Book contents
- Habits
- Habits
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- The Pragmatist Reappraisal of Habit in Contemporary Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory: Introductory Essay
- Part 1 The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits
- 1 Habit Formation, Inference, and Anticipation
- 2 Habits and Self
- 3 Emotional Mirroring Promotes Social Bonding and Social Habits
- 4 Emotions, Habits, and Skills
- 5 What the Situation Affords
- 6 Swim or Sink
- Part II The Enactment of Habits in Mind and World
- Part III Socially Embeddded and Culturally Extended Habits
- Index
- References
6 - Swim or Sink
Habit and Skillful Control in Sport Performance
from Part 1 - The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 November 2020
Book contents
- Habits
- Habits
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- The Pragmatist Reappraisal of Habit in Contemporary Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory: Introductory Essay
- Part 1 The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits
- 1 Habit Formation, Inference, and Anticipation
- 2 Habits and Self
- 3 Emotional Mirroring Promotes Social Bonding and Social Habits
- 4 Emotions, Habits, and Skills
- 5 What the Situation Affords
- 6 Swim or Sink
- Part II The Enactment of Habits in Mind and World
- Part III Socially Embeddded and Culturally Extended Habits
- Index
- References
Summary
What role is played by habitual behaviors in sport skill? To answer this question we examine and contrast two different views on habit: the intellectualist and the enactivist. Intellectualism, which can be traced back to William James’ mechanist account of habits as reflex-like automatic dispositions, claims that deliberation and explicit goal-representation are necessary to make behavior intelligent and flexible because habits alone do not have this capacity. Enactivism, on the contrary, claims that habits are both necessary for and constitutive of the development of sports skills because they can be inherently intelligent and flexible. After reviewing behavioral and neuro-cognitive evidence in favour of each view, we offer an anti-intellectualist argument to support the enactivist view: habitual behaviors are legitimate sources of prereflective motivation and bodily know-how. Accordingly, skillful action control is not constrained but disclosed by habit formation. Automatism then is not a drawback for strategic control and improvisation but their pragmatic foundation.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- HabitsPragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory, pp. 137 - 162Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Adams, Rick A., Shipp, Stewart, and Friston, Karl J.. 2013. “Predictions Not Commands: Active Inference in the Motor System.” Brain Structure & Function 218 (3): 611–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araújo, Duarte, Hristovski, Robert, Seifert, Ludovic, Carvalho, João, and Davids, Keith. 2019. “Ecological Cognition: Expert Decision-Making Behaviour in Sport.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. doi: 10.1080/1750984x.2017.1349826.Google Scholar
Archibald, Sarah J., Mateer, Catherine A., and Kerns, Kimberly A.. 2001. “Utilization Behavior: Clinical Manifestations and Neurological Mechanisms.” Neuropsychology Review 11 (3): 117–30.Google Scholar
Beilock, Sian L., and Carr, Thomas H.. 2001. “On the Fragility of Skilled Performance: What Governs Choking under Pressure?” Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 130 (4): 701–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beilock, Sian L., and Holt, Lauren E.. 2007. “Embodied Preference Judgments: Can Likeability Be Driven by the Motor System?” Psychological Science 18 (1): 51–7.Google Scholar
Beilock, Sian L., Carr, Thomas H., MacMahon, Clare, and Starkes, Janet L.. 2002. “When Paying Attention Becomes Counterproductive: Impact of Divided versus Skill-Focused Attention on Novice and Experienced Performance of Sensorimotor Skills.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied 8 (1): 6–16.Google Scholar
Bernacer, Javier, and Murillo, Jose Ignacio. 2014. “The Aristotelian Conception of Habit and Its Contribution to Human Neuroscience.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (November): 883.Google Scholar
Breivik, Gunnar. 2013. “Zombie-Like or Superconscious? A Phenomenological and Conceptual Analysis of Consciousness in Elite Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 40 (1): 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterfill, Stephen A., and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2014. “Intention and Motor Representation in Purposive Action.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 88 (1): 119–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo-Merino, Beatriz, Grèzes, Julie, Glaser, Daniel E., Passingham, Richard E., and Haggard, Patrick. 2006. “Seeing or Doing? Influence of Visual and Motor Familiarity in Action Observation.” Current Biology: CB 16 (19): 1905–10.Google Scholar
