Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T13:16:26.686Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2021

Francesco de Bello
Affiliation:
University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
Carlos P. Carmona
Affiliation:
University of Tartu, Estonia
André T. C. Dias
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Lars Götzenberger
Affiliation:
Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Marco Moretti
Affiliation:
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL
Matty P. Berg
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Trait-Based Ecology
From Theory to R Tools
, pp. 250 - 291
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, P. (1983) The theory of limiting similarity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 14, 359376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerly, D. D. & Monson, R. K. (2003) Waking the sleeping giant: the evolutionary foundations of plant function. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, S1S6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerly, D. D., Knight, C. A., Weiss, S. B., Barton, K. & Starmer, K. P. (2002) Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat distribution of chaparral woody plants: contrasting patterns in species level and community level analyses. Oecologia, 130, 449457.Google Scholar
Adler, P. B., HilleRisLambers, J. & Levine, J. M. (2007) A niche for neutrality. Ecology Letters, 10, 95104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, P. B., Salguero-Gómez, R., Compagnoni, A., Hsu, J. S., Ray-Mukherjee, J., Mbeau-Ache, C. & Franco, M. (2014) Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 740745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albert, C. H. (2015) Intraspecific trait variability matters. Journal of Vegetation Science, 26, 78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, C. H., de Bello, F., Boulangeat, I., Pellet, G., Lavorel, S. & Thuiller, W. (2012) On the importance of intraspecific variability for the quantification of functional diversity. Oikos, 121, 116126.Google Scholar
Albert, C. H., Grassein, F., Schurr, F. M., Vieilledent, G. & Violle, C. (2011) When and how should intraspecific variability be considered in trait-based plant ecology? Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 13, 217225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, C. H., Thuiller, W., Yoccoz, N. G., Douzet, R., Aubert, S. & Lavorel, S. (2010) A multi-trait approach reveals the structure and the relative importance of intra- vs. interspecific variability in plant traits. Functional Ecology, 24, 11921201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albouy, C., Leprieur, F., Le Loc’h, F., Mouquet, N., Meynard, C. N., Douzery, E. J. P. & Mouillot, D. (2014) Projected impacts of climate warming on the functional and phylogenetic components of coastal Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Ecography, 38, 681689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, A. & Yan, E. R. (2017) Relationships between biodiversity and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems: a systematic literature review. Tropical Ecology, 58, 114.Google Scholar
Alonso, C. (2005) Pollination success across an elevation and sex ratio gradient in gynodioecious Daphne laureola. American Journal of Botany, 92, 12641269Google Scholar
Altermatt, F., Fronhofer, E. A., Garnier, A., Giometto, A., Hammes, F., Klecka, J., Legrand, D., Maechler, E., Massie, T. M., Pennekamp, F., Plebani, M., Pontarp, M., Schtickzelle, N., Thuillier, V. & Petchey, O. L. (2015) Big answers from small worlds: a user’s guide for protist microcosms as a model system in ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 218231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altieri, M. A. (1999) The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 74, 1931.Google Scholar
Andrés, S. M., Calvet Mir, L., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Ring, I. & Verburg, P. H. (2012) Ineffective biodiversity policy due to five rebound effects. Ecosystem Services, 1, 101110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aqueel, M. A. & Leather, S. R. (2011) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and survival of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on different wheat cultivars. Crop Protection, 30, 216221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armbruster, P., Hutchinson, R. A. & Cotgreave, P. (2002) Factors influencing community structure in a South American tank bromeliad fauna. Oikos, 96, 225234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, S. J. (1983) Morphology, performance and fitness. American Zoologist, 23, 347361.Google Scholar
Aubin, I., Messier, C., Gachet, S., Lawrence, K., McKenney, D., Arseneault, A., Bell, W., De Grandpré, L., Shipley, B., Ricard, J. P. & Munson, A. D. (2012) TOPIC – Traits of Plants in Canada. Sault Ste Marie, Ontario: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service.Google Scholar
Auger, S. & Shipley, B. (2013) Inter-specific and intra-specific trait variation along short environmental gradients in an old-growth temperate forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 419428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, M. P. & Smith, T. M. (1989) A new model for the continuum concept. Vegetatio, 83, 3547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baraloto, C., Paine, C. E. T., Patino, S., Bonal, D., Herault, B. & Chave, J. (2010) Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities. Functional Ecology, 24, 208216.Google Scholar
Bardgett, D. R. & Wardle, A. D. (2010) Aboveground–belowground linkages: biotic interactions, ecosystem processes, and global change. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Bardgett, R. D., Mommer, L. & De Vries, F. T. (2014) Going underground: root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29, 692699.Google Scholar
Barluenga, M., Stolting, K. N., Salzburger, W., Muschick, M. & Meyer, A. (2006) Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. Nature, 439, 719723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartle, K., Moles, A. T. & Bonser, S. P. (2013) No evidence for rapid evolution of seed dispersal ability in range edge populations of the invasive species Senecio madagascariensis. Austral Ecology, 38, 915920.Google Scholar
Bartomeus, I., Gravel, D., Tylianakis, J. M., Aizen, M. A., Dickie, I. A. & Bernard-Verdier, M. (2016) A common framework for identifying linkage rules across different types of interactions. Functional Ecology, 30, 18941903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bascompte, J. & Jordano, P. (2007) Plant–animal mutualistic networks: the architecture of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38, 567593.Google Scholar
Bastazini, V. A. G., Ferreira, P. M. A., Azambuja, B. O., Casas, G., Debastiani, V. J., Guimarães, P. R. & Pillar, V. D. (2017) Untangling the tangled bank: a novel method for partitioning the effects of phylogenies and traits on ecological networks. Evolutionary Biology, 44, 312324.Google Scholar
Beier, C. M., Patterson, T. M. & Chapin, F. S. (2008) Ecosystem services and emergent vulnerability in managed ecosystems: a geospatial decision-support tool. Ecosystems, 11, 923938.Google Scholar
Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M. & Kirk, G. J. D. (2005) Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003. Nature, 437, 245248.Google Scholar
Benard, M. F. (2006) Survival trade-offs between two predator-induced phenotypes in Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla). Ecology, 87, 340346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, J. A. & Pärtel, M. (2017) Predicting species establishment using absent species and functional neighborhoods. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 22232237.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. A., Lamb, E. G., Hall, J. C., Cardinal-McTeague, W. M. & Cahill, J. F. (2013) Increased competition does not lead to increased phylogenetic overdispersion in a native grassland. Ecology Letters, 16, 11681176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, M. P. & Bengtsson, J. (2007) Temporal and spatial variability in soil food web structure. Oikos, 116, 17891804.Google Scholar
Berg, M. P. & Ellers, J. (2010) Trait plasticity in species interactions: a driving force of community dynamics. Evolutionary Ecology, 24, 617629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, M. P., Kiers, E. T., Driessen, G., van der Heijden, M., Kooi, B. W., Kuenen, F., Liefting, M., Verhoef, H. A. & Ellers, J. (2010) Adapt or disperse: understanding species persistence in a changing world. Global Change Biology, 16, 587598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard-Verdier, M., Navas, M. L., Vellend, M., Violle, C., Fayolle, A. & Garnier, E. (2012) Community assembly along a soil depth gradient: contrasting patterns of plant trait convergence and divergence in a Mediterranean rangeland. Journal of Ecology, 100, 14221433.Google Scholar
