In any consideration of possible relationships between monogamous marriage, resource exploitation and fertility in the European past, generalizations are hard to make with confidence. However, Europe provides an interesting milieu within which to review certain issues to do with these inter-connections because it is the continent which supposedly fostered the emergence of a marital regime that is believed to have been highly distinctive, perhaps unique, within a wider world context. Although Malthus had noted this possibility with regard to European society somewhat hesitantly and rather belatedly in his own writings, it was left to John Hajnal (1965) in a classic essay published a quarter of a century ago to specify these unique features with geographical, if not chronological precision. Europe's most distinctive feature with regard to marital behaviour lay in the fact that women married, as E. A. Wrigley (1985: p. 3) has succinctly noted, ‘little and late, by comparison with other major cultures whose characteristics are known – India, China, Muslim countries or the Roman World …’ In these last-mentioned societies marriage for women began at, or close to, the arrival of sexual maturity and it was to a considerable degree regarded as improper both for the girl and her family if she were not married at or soon after puberty. In such circumstances marriage was pre-determined by a biological process or largely invariant moment in the life-course and was in no sense a ‘moveable feast’. What is more, only a handful of women remained permanently unmarried; only those who suffered from severe mental or physical handicap would be likely to do so.