Cappuccio, Massimiliano. 2017. “Flow, Choke, Skill. The Role of the Non-Conscious in Sport Performance.” In Before Consciousness. In Search of the Fundamentals of Mind. Edited by Radman, Zdravko, 246–83. Exeter: Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Cappuccio, Massimiliano L. 2019. “Introduction.” In Handbook of Embodied Cognition and Sport Psychology, i–xxii. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappuccio, Miyahara, Ilundain-Agurruza, 2020. “Embodied Cognition and Sport Psychology.” In Hackfort, D. and Schinke, R. (eds), The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wayne, Christensen, Sutton, John, and McIlwain, Doris J. F.. 2016. “Cognition in Skilled Action: Meshed Control and the Varieties of Skill Experience.” Mind & Language 31 (1): 37–66.Google Scholar
Cox, Lynne. 2004. Swimming to Antarctica: Tales of a Long-Distance Swimmer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1983. “Human Nature and Conduct.” In The Middle Works of John Dewey, 1899–1924, vol. 14: 1922, Human Nature and Conduct. Edited by Boydston, Jo Ann, 1–226. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Diekfuss, Jed A., Ward, Paul, and Raisbeck, Louisa D.. 2017. “Attention, Workload, and Performance: A Dual-Task Simulated Shooting Study.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15 (4): 423–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreyfus, Hubert L. 2002. “Intelligence without Representation – Merleau-Ponty's Critique of Mental Representation. The Relevance of Phenomenology to Scientific Explanation.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1: 367–83Google Scholar
Dreyfus, Stuart E., and Dreyfus, Hubert L.. 1980. A Five-Stage Model of the Mental Activities Involved in Directed Skill Acquisition. Berkeley, CA: California University, Berkeley Operations Research Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA084551.Google Scholar
Edelman, Gerald M., and Tononi, Giulio. 2000. Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Egbert, Matthew D., and Barandiaran, Xabier E.. 2014. “Modeling Habits as Self-Sustaining Patterns of Sensorimotor Behavior.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (August): 590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elzinga, Benjamin. 2019. “Intellectualizing Know How.” Synthese. March. doi: 10.1007/s11229-019-02160-6.Google Scholar
Ericsson, Anders K. 2008. “Deliberate Practice and Acquisition of Expert Performance: A General Overview.” Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 15 (11): 988–94.Google Scholar
Fadiga, Luciano, Fogassi, Leonardo, Gallese, Vittorio, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2000. “Visuomotor Neurons: Ambiguity of the Discharge or ‘Motor’ Perception?” International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology 35 (2–3): 165–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fingerhut, Joerg. This Volume. “Habits and the Enculturated Mind: Pervasive Artifacts, Predictive Processing, and Expansive Habits.” In Habits. Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory. Edited by Caruana, Fausto and Testa, Italo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fitts, Paul M., and Posner, Michael I.. 1967. Human Performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Forde, Pat. 2014. “Camp Bowman: Michael Phelps and World's Elite Swimmers Sign up for Unique Blend of Grueling Training and Pain with Eyes on Rio.” Yahoo Sports.Google Scholar
Fridland, Ellen. 2014. “They've Lost Control: Reflections on Skill.” Synthese 191 (12): 2729–50.Google Scholar
Fridland, Ellen. 2016. “Skill and Motor Control: Intelligence All the Way Down.” Philosophical Studies 174 (6): 1539–60.Google Scholar
Fridland, Ellen. 2019. “Longer, Smaller, Faster, Stronger: On Skills and Intelligence.” Philosophical Psychology 32 (5): 759–83.Google Scholar
Gentilucci, M., and Rizzolatti, G.. 1990. “Cortical Motor Control of Arm and Hand Movements.” In Goodale, M. A. (eds) Vision and Action: The Control of Grasping, 147–62. Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
Gray, Rob, and Cañal-Bruland, Rouwen. 2015. “Attentional Focus, Perceived Target Size, and Movement Kinematics under Performance Pressure.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22 (6): 1692–700.Google Scholar
Graziano, Michael. 2006. “The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 29: 105–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagger, Martin S. 2019. “Habit and Physical Activity: Theoretical Advances, Practical Implications, and Agenda for Future Research.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 42 (May): 118–29.Google Scholar
Hommel, Bernhard. 2000. “The prepared Reflex: Automaticity and Control in Stimulus–Response Translation.” In Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII. Edited by Monsell, Stephen and Driver, John, 247–73. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hutto, Daniel D., and Satne, Glenda. 2015. “The Natural Origins of Content.” Philosophia 43 (3): 521–36.Google Scholar