Bertelsmeier, C., Luque, G. M., Confais, A. & Courchamp, F. (2013) Ant Profiler – a database of ecological characteristics of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 18, 7376.Google Scholar
Bezzel, E. (1985) Kompendium der Vögel mitteleuropas: Nonpasseriformes-Nichtsingvögel. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag.Google Scholar
Bijlsma, R. & Loeschcke, V. (2005) Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: an overview. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 18, 744749.Google Scholar
Bílá, K., Moretti, M., Bello, F., Dias, A. T. C., Pezzatti, G. B., Van Oosten, A. R. & Berg, M. P. (2014) Disentangling community functional components in a litter – macrodetritivore model system reveals the predominance of the mass ratio hypothesis. Ecology and Evolution, 4, 408416.Google Scholar
Bimler, M. D., Stouffer, D. B., Lai, H. R. & Mayfield, M. M. (2018) Accurate predictions of coexistence in natural systems require the inclusion of facilitative interactions and environmental dependency. Journal of Ecology, 106, 18391852.Google Scholar
Blanck, A. & Lamouroux, N. (2007) Large-scale intraspecific variation in life-history traits of European freshwater fish. Journal of Biogeography, 34, 862875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanquart, F., Kaltz, O., Nuismer, S. L. & Gandon, S. (2013) A practical guide to measuring local adaptation. Ecology Letters, 16, 11951205.Google Scholar
Blesh, J. (2018) Functional traits in cover crop mixtures: biological nitrogen fixation and multifunctionality. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 3848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomberg, S. P., Garland, T. & Ives, A. R. (2003) Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution, 57, 717745.Google ScholarPubMed
Blonder, B. (2016) Do hypervolumes have holes? American Naturalist, 187, E93E105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blonder, B., Lamanna, C., Violle, C. & Enquist, B. J. (2014) The n-dimensional hypervolume. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 595609.Google Scholar
Blonder, B., Morrow, C. B., Maitner, B., Harris, D. J., Lamanna, C., Violle, C., Enquist, B. J. & Kerkhoff, A. J. (2018) New approaches for delineating n-dimensional hypervolumes. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 305319.Google Scholar
Blüthgen, N. (2010) Why network analysis is often disconnected from community ecology: a critique and an ecologist’s guide. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11, 185195.Google Scholar
Bolnick, D. I. & Fitzpatrick, B. M. (2007) Sympatric speciation: models and empirical evidence. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 38, 459487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolnick, D. I., Amarasekare, P., Araujo, M. S., Burger, R., Levine, J. M., Novak, M., Rudolf, V. H. W., Schreiber, S. J., Urban, M. C. & Vasseur, D. A. (2011) Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 183192.Google Scholar
Bommarco, R., Biesmeijer, J. C., Meyer, B., Potts, S. G., Poyry, J., Roberts, S. P. M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Ockinger, E. (2010) Dispersal capacity and diet breadth modify the response of wild bees to habitat loss. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 277, 20752082.Google Scholar
Bond, W. J., Midgley, G. F. & Woodward, F. I. (2003) The importance of low atmospheric CO2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology, 9, 973982.Google Scholar
Booth, B. D. & Swanton, C. J. (2002) Assembly theory applied to weed communities. Weed Science, 50, 213.Google Scholar
Borgy, B., Violle, C., Choler, P., Garnier, E., Kattge, J., Loranger, J., Amiaud, B., Cellier, P., Debarros, G., Denelle, P., Diquelou, S., Gachet, S., Jolivet, C., Lavorel, S., Lemauviel-Lavenant, S., Mikolajczak, A., Munoz, F., Olivier, J. & Viovy, N. (2017) Sensitivity of community-level trait–environment relationships to data representativeness: a test for functional biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 729739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossdorf, O., Richards, C. L. & Pigliucci, M. (2008) Epigenetics for ecologists. Ecology Letters, 11, 106115.Google Scholar
Botta-Dukat, Z. (2005) Rao’s quadratic entropy as a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 533540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botta-Dukat, Z. (2018) The generalized replication principle and the partitioning of functional diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecography, 41, 4050.Google Scholar
Botta-Dukat, Z. & Czucz, B. (2016) Testing the ability of functional diversity indices to detect trait convergence and divergence using individual-based simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 114126.Google Scholar
Bouget, C., Brustel, H. & Zagatti, P. (2008) The French information system on saproxylic beetle ecology (frisbee): an ecological and taxonomical database to help with the assessment of forest conservation status. Revue d’Ecologie (Terre Vie), 10, 3336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, R. (1961) Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galápagos finches. Diferenciación morfológica y adaptación en los pinzones de las Galápagos. University of California Publications in Zoology, 58, 1302.Google Scholar
Branquinho, C., Serrano, H. C., Nunes, A., Pinho, P. & Matos, P. (2019) Essential biodiversity change indicators for evaluating the effects of Anthropocene in ecosystems at a global scale. From assessing to conserving biodiversity (eds. Casetta, E., da Silva, J. M., Vecchi, D., Casetta, E., da Silva, J. M. & Vecchi, D.), pp. 137166. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Brathen, K. A., Ims, R. A., Yoccoz, N. G., Fauchald, P., Tveraa, T. & Hausner, V. H. (2007) Induced shift in ecosystem productivity? Extensive scale effects of abundant large herbivores. Ecosystems, 10, 773789.Google Scholar
Brink, E., Aalders, T., Ádám, D., Feller, R., Henselek, Y., Hoffmann, A., Ibe, K., Matthey-Doret, A., Meyer, M., Negrut, N. L., Rau, A. L., Riewerts, B., von Schuckmann, L., Törnros, S., von Wehrden, H., Abson, D. J. & Wamsler, C. (2016) Cascades of green: a review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas. Global Environmental Change, 36, 111123.Google Scholar
Brooker, R. W., Maestre, F. T., Callaway, R. M., Lortie, C. L., Cavieres, L. A., Kunstler, G., Liancourt, P., Tielbörger, K., Travis, J. M. J., Anthelme, F., Armas, C., Coll, L., Corcket, E., Delzon, S., Forey, E., Kikvidze, Z., Olofsson, J., Pugnaire, F., Quiroz, C. L., Saccone, P., Schiffers, K., Seifan, M., Touzard, B. & Michalet, R. (2008) Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. Journal of Ecology, 96, 1834.Google Scholar
Brousseau, P. M., Gravel, D. & Handa, I. T. (2018) On the development of a predictive functional trait approach for studying terrestrial arthropods. Journal of Animal Ecology, 87, 12091220.Google Scholar
Brown, J. J., Mennicken, S., Massante, J. C., Dijoux, S., Telea, A., Benedek, A. M., Götzenberger, L., Majeková, M., Lepš, J., Smilauer, P., Hrcek, J. & de Bello, F. (2019) A novel method to predict dark diversity using unconstrained ordination analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science, 30, 610619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. (1828) A brief account of microscopical observations made on the particles contained in the pollen of plants. Philosophical Magazine, 4, 161173.Google Scholar
Brun, P., Payne, M. R. & Kiørboe, T. (2016) A trait database for marine copepods. Pangea https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.862968.Google Scholar
Bruno, J. F., Stachowicz, J. J. & Bertness, M. D. (2003) Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, 119125.Google Scholar
Bu, W., Huang, J., Xu, H., Zang, R., Ding, Y., Li, Y., Lin, M., Wang, J. & Zhang, C. (2019) Plant functional traits are the mediators in regulating effects of abiotic site conditions on aboveground carbon stock – evidence from a 30 ha tropical forest plot. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1958.Google Scholar
Buckley, Y. M. & Catford, J. (2016) Does the biogeographic origin of species matter? Ecological effects of native and non-native species and the use of origin to guide management. Journal of Ecology, 104, 417.Google Scholar
Budrys, E., Budriene, A. & Orlovskyte, S. (2014) Cavity-nesting wasps and bees database. http://scales.ckff.si/scaletool/?menu=6&submenu=3.Google Scholar
Buisson, L., Grenouillet, G., Villéger, S., Canal, J. & Laffaille, P. (2013) Toward a loss of functional diversity in stream fish assemblages under climate change. Global Change Biology, 19, 387400.Google Scholar
