP. I GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION
- CHAP. II GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—continued
- CHAP. III GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—concluded
- CHAP. IV MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS
- CHAP. V SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS
- CHAP. VI SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING
- CHAP. VII LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR
- CHAP. VIII JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION
- CHAP. IX REFLECTION—MEDITATION—ILL-TEMPER—SULKINESS—DETERMINATION
- CHAP. X HATRED AND ANGER
- CHAP. XI DISDAIN — CONTEMPT — DISGUST — GUILT — PRIDE, ETC. — HELPLESSNESS — PATIENCE — AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION
- CHAP. XII SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR
- CHAP. XIII SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING
- CHAP. XIV CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY
- INDEX
- Plate section
CHAP. XIV - CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 September 2010
- Frontmatter
- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
- Contents
- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CHAP. I GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION
- CHAP. II GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—continued
- CHAP. III GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—concluded
- CHAP. IV MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS
- CHAP. V SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS
- CHAP. VI SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING
- CHAP. VII LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR
- CHAP. VIII JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION
- CHAP. IX REFLECTION—MEDITATION—ILL-TEMPER—SULKINESS—DETERMINATION
- CHAP. X HATRED AND ANGER
- CHAP. XI DISDAIN — CONTEMPT — DISGUST — GUILT — PRIDE, ETC. — HELPLESSNESS — PATIENCE — AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION
- CHAP. XII SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR
- CHAP. XIII SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING
- CHAP. XIV CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY
- INDEX
- Plate section
Summary
I have now described, to the best of my ability, the chief expressive actions in man, and in some few of the lower animals. I have also attempted to explain the origin or development of these actions through the three principles given in the first chapter. The first of these principles is, that movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire, or in relieving some sensation, if often repeated, become so habitual that they are performed, whether or not of any service, whenever the same desire or sensation is felt, even in a very weak degree.
Our second principle is that of antithesis. The habit of voluntarily performing opposite movements under opposite impulses has become firmly established in us by the practice of our whole lives. Hence, it certain actions have been regularly performed, in accordance with our first principle, under a certain frame of mind, there will be a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of directly opposite actions, whether or not these are of any use, under the excitement of an opposite frame of mind.
Our third principle is the direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will, and independently, in large part, of habit. Experience shows that nerve-force is generated and set free whenever the cerebro-spinal system is excited. The direction which this nerve-force follows is necessarily determined by the lines of connection between the nerve-cells, with each other and with various parts of the body.
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- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , pp. 368 - 387Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009