Ilundáin-Agurruza, Jesús. 2016. Holism and the Cultivation of Excellence in Sports and Performance: Skillful Striving. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kelly, Sean D. 2000. “Grasping at Straws: Motor Intentionality and the Cognitive Science of Skillful Action.” In Essays in Honor of Hubert Dreyfus, vol. II. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Koch, Iring, Keller, Peter, and Prinz, Wolfgang. 2004. “The Ideomotor Approach to Action Control: Implications for Skilled Performance.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2 (4): 362–75.Google Scholar
Laursen, P. B. 2010. “Training for Intense Exercise Performance: High-Intensity or High-Volume Training?” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01184.x.Google Scholar
Masters, Richard S. W., and Jonathan, P. Maxwell. 2004. “Implicit Motor Learning, Reinvestment and Movement Disruption: What You Don't Know Won't Hurt You.” In Skill Acquisition in Sport, 231–52. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., and Eves, F. F.. 2003. “The Role of Working Memory in Motor Learning and Performance.” Consciousness and Cognition 12 (3): 376–402.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1945/2012. Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by C. Smith. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Montero, Barbara Gail. 2016. Thought in Action: Expertise and the Conscious Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Jim P., and Chambers, Mo A.. 2008. Mastering Swimming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Mujika, Iñigo Jean-Claude Chatard, Busso, Thierry, Geyssant, André, Barale, Frédéric and Lacoste, Lucien 1995. “Effects of Training on Performance in Competitive Swimming”. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 20 (4): 395–406. doi: 10.1139/h95-031.Google Scholar
Newsome, Paul. 2019. “Swimming Stroke Length, Stroke Rate and a Swimmer's Training.” https://www.liveabout.com/swimming-stroke-length-3168738. Accessed 12/8/2019.Google Scholar
Orbell, Sheina, and Verplanken, Bas. 2010. “The Automatic Component of Habit in Health Behavior: Habit as Cue-Contingent Automaticity.” Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 29 (4): 374–83.Google Scholar
Papineau, David. 2015. “Choking and the Yips.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14 (2): 295–308.Google Scholar
Pavese, Carlotta. 2019. “The Psychological Reality of Practical Representation.” Philosophical Psychology 32 (5): 784–821.Google Scholar
Rietveld, Erik. 2012. “Context-Switching and Responsiveness to Real Relevance.” In Heidegger and Cognitive Science. Edited by Kiverstein, Julian and Wheeler, Michael, 105–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Gentilucci, Maurizio. 1988. “Motor and Visual-Motor Functions of the Premotor Cortex.” Neurobiology of Neocortex 42: 269–84.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2007. “Mirror Neurons and Motor Intentionality.” Functional Neurology 22 (4): 205–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Corrado, Sinigaglia. 2010. “The Functional Role of the Parieto-Frontal Mirror Circuit: Interpretations and Misinterpretations.” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 11 (4): 264–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, A. J., Termin, B., Reilly, M. F. and Pendergast, D. R.. 1991. “Effectiveness of Biokinetic Training and Swimming Performance of Collegiate Swimmers.” Journal of Swimming Research 7 (3): 5–10.Google Scholar
Runswick, Oliver R., Green, Richard, and North, Jamie S.. 2019. “The Effects of Skill-Level and Playing-Position on the Anticipation of Ball-Bounce in Rugby Union.” Human Movement Science 69 (November): 102544.Google Scholar
Schneider, Walter, and Shiffrin, Roger M.. 1977. “Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: I. Detection, Search, and Attention”. Psychological Review, 84 (1): 1–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, Joshua. 2019. “Skilled Action and the Double Life of Intention.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 98 (2): 286–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, John. 2007. “Batting, Habit and Memory: The Embodied Mind and the Nature of Skill.” Sport in Society 10 (5): 763–86.Google Scholar
Verplanken, Bas. 2006. “Beyond Frequency: Habit as Mental Construct.” The British Journal of Social Psychology/The British Psychological Society 45 (Pt 3): 639–56.Google Scholar
Verplanken, Bas, and Melkevik, Ole. 2008. “Predicting Habit: The Case of Physical Exercise.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9 (1): 15–26.Google Scholar
Wang, Robin. 2010. “The Virtuous Body at Work: The Ethical Life as Qi 氣 in Motion.” Dao 9 (3): 339–51.Google Scholar
Winter, David A. 2009. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Wood, Wendy, and Neal, David T.. 2007. “A New Look at Habits and the Habit–Goal Interface.” Psychological Review 114 (4): 843–63.Google Scholar
Wu, Wayne. 2011. “Confronting Many-Many Problems: Attention and Agentive Control.” Noûs 45 (1): 50–76.Google Scholar
Wu, Wayne. 2013. “Mental Action and the Threat of Automaticity.” Decomposing the Will. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.003.0013.Google Scholar
Zahavi, Dan. 2013. “Mindedness, Mindlessness and First-Person Authority.” In Mind, Reason and Being-in-the-World. Edited by Schear, Joseph K., 320–43. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by