Bulleri, F., Bruno, J. F., Silliman, B. R. & Stachowicz, J. J. (2016) Facilitation and the niche: implications for coexistence, range shifts and ecosystem functioning. Functional Ecology, 30, 7078.Google Scholar
Burns, M., Hedin, M. & Tsurusaki, N. (2018) Population genomics and geographical parthenogenesis in Japanese harvestmen (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae, Leiobunum). Ecology and Evolution, 8, 3652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, G. L. (1969) Sympatric host race formation and speciation in frugivorous flies of genus Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae). Evolution, 23, 237251.Google Scholar
Butterfield, B. J. & Suding, K. N. (2013) Single-trait functional indices outperform multi-trait indices in linking environmental gradients and ecosystem services in a complex landscape. Journal of Ecology, 101, 917.Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W. (2017) Functional traits explain ecosystem function through opposing mechanisms. Ecology Letters, 20, 989996.Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W. & Tucker, C. M. (2017) Should environmental filtering be abandoned? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 429437.Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W. & Tucker, C. M. (2018) Difficult decisions: strategies for conservation prioritization when taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity are not spatially congruent. Biological Conservation, 225, 128133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadotte, M. W., Albert, C. H. & Walker, S. C. (2013) The ecology of differences: assessing community assembly with trait and evolutionary distances. Ecology Letters, 16, 12341244.Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W., Carboni, M., Si, X. & Tatsumi, S. (2019) Do traits and phylogeny support congruent community diversity patterns and assembly inferences? Journal of Ecology, 107, 20652077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadotte, M. W., Carscadden, K. & Mirotchnick, N. (2011) Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 10791087.Google Scholar
Cadotte, M. W., Cavender-Bares, J., Tilman, D. & Oakley, T. H. (2009) Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLOS ONE, 4, e5695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadotte, M. W., Mai, D. V., Jantz, S., Collins, M. D., Keele, M. & Drake, J. A. (2006) On testing the competition–colonization trade-off in a multispecies assemblage. American Naturalist, 168, 704709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaway, R. M., Thelen, G. C., Rodriguez, A. & Holben, W. E. (2004) Soil biota and exotic plant invasion. Nature, 427, 731733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carboni, M., Münkemüller, T., Lagergne, S., Choler, P., Borge, B., Violle, C., Essl, F., Roquet, C., Munoz, F., DivGrass, Consortium & Thuiller, W. (2016) What it takes to invade grassland ecosystems: traits, introduction history and filtering processes. Ecology Letters, 19, 219229.Google Scholar
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., Kinzig, A. P., Daily, G. C., Loreau, M., Grace, J. B., Larigauderie, A., Srivastava, D. S. & Naeem, S. (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486, 5967.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., Azcarate, F. M., de Bello, F., Ollero, H. S., Lepš, J. & Peco, B. (2012) Taxonomical and functional diversity turnover in Mediterranean grasslands: interactions between grazing, habitat type and rainfall. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 10841093.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., de Bello, F., Mason, N. W. H. & Lepš, J. (2016) Traits without borders: integrating functional diversity across scales. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31, 382394.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., de Bello, F., Mason, N. W. H. & Lepš, J. (2019) Trait probability density (TPD): measuring functional diversity across scales based on TPD with R. Ecology, 100, e08276.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., de Bello, F., Sasaki, T., Uchida, K. & Partel, M. (2017a) Towards a common toolbox for rarity: a response to Violle et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 889891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmona, C. P., Guerrero, I., Morales, M. B., Onate, J. J. & Peco, B. (2017b) Assessing vulnerability of functional diversity to species loss: a case study in Mediterranean agricultural systems. Functional Ecology, 31, 427435.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., Mason, N. W. H., Azcarate, F. M. & Peco, B. (2015b) Inter-annual fluctuations in rainfall shift the functional structure of Mediterranean grasslands across gradients of productivity and disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science, 26, 538551.Google Scholar
Carmona, C. P., Rota, C., Azcarate, F. M. & Peco, B. (2015a) More for less: sampling strategies of plant functional traits across local environmental gradients. Functional Ecology, 29, 579588.Google Scholar
Carpenter, S. R., Mooney, H. A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R. S., Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A. K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H. M., Perrings, C., Reid, W. V., Sarukhan, J., Scholes, R. J. & Whyte, A. (2009) Science for managing ecosystem services: beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 13051312.Google Scholar
Cernansky, R. (2017) The biodiversity revolution. Nature, 546, 2224.Google Scholar
Chalmandrier, L., Münkemüller, T., Colace, M. P., Renaud, J., Aubert, S., Carlson, B. Z., Clement, J. C., Legay, N., Pellet, G., Saillard, A., Lavergne, S. & Thuiller, W. (2017) Spatial scale and intraspecific trait variability mediate assembly rules in alpine grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 105, 277287.Google Scholar
Champely, S. & Chessel, D. (2002) Measuring biological diversity using Euclidean metrics. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 9, 167177.Google Scholar
Chapin, F. S. (1980) The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 233260.Google Scholar
Chase, J. M. & Leibold, M. A. (2003) Ecological niches: linking classical and contemporary approaches. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Chesson, P. (2000) Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 343366.Google Scholar
Chesson, P. & Huntly, N. (1997) The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist, 150, 519553.Google Scholar
Chiu, C.-H. & Chao, A. (2014) Distance-based functional diversity measures and their decomposition: a framework based on Hill numbers. PLOS ONE, 9, e113561.Google Scholar
Chollet, S., Rambal, S., Fayolle, A., Hubert, D., Foulquie, D. & Garnier, E. (2014) Combined effects of climate, resource availability, and plant traits on biomass produced in a Mediterranean rangeland. Ecology, 95, 737748.Google Scholar
Chown, S. L. (2012) Trait-based approaches to conservation physiology: forecasting environmental change risks from the bottom up. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 367, 16151627.Google Scholar
Chuang, A. & Peterson, C. R. (2016) Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade-offs. Global Change Biology, 22, 494512.Google Scholar
Cianciaruso, M. V., Batalha, M. A., Gaston, K. J. & Petchey, O. L. (2009) Including intraspecific variability in functional diversity. Ecology, 90, 8189.Google Scholar
Cingolani, A. M., Cabido, M., Gurvich, D. E., Renison, D. & Díaz, S. (2007) Filtering processes in the assembly of plant communities: are species presence and abundance driven by the same traits? Journal of Vegetation Science, 18, 911920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, J., Keck, D. D. & Hiesey, W. M. (1948) Experimental studies on the nature of species. III. Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution.Google Scholar
Concepción, E. D., Götzenberger, L., Nobis, M. P., de Bello, F., Obrist, M. K. & Moretti, M. (2017) Contrasting trait assembly patterns in plant and bird communities along environmental and human-induced land-use gradients. Ecography, 40, 753763.Google Scholar
Connor, E. F. & Simberloff, D. (1979) The assembly of species communities: chance or competition? Ecology, 60, 11321140.Google Scholar
Conti, G. & Díaz, S. (2013) Plant functional diversity and carbon storage – an empirical test in semi-arid forest ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 101, 1828.Google Scholar
Conti, L., Block, S., Parepa, M., Münkemüller, T., Thuiller, W., Acosta, A. T. R., van Kleunen, M., Dullinger, S., Essl, F., Dullinger, I., Moser, D., Klonner, G., Bossdorf, O. & Carboni, M. (2018) Functional trait differences and trait plasticity mediate biotic resistance to potential plant invaders. Journal of Ecology, 106, 16071620.Google Scholar
Conti, M. E. & Cecchetti, G. (2001) Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment – a review. Environmental Pollution, 114, 471492.Google Scholar
Conway, T. M. (2016) Tending their urban forest: residents’ motivations for tree planting and removal. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 17, 2332.Google Scholar
Cordlandwehr, V., Meredith, R. L., Ozinga, W. A., Bekker, R. M., van Groenendael, J. M. & Bakker, J. P. (2013) Do plant traits retrieved from a database accurately predict on-site measurements? Journal of Ecology, 101, 662670.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lang, S. I., Soudzilovskaia, N. A. & During, H. J. (2007) Comparative cryptogam ecology: a review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry. Annals of Botany, 99, 9871001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Díaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., van der Heijden, M. G. A., Pausas, J. G. & Poorter, H. (2003) A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 51, 335380.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Pérez -Harguindeguy, N., Díaz, S., Grime, J. P., Marzano, B., Cabido, M., Vendramini, F. & Cerabolini, B. (1999) Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents. New Phytologist, 143, 191200.Google Scholar
Cornell, H. V. & Harrison, S. P. (2014) What are species pools and when are they important? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, 4567.Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K. & Ackerly, D. D. (2009) Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecological Monographs, 79, 109126.Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K. & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2013) A broader perspective on plant domestication and nutrient and carbon cycling. New Phytologist, 198, 331333.Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K. & Habacuc, (2018, 11 April) traitecoevo/fungaltraits v0.0.3 (Version v0.0.3). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1216257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwell, W. K., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Amatangelo, K., Dorrepaal, E., Eviner, V. T., Godoy, O., Hobbie, S. E., Hoorens, B., Kurokawa, H., Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Quested, H. M., Santiago, L. S., Wardle, D. A., Wright, I. J., Aerts, R., Allison, S. D., van Bodegom, P., Brovkin, V., Chatain, A., Callaghan, V. T., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Gurvich, D. E., Kazakou, E., Klein, J. A., Read, J., Reich, P. B., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Vaieretti, M. V. & Westoby, M. (2008) Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecology Letters, 11, 10651071.Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K., Schwilk, D. W. & Ackerly, D. D. (2006) A trait-based test for habitat filtering: convex hull volume. Ecology, 87, 14651471.Google Scholar
Correa, S. B., Arujo, J. K., Penha, J., Nunes da Cunha, C., Bobier, K. E. & Anderson, J. T. (2016) Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 283, 20161267.Google Scholar
Cosendai, A. C., Wagner, J., Ladinig, U., Rosche, C. & Horandl, E. (2013) Geographical parthenogenesis and population genetic structure in the alpine species Ranunculus kuepferi (Ranunculaceae). Heredity, 110, 560569.Google Scholar
Craine, J. M. (2005) Reconciling plant strategy theories of Grime and Tilman. Journal of Ecology, 93, 10411052.Google Scholar
Craven, D., Eisenhauer, N., Pearse, W. D., Hautier, Y., Isbell, F., Roscher, C., Bahn, M., Beierkuhnlein, C., Bönisch, G., Buchmann, N., Byun, C., Catford, J. A., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Craine, J. M., De Luca, E., Ebeling, A., Griffin, J. N., Hector, A., Hines, J., Jentsch, A., Kattge, J., Kreyling, J., Lanta, V., Lemoine, N., Meyer, S. T., Minden, V., Onipchenko, V., Polley, H. W., Reich, P. B., van Ruijven, J., Schamp, B., Smith, M. D., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Tilman, D., Weigelt, A., Wilsey, B. & Manning, P. (2018) Multiple facets of biodiversity drive the diversity–stability relationship. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 15791587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, M. D. & Cook, L. G. (2012) Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the underlying evolutionary and ecological causes? New Phytologist, 196, 681694.Google Scholar
Cronon, W. (1996) Uncommon ground: rethinking the human place in nature. New York: Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Cruz, P., De Quadros, F. L. F., Theau, J. P., Frizzo, A., Jouany, C., Duru, M. & Carvalho, P. C. F. (2010) Leaf traits as functional descriptors of the intensity of continuous grazing in native grasslands in the South of Brazil. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 63, 350358.Google Scholar
Damour, G., Navas, M. L. & Garnier, E. (2018) A revised trait-based framework for agroecosystems including decision rules. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 1224.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
David, J. F. (2014) The role of litter-feeding macroarthropods in decomposition processes: a reappraisal of common views. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 76, 109118.Google Scholar
Davis, M. A., Chew, M. K., Hobbs, R. J., Lugo, A. E., Ewel, J. J., Vermeij, G. J., … Briggs, J. C. (2011) Don’t judge species on their origins. Nature, 474, 153154.Google Scholar
Dawson, S. K., Boddy, L., Halbwachs, H., Bassler, C., Andrew, C., Crowther, T. W., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Norden, J., Ovaskainen, O. & Jonsson, M. (2019) Handbook for the measurement of macrofungal functional traits: a start with basidiomycete wood fungi. Functional Ecology, 33, 372387.Google Scholar
de Bello, F. (2012) The quest for trait convergence and divergence in community assembly: are null-models the magic wand? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 312317.Google Scholar
de Bello, F. & Mudrák, O. (2013) Plant traits as indicators: loss or gain of information? Applied Vegetation Science, 16, 353354.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Berg, M. P., Dias, A. T. C., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Götzenberger, L., Hortal, J., Ladle, R. J. & Lepš, J. (2015) On the need for phylogenetic ‘corrections’ in functional trait-based approaches. Folia Geobotanica, 50, 349357.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Carmona, C. P., Lepš, J., Szava-Kovats, R. & Partel, M. (2016a) Functional diversity through the mean trait dissimilarity: resolving shortcomings with existing paradigms and algorithms. Oecologia, 180, 933940.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Carmona, C. P., Mason, N. W. H., Sebastià, M. T. & Lepš, J. (2013a) Which trait dissimilarity for functional diversity: trait means or trait overlap? Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 807819.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Fibich, P., Zelený, D., Kopecky, M., Mudrak, O., Chytry, M., Pysek, P., Wild, J., Michalcova, D., Sadlo, J., Smilauer, P., Lepš, J. & Partel, M. (2016b) Measuring size and composition of species pools: a comparison of dark diversity estimates. Ecology and Evolution, 6, 40884101.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lavergne, S., Meynard, C. N., Lepš, J. & Thuiller, W. (2010b) The partitioning of diversity: showing Theseus a way out of the labyrinth. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 9921000.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Albert, C. H., Thuiller, W., Grigulis, K., Dolezal, J., Janecek, S. & Lepš, J. (2011) Quantifying the relevance of intraspecific trait variability for functional diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 163174.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Díaz, S., Harrington, R., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Bardgett, R. D., Berg, M. P., Cipriotti, P., Feld, C. K., Hering, D., Martins da Silva, P., Potts, S. G., Sandin, L., Sousa, J. P., Storkey, J., Wardle, D. A. & Harrison, P. A. (2010a) Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 28732893.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Lavergne, S., Albert, C. H., Boulangeat, I., Mazel, F. & Thuiller, W. (2013b) Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional structure of plant communities: a case study in the French Alps. Ecography, 36, 393402.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lepš, J., Lavorel, S. & Moretti, M. (2007) Importance of species abundance for assessment of trait composition: an example based on pollinator communities. Community Ecology, 8, 163170.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Lepš, J. & Sebastià, M. T. (2005) Predictive value of plant traits to grazing along a climatic gradient in the Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 824833.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Price, J. N., Münkemüller, T., Liira, J., Zobel, M., Thuiller, W., Gerhold, P., Götzenberger, L., Lavergne, S., Lepš, J., Zobel, K. & Pärtel, M. (2012) Functional species pool framework to test for biotic effects on community assembly. Ecology, 93, 22632273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Bello, F., Šmilauer, P., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Carmona, C. P., Lososová, Z., Herben, T. & Götzenberger, L. (2017) Decoupling phylogenetic and functional diversity to reveal hidden signals in community assembly. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 12001211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bello, F., Thuiller, W., Lepš, J., Choler, P., Clement, J. C., Macek, P., Sebastià, M. T. & Lavorel, S. (2009) Partitioning of functional diversity reveals the scale and extent of trait convergence and divergence. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20, 475486.Google Scholar
de Bello, F., Vandewalle, M., Reitalu, T., Lepš, J., Prentice, H. C., Lavorel, S. & Sykes, M. T. (2013c) Evidence for scale- and disturbance-dependent trait assembly patterns in dry semi-natural grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 101, 12371244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A. & Boumans, R. M. (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41, 393408.Google Scholar
De Oliveira, T., Hättenschwiler, S. & Handa, I. T. (2010) Snail and millipede complementarity in decomposing Mediterranean forest leaf litter mixtures. Functional Ecology, 24, 937946.Google Scholar
de Ruiter, P., Neutel, A.-M. & Moore, J. (1998) Biodiversity in soil ecosystems: the role of energy flow and community stability. Applied Soil Ecology, 10, 217228.Google Scholar
Defossez, E., Pellissier, L. & Rasmann, S. (2018) The unfolding of plant growth form-defence syndromes along elevation gradients. Ecology Letters, 21, 609618.Google Scholar
Dell, A. I., Pawar, S. & Savage, V. M. (2013) The thermal dependence of biological traits. Ecology, 94, 12051206.Google Scholar
Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., Bhave, A. G., Mittal, N., Feliu, E. & Faehnle, M. (2014) Mitigating and adapting to climate change: multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 107115.Google Scholar
Deraison, H., Badenhausser, I., Loeuille, N., Scherber, C. & Gross, N. (2015) Functional trait diversity across trophic levels determines herbivore impact on plant community biomass. Ecology Letters, 18, 13461355.Google Scholar
Desdevises, Y., Legendre, P., Azouzi, L. & Morand, S. (2003) Quantifying phylogenetically structured environmental variation. Evolution, 57, 26472652.Google Scholar
Devictor, V., Julliard, R., Couvet, D. & Jiguet, F. (2008) Birds are tracking climate warming, but not fast enough. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 275, 27432748.Google Scholar
Devictor, V., Mouillot, D., Meynard, C., Jiguet, F., Thuiller, W. & Mouquet, N. (2010) Spatial mismatch and congruence between taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity: the need for integrative conservation strategies in a changing world. Ecology Letters, 13, 10301040.Google Scholar
DeWitt, T. J. & Scheiner, S. M. (eds.) (2004) Phenotypic plasticity: functional and conceptual approaches. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (1975) Assembly of species communities. In: Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds. Cody, M. L. & Diamond, J. M.), pp. 342444. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dias, A. T. C., Berg, M. P., de Bello, F., Van Oosten, A. R., Bila, K. & Moretti, M. (2013b) An experimental framework to identify community functional components driving ecosystem processes and services delivery. Journal of Ecology, 101, 2937.Google Scholar
Dias, A. T. C., Hoorens, B., Logtestijn, R. S. P., Vermaat, J. E. & Aerts, R. (2010) Plant species composition can be used as a proxy to predict methane emissions in peatland ecosystems after land-use changes. Ecosystems, 13, 526538.Google Scholar
Dias, A. T. C., Krab, E. J., Marien, J., Zimmer, M., Cornelissen, J. H., Ellers, J., Wardle, D. A. & Berg, M. P. (2013a) Traits underpinning desiccation resistance explain distribution patterns of terrestrial isopods. Oecologia, 172, 667–77.Google Scholar
Dias, A. T. C., Rosado, B. H., de Bello, F., Pistón, N. & de Mattos, E. A. (2020) Alternative plant designs: consequences for community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Annals of Botany, 125, 391398.Google Scholar
Díaz, S. & Cabido, M. (2001) Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16, 646655.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Cabido, M. & Casanoves, F. (1998) Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 113122.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Joly, C., Lonsdale, W. M. & Larigauderie, A. (2015) A Rosetta Stone for nature’s benefits to people. PLOS Biology, 13, 18.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S. III & Tilman, D. (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLOS Biology, 4, e277.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Hodgson, J. G., Thompson, K., Cabido, M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Jalili, A., Montserrat-Martí, G., Grime, J. P., Zarrinkamar, F., Asri, Y., Band, S. R., Basconcelo, S., Castro-Díez, P., Funes, G., Hamzehee, B., Khoshnevi, M., Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Pérez-Rontomé, M. C., Shirvany, F. A., Vendramini, F., Yazdani, S., Abbas-Azimi, R., Bogaard, A., Boustani, S., Charles, M., Dehghan, M., de Torres-Espuny, L., Falczuk, V., Guerrero-Campo, J., Hynd, A., Jones, G., Kowsary, E., Kazemi-Saeed, F., Maestro-Martínez, M., Romo-Díez, A., Shaw, S., Siavash, B., Villar-Salvador, P. & Zak, M. R. (2004) The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15, 295304.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Kattge, J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Wright, I. J., Lavorel, S., Dray, S., Reu, B., Kleyer, M., Wirth, C., Prentice, I. C., Garnier, E., Bonisch, G., Westoby, M., Poorter, H., Reich, P. B., Moles, A. T., Dickie, J., Gillison, A. N., Zanne, A. E., Chave, J., Wright, S. J., Sheremet’ev, S. N., Jactel, H., Baraloto, C., Cerabolini, B., Pierce, S., Shipley, B., Kirkup, D., Casanoves, F., Joswig, J. S., Gunther, A., Falczuk, V., Ruger, N., Mahecha, M. D. & Gorne, L. D. (2016) The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature, 529, 167171.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., de Bello, F., Quetier, F., Grigulis, K. & Robson, M. (2007) Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 2068420689.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Noy-Meir, I. & Cabido, M. (2001) Can grazing response of herbaceous plants be predicted from simple vegetative traits? Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 497508.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R. T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K. M. A., Baste, I. A., Brauman, K. A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P. W., van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., van der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, E., Davies, K., Demissew, S., Erpul, G., Failler, P., Guerra, C. A., Hewitt, C. L., Keune, H., Lindley, S. & Shirayama, Y. (2018) Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science, 359, 270272.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Purvis, A., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Mace, G. M., Donoghue, M. J., Ewers, R. M., Jordano, P. & Pearse, W. D. (2013) Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 29582975.Google Scholar
Didham, R. K., Tylianakis, J. M., Hutchison, M. A., Ewers, R. M. & Gemmell, N. J. (2005) Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 470474.Google Scholar
Diez, J. M., Dickie, I., Edwards, G., Hulme, P. E., Sullivan, J. J. & Duncan, R. P. (2010) Negative soil feedbacks accumulate over time for non-native plant species. Ecology Letters, 13, 803809.Google Scholar
Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Bini, L. M., Rangel, T. F. L. V. B., Morales-Castilla, I., Olalla-Tárraga, M. Á., Rodríguez, M. Á. & Hawkins, B. A. (2012) On the selection of phylogenetic eigenvectors for ecological analyses. Ecography, 35, 239249.Google Scholar
Donatti, C. I., Guimarães, P. R., Galetti, M., Pizo, M. A., Marquitti, F. M. D. & Dirzo, R. (2011) Analysis of a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network: modularity and underlying mechanisms. Ecology Letters, 14, 773781.Google Scholar
Dorrepaal, E., Toet, S., Van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Swart, E., Van De Weg, M. J., Callaghan, V. T. & Aerts, R. (2009) Carbon respiration from subsurface peat accelerated by climate warming in the subarctic. Nature, 460, 616619.Google Scholar
Doughty, C. E., Wolf, A. & Malhi, Y. (2013) The legacy of the Pleistocene megafauna extinctions on nutrient availability in Amazonia. Nature Geoscience, 6, 761764.Google Scholar
Dray, S. & Legendre, P. (2008) Testing the species traits–environment relationships: the fourth-corner problem revisited. Ecology, 89, 34003412.Google Scholar
Duru, M., Cruz, P., Jouany, C. & Theau, J. P. (2010) Herb’type©: un nouvel outil pour évaluer les services de production fournis par les prairies permanentes. Productions Animales, 23, 319332.Google Scholar
Duru, M., Cruz, P., Raouda, A. H. K., Ducourtieux, C. & Theau, J. P. (2008) Relevance of plant functional types based on leaf dry matter content for assessing digestibility of native grass species and species-rich grassland communities in spring. Agronomy Journal, 100, 16221630.Google Scholar
Dwyer, J. M. & Laughlin, D. C. (2017) Constraints on trait combinations explain climatic drivers of biodiversity: the importance of trait covariance in community assembly. Ecology Letters, 20, 872882.Google Scholar
Eggenberger, H., Frey, D., Pellissier, L., Ghazoul, J., Fontana, S. & Moretti, M. (2019) Urban bumblebees are smaller and more phenotypically diverse than their rural counterparts. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 15221533.Google Scholar
Eisenhauer, N., Sabais, A. C. W. & Scheu, S. (2011) Collembola species composition and diversity effects on ecosystem functioning vary with plant functional group identity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 16971704.Google Scholar
Ellenberg, H. (1974) Zeigerwerte der Gefäßpflanzen mitteleuropas. Scripta Geobotanica, 9, 3122Google Scholar
Ellers, J., Berg, M. P., Dias, A. T., Fontana, S., Ooms, A. & Moretti, M. (2018) Diversity in form and function: vertical distribution of soil fauna mediates multidimensional trait variation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 87, 933944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellers, J., Rog, S., Braam, C. & Berg, M. P. (2011) Genotypic richness and phenotypic dissimilarity enhance population performance. Ecology, 92, 16051615.Google Scholar
Ellison, C. E., Hall, C., Kowbel, D., Welch, J., Brem, R. B., Glass, N. L. & Taylor, J. W. (2011) Population genomics and local adaptation in wild isolates of a model microbial eukaryote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 28312836.Google Scholar
Elmqvist, T., Folke, C., Nystrom, M., Peterson, G., Bengtsson, J., Walker, B. & Norberg, J. (2003) Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 488494.Google Scholar
Elser, J. J., Fagan, W. F., Kerkhoff, A. J., Swenson, N. G. & Enquist, B. J. (2010) Biological stoichiometry of plant production: metabolism, scaling and ecological response to global change. New Phytologist, 186, 593608.Google Scholar
Elton, C. S. (1946) Competition and the structure of ecological communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 15, 5468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elzinga, J. A., Atlan, A., Biere, A., Gigord, L., Weis, A. E. & Bernasconi, G. (2007) Time after time: flowering phenology and biotic interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 432439.Google Scholar
Falkner, G., Obrdlik, P., Castella, E. & Speight, M. C. D. (2001) Shelled Gastropoda of Western Europe. Munich: Friedrich-Held-Gesellschaft.Google Scholar
Farwig, N., Schabo, D. G. & Albrecht, J. (2017) Trait-associated loss of frugivores in fragmented forest does not affect seed removal rates. Journal of Ecology, 105, 2028.Google Scholar
Feld, C. K., Da Silva, P. M., Sousa, J. P., De Bello, F., Bugter, R., Grandin, U., Hering, D., Lavorel, S., Mountford, O., Pardo, I., Pärtel, M., Römbke, J., Sandin, L., Bruce Jones, K. & Harrison, P. (2009) Indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services: a synthesis across ecosystems and spatial scales. Oikos, 118, 18621871.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist, 125, 115.Google Scholar
Felten, D. & Emmerling, C. (2009) Earthworm burrowing behaviour in 2D terraria with single- and multi-species assemblages. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 45, 789797.Google Scholar
Finegan, B., Pena-Claros, M., de Oliveira, A., Ascarrunz, N., Bret-Harte, M. S., Carreno-Rocabado, G., Casanoves, F., Díaz, S., Velepucha, P. E., Fernandez, F., Licona, J. C., Lorenzo, L., Negret, B. S., Vaz, M. & Poorter, L. (2015) Does functional trait diversity predict above-ground biomass and productivity of tropical forests? Testing three alternative hypotheses. Journal of Ecology, 103, 191201.Google Scholar
Finerty, G. E., de Bello, F., Bílá, K., Berg, M. P., Dias, A. T. C., Pezzatti, G. B. & Moretti, M. (2016) Exotic or not, leaf trait dissimilarity modulates the effect of dominant species on mixed litter decomposition. Journal of Ecology, 104, 14001409.Google Scholar
Fontana, S., Berg, M. P. & Moretti, M. (2019) Intraspecific niche partitioning in macrodetritivores enhances mixed leaf litter decomposition. Functional Ecology, 33, 23912401.Google Scholar
Fontana, S., Petchey, O. L. & Pomati, F. (2015) Individual-level trait diversity concepts and indices to comprehensively describe community change in multidimensional trait space. Functional Ecology, 30, 808818.Google Scholar
Forsman, A. (2014) Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 302307.Google Scholar
Forsman, A. & Hagman, M. (2009) Association of coloration mode with population declines and endangerment in Australian frogs. Conservation Biology, 23, 15351543.Google Scholar
Forsman, A. & Wennersten, L. (2016) Inter-individual variation promotes ecological success of populations and species: evidence from experimental and comparative studies. Ecography, 39, 630648.Google Scholar
Fournier, B., Malysheva, E., Mazei, Y., Moretti, M. & Mitchell, E. A. D. (2012) Toward the use of testate amoeba functional traits as indicator of floodplain restoration success. European Journal of Soil Biology, 49, 8591.Google Scholar
Franken, O., Huizinga, M., Ellers, J. & Berg, M. P. (2018) Heated communities: large inter- and intraspecific variation in heat tolerance across trophic levels of a soil arthropod community. Oecologia, 186, 311322.Google Scholar
Franzen, M. & Betzholtz, P. E. (2012) Species traits predict island occupancy in noctuid moths. Journal of Insect Conservation, 16, 155163.Google Scholar
Freckleton, R. P. (2009) The seven deadly sins of comparative analysis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 13671375.Google Scholar
Freschet, G. T., Aerts, R. & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2012) A plant economics spectrum of litter decomposability. Functional Ecology, 26, 5665.Google Scholar
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2018) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.Google Scholar
Fukami, T., Bezemer, T. M., Mortimer, S. R. & van der Putten, W. H. (2005) Species divergence and trait convergence in experimental plant community assembly. Ecology Letters, 8, 12831290.Google Scholar
Funk, J. L. & Wolf, A. A. (2016) Testing the trait-based community framework: do functional traits predict competitive outcomes? Ecology, 97, 22062211.Google Scholar
Funk, J. L., Cleland, E. E., Suding, K. N. & Zavaleta, E. S. (2008) Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and invasion resistance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23, 695703.Google Scholar
Galetti, M., Guevara, R., Côrtes, M. C., Fadini, R., Von Matter, S., Leite, A. B., Labecca, F., Ribeiro, T., Carvalho, C. S., Collevatti, R. G., Pires, M. M. G., Brancalion, P. H. S., Ribeiro, M. C. & Jordano, P. (2013) Functional extinction of birds drives rapid evolutionary changes in seed size. Science, 340, 10861090.Google Scholar
Galland, T., Adeux, G., Dvořáková, H., E-Vojtkó, A., Orbán, I., Lussu, M., Puy, J., Blažek, P., Lanta, V., Lepš, J., de Bello, F., Pérez Carmona, C., Valencia, E. & Götzenberger, L. (2019) Colonization resistance and establishment success along gradients of functional and phylogenetic diversity in experimental plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 107, 20902104.Google Scholar
Garamszegi, L. Z. (ed.) (2014) Modern phylogenetic comparative methods and their application in evolutionary biology. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
García-Palacios, P., Milla, R., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Martín-Robles, N., Álvaro-Sánchez, M. & Wall, D. H. (2013) Side-effects of plant domestication: ecosystem impacts of changes in litter quality. New Phytologist, 198, 504513.Google Scholar
Garnier, E. & Navas, M. L. (2012) A trait-based approach to comparative functional plant ecology: concepts, methods and applications for agroecology. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32, 365399.Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Cortez, J., Billes, G., Navas, M. L., Roumet, C., Debussche, M., Laurent, G., Blanchard, A., Aubry, D., Bellmann, A., Neill, C. & Toussaint, J. P. (2004) Plant functional markers capture ecosystem properties during secondary succession. Ecology, 85, 26302637.Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Laurent, G., Bellmann, A., Debain, S., Berthelier, P., Ducout, B., Roumet, C. & Navas, M. L. (2001) Consistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits. New Phytologist, 152, 6983.Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Ansquer, P., Castro, H., Cruz, P., Dolezal, J., Eriksson, O., Fortunel, C., Freitas, H., Golodets, C., Grigulis, K., Jouany, C., Kazakou, E., Kigel, J., Kleyer, M., Lehsten, V., Lepš, J., Meier, T., Pakeman, R., Papadimitriou, M., Papanastasis, V. P., Quested, H., Quetier, F., Robson, M., Roumet, C., Rusch, G., Skarpe, C., Sternberg, M., Theau, J. P., Thebault, A., Vile, D. & Zarovali, M. P. (2007) Assessing the effects of land-use change on plant traits, communities and ecosystem functioning in grasslands: a standardized methodology and lessons from an application to 11 European sites. Annals of Botany, 99, 967985.Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Navas, M. L. & Grigulis, K. (2016) Plant functional diversity: organism traits, community structure, and ecosystem properties. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Garnier, E., Stahl, U., Laporte, M. A., Kattge, J., Mougenot, I., Kühn, I., Laporte, B., Amiaud, B., Ahrestani, F. S., Bönisch, G., Bunker, D. E., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, S., Enquist, B. J., Gachet, S., Jaureguiberry, P., Kleyer, M., Lavorel, S., Maicher, L., Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Poorter, H., Schildhauer, M., Shipley, B., Violle, C., Weiher, E., Wirth, C., Wright, I. J. & Klotz, S. (2017) Towards a thesaurus of plant characteristics: an ecological contribution. Journal of Ecology, 105, 298309.Google Scholar
Gaston, K. J. (1996) Biodiversity – congruence. Progress in Physical Geography, 20, 105112.Google Scholar
Gause, G. F. (1934) The struggle for existence. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company.Google Scholar
Geange, S. W., Pledger, S., Burns, K. C. & Shima, J. S. (2011) A unified analysis of niche overlap incorporating data of different types. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 175184.Google Scholar
Geber, M. A. & Griffen, L. R. (2003) Inheritance and natural selection on functional traits. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, S21S42.Google Scholar
Gerhold, P., Cahill, J. F., Winter, M., Bartish, I. V. & Prinzing, A. (2015) Phylogenetic patterns are not proxies of community assembly mechanisms (they are far better). Functional Ecology, 29, 600614.Google Scholar
Germain, R. M., Mayfield, M. M. & Gilbert, B. (2018a) The ‘filtering’ metaphor revisited: competition and environment jointly structure invasibility and coexistence. Biology Letters, 14, 20180460.Google Scholar
Germain, R. M., Williams, J. L., Schluter, D. & Angert, A. L. (2018b) Moving character displacement beyond characters using contemporary coexistence theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 7484.Google Scholar
Gerz, M., Bueno, C. G., Ozinga, W. A., Zobel, M. & Moora, M. (2018) Niche differentiation and expansion of plant species are associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. Journal of Ecology, 106, 254264.Google Scholar
Gilchrist, G. W., Huey, R. B. & Serra, L. (2001) Rapid evolution of wing size clines in Drosophila subobscura. Genetica, 112–113, 273286.Google Scholar
Giordani, P., Brunialti, G., Bacaro, G. & Nascimbene, J. (2012) Functional traits of epiphytic lichens as potential indicators of environmental conditions in forest ecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 18, 413420.Google Scholar
Goberna, M. & Verdú, M. (2015) Predicting microbial traits with phylogenies. ISME J, 10, 959967.Google Scholar
Godoy, O., Stouffer, D. B., Kraft, N. J. B. & Levine, J. M. (2017) Intransitivity is infrequent and fails to promote annual plant coexistence without pairwise niche differences. Ecology, 98, 11931200.Google Scholar
Gohli, J. & Voje, K. L. (2016) An interspecific assessment of Bergmann’s rule in 22 mammalian families. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16, 222.Google Scholar
Goncalves, F., Bovendorp, R. S., Beca, G., Bello, C., Costa-Pereira, R., Muylaert, R. L., Rodarte, R. R., Villar, N., Souza, R., Graipel, M. E., Cherem, J. J., Faria, D., Baumgarten, J., Alvarez, M. R., Vieira, E. M., Caceres, N., Pardini, R., Leite, Y. L. R., Costa, L. P., Mello, M. A. R., Fischer, E., Passos, F. C., Varzinczak, L. H., Prevedello, J. A., Cruz-Neto, A. P., Carvalho, F., Percequillo, A. R., Paviolo, A., Nava, A., Duarte, J. M. B., de la Sancha, N. U., Bernard, E., Morato, R. G., Ribeiro, J. F., Becker, R. G., Paise, G., Tomasi, P. S., Velez-Garcia, F., Melo, G. L., Sponchiado, J., Cerezer, F., Barros, M. A. S., de Souza, A. Q. S., dos Santos, C. C., Gine, G. A. F., Kerches-Rogeri, P., Weber, M. M., Ambar, G., Cabrera-Martinez, L. V., Eriksson, A., Silveira, M., Santos, C. F., Alves, L., Barbier, E., Rezende, G. C., Garbino, G. S. T., Rios, E. O., Silva, A., Nascimento, A. T. A., de Carvalho, R. S., Feijo, A., Arrabal, J., Agostini, I., Lamattina, D., Costa, S., Vanderhoeven, E., de Melo, F. R., Laroque, P. D., Jerusalinsky, L., Valenca-Montenegro, M. M., Martins, A. B., Ludwig, G., de Azevedo, R. B., Anzoategui, A., da Silva, M. X., Moraes, M. F. D., Vogliotti, A., Gatti, A., Puttker, T., Barros, C. S., Martins, T. K., Keuroghlian, A., Eaton, D. P., Neves, C. L., Nardi, M. S., Braga, C., Goncalves, P. R., Srbek-Araujo, A. C., Mendes, P., de Oliveira, J. A., Soares, F. A. M., Rocha, P. A., Crawshaw, P., Ribeiro, M. C. & Galetti, M. (2018) Atlantic mammal traits: a data set of morphological traits of mammals in the Atlantic Forest of South America. Ecology, 99, 498.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Suarez, M. & Revilla, E. (2013) Variability in life-history and ecological traits is a buffer against extinction in mammals. Ecology Letters, 16, 242251.Google Scholar
Gossner, M. M., Simons, N. K., Achtziger, R., Blick, T., Dorow, W. H. O., Dziock, F., Kohler, F., Rabitsch, W. & Weisser, W. W. (2015) A summary of eight traits of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Araneae, occurring in grasslands in Germany. Scientific Data, 2, 150013.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. & Graves, G. R. (1996) Null models in ecology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Gotelli, N. J. & McCabe, D. J. (2002) Species co-occurrence: a meta-analysis of J. M. Diamond’s assembly rules model. Ecology, 83, 20912096.Google Scholar
Götzenberger, L., Botta-Dukat, Z., Lepš, J., Pärtel, M., Zobel, M. & de Bello, F. (2016) Which randomizations detect convergence and divergence in trait-based community assembly? A test of commonly used null models. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27, 12751287.Google Scholar
Götzenberger, L., de Bello, F., Bråthen, K. A., Davison, J., Dubuis, A., Guisan, A., Lepš, J., Lindborg, R., Moora, M., Pärtel, M., Pellissier, L., Pottier, J., Vittoz, P., Zobel, K. & Zobel, M. (2012) Ecological assembly rules in plant communities – approaches, patterns and prospects. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 87, 111–27.Google Scholar
Gower, J. C. (1971) A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics, 27, 623637.Google Scholar
Grandcolas, P., Nattier, R., Legendre, F. & Pellens, R. (2011) Mapping extrinsic traits such as extinction risks or modelled bioclimatic niches on phylogenies: does it make sense at all? Cladistics, 27, 181185.Google Scholar
Grant, P. R. & Grant, B. R. (2006) Evolution of character displacement in Darwin’s finches. Science, 313, 224226.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, S. S., Williams, N. M., Winfree, R. & Kremen, C. (2007) Bee foraging ranges and their relationship to body size. Oecologia, 153, 589596.Google Scholar
Grigulis, K., Lavorel, S., Krainer, U., Legay, N., Baxendale, C., Dumont, M., Kastl, E., Arnoldi, C., Bardgett, R. D., Poly, F., Pommier, T., Schloter, M., Tappeiner, U., Bahn, M. & Clément, J. C. (2013) Relative contributions of plant traits and soil microbial properties to mountain grassland ecosystem services. Journal of Ecology, 101, 4757.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1998) Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects. Journal of Ecology, 86, 902910.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (2006) Trait convergence and trait divergence in herbaceous plant communities: mechanisms and consequences. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17, 255260.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. & Pierce, S. (2012) The evolutionary strategies that shape ecosystems. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G. & Hunt, R. (1988) Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Grimm, A., Prieto Ramírez, A. M., Moulherat, S., Reynaud, J. & Henle, K. (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation, 9, 4567.Google Scholar
Gross, N., Borger, L., Soriano-Morales, S. I., Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Quero, J. L., Garcia-Gomez, M., Valencia-Gomez, E. & Maestre, F. T. (2013) Uncovering multiscale effects of aridity and biotic interactions on the functional structure of Mediterranean shrublands. Journal of Ecology, 101, 637649.Google Scholar
Gross, N., Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Liancourt, P., Berdugo, M., Gotelli, N. J. & Maestre, F. T. (2017) Functional trait diversity maximizes ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 0132.Google Scholar
Gross, N., Robson, T. M., Lavorel, S., Albert, C., LeBagusse-Pinguet, Y. & Guillemin, R. (2008) Plant response traits mediate the effects of subalpine grasslands on soil moisture. New Phytologist, 180, 652662.Google Scholar
Grote, R., Samson, R., Alonso, R., Amorim, J. H., Cariñanos, P., Churkina, G., Fares, S., Thiec, L. D., Niinemets, Ü., Mikkelsen, T. N., Paoletti, E., Tiwary, A. & Calfapietra, C. (2016) Functional traits of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14, 543550.Google Scholar
Guisan, A. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2000) Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 135, 147186.Google Scholar
Guisan, A., Thuiller, W. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2017) Habitat suitability and distribution models: with applications in R. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Gunton, R. M., Petit, S. & Gaba, S. (2011) Functional traits relating arable weed communities to crop characteristics. Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, 541550.Google Scholar
Hadfield, J. D. & Nakagawa, S. (2010) General quantitative genetic methods for comparative biology: phylogenies, taxonomies and multi-trait models for continuous and categorical characters. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23, 494508.Google Scholar
Handa, I. T., Aerts, R., Berendse, F., Berg, M. P., Bruder, A., Butenschoen, O., Chauvet, E., Gessner, M. O., Jabiol, J., Makkonen, M., McKie, B. G., Malmqvist, B., Peeters, E. T. H. M., Scheu, S., Schmid, B., van Ruijven, J., Vos, V. C. A. & Hättenschwiler, S. (2014) Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes. Nature, 509, 218221.Google Scholar
Handa, T., Raymond-Léonard, L., Boisvert-Marsh, L., Dupuch, A. & Aubin, I. (2017) CRITTER: Canadian repository of invertebrate traits and trait-like ecological records. Sault Ste Marie, Ontario: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest ServiceGoogle Scholar
Hanisch, M., Schweiger, O., Cord, A. F., Volk, M. & Knapp, S. (2020) Plant functional traits shape multiple ecosystem services, their trade-offs and synergies in grasslands. Journal of Applied Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13644.Google Scholar
Hanski, I. & Gaggiotti, O. (2004) Metapopulation biology: past, present, and future. In Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulations (eds. Hanski, I. & Gaggiotti, O.), pp. 322. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hardy, O. J. (2008) Testing the spatial phylogenetic structure of local communities: statistical performances of different null models and test statistics on a locally neutral community. Journal of Ecology, 96, 914926.Google Scholar
Harris, J. A., Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E. & Aronson, J. (2006) Ecological restoration and global climate change. Restoration Ecology, 14, 170176.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. A., Berry, P. M., Simpson, G., Haslett, J. R., Blicharska, M., Bucur, M., Dunford, R., Egoh, B., Garcia-Llorente, M., Geamănă, N., Geertsema, W., Lommelen, E., Meiresonne, L. & Turkelboom, F. (2014) Linkages between biodiversity attributes and ecosystem services: a systematic review. Ecosystem Services, 9, 191203.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary ecology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. H., Read, A. F. & Nee, S. (1995) Why ecologists need to be phylogenetically challenged. Journal of Ecology, 83, 535536.Google Scholar
Hatfield, J. H., Orme, C. D. L., Tobias, J. A. & Banks-Leite, C. (2018) Trait-based indicators of bird species sensitivity to habitat loss are effective within but not across data sets. Ecological Applications, 28, 2834.Google Scholar
Hättenschwiler, S. & Gasser, P. (2005) Soil animals alter plant litter diversity effects on decomposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 15191524.Google Scholar
Hättenschwiler, S., Tiunov, A. V. & Scheu, S. (2005) Biodiversity and litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 36, 191218.Google Scholar
Hawkins, B. A., Leroy, B., Rodríguez, M. Á., Singer, A., Vilela, B., Villalobos, F., Wang, X. & Zelený, D. (2017) Structural bias in aggregated species-level variables driven by repeated species co-occurrences: a pervasive problem in community and assemblage data. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 11991211.Google Scholar
He, Q., Bertness, M. D. & Altieri, A. H. (2013) Global shifts towards positive species interactions with increasing environmental stress. Ecology Letters, 16, 695706.Google Scholar
Heemsbergen, D. A., Berg, M. P., Loreau, M., van Haj, J. R., Faber, J. H. & Verhoef, H. A. (2004) Biodiversity effects on soil processes explained by interspecific functional dissimilarity. Science, 306, 10191020.Google Scholar
Herman, J. J. & Sultan, S. E. (2016) DNA methylation mediates genetic variation for adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 283, 20160988.Google Scholar
Hevia, V., Martín-López, B., Palomo, S., García-Llorente, M., de Bello, F. & González, J. A. (2017) Trait-based approaches to analyze links between the drivers of change and ecosystem services: synthesizing existing evidence and future challenges. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 831844.Google Scholar
Hijmans, R. J. & Graham, C. H. (2006) The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions. Global Change Biology, 12, 22722281.Google Scholar
HilleRisLambers, J., Adler, P. B., Harpole, W. S., Levine, J. M. & Mayfield, M. M. (2012) Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 227248.Google Scholar
Hintze, C., Heydel, F., Hoppe, C., Cunze, S., König, A. & Tackenberg, O. (2013) D3: The Dispersal and Diaspore Database – baseline data and statistics on seed dispersal. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 15, 180192.Google Scholar
Hochkirch, A., Deppermann, J. & Groning, J. (2008) Phenotypic plasticity in insects: the effects of substrate color on the coloration of two ground-hopper species. Evolution & Development, 10, 350359.Google Scholar
Holyoak, M., Leibold, M. A. & Holt, R. D. (2005) Metacommunities: spatial dynamics and ecological communities. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Homburg, K., Homburg, N., Schäfer, F., Schuldt, A., Assmann, T., Dytham, C. & Ewers, R. (2014) Carabids.org – a dynamic online database of ground beetle species traits (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity, 7, 195205.Google Scholar
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setala, H., Symstad, A. J., Vandermeer, J. & Wardle, D. A. (2005) Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75, 335.Google Scholar
Hortal, J., de Bello, F., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Lewinsohn, T. M., Lobo, J. M. & Ladle, R. J. (2015) Seven shortfalls that beset large-scale knowledge of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 46, 523549.Google Scholar
Hubbell, S. P. (2001) The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Huber, S. K., De Leon, L. F., Hendry, A. P., Bermingham, E. & Podos, J. (2007) Reproductive isolation of sympatric morphs in a population of Darwin’s finches. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 274, 17091714.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. R., Inouye, B. D., Johnson, M. T. J., Underwood, N. & Vellend, M. (2008) Ecological consequences of genetic diversity. Ecology Letters, 11, 609623.Google Scholar
Hulshof, C. M., Violle, C., Spasojevic, M. J., McGill, B., Damschen, E., Harrison, S. & Enquist, B. J. (2013) Intra-specific and inter-specific variation in specific leaf area reveal the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of species diversity across elevation and latitude. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 921931.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. E. (1959) Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals? American Naturalist, 93, 149159.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. E. (1961) The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalis, 95, 137145.Google Scholar
Ibanez, S. (2012) Optimizing size thresholds in a plant–pollinator interaction web: towards a mechanistic understanding of ecological networks. Oecologia, 170, 233242.Google Scholar
Ibanez, S., Lavorel, S., Puijalon, S. & Moretti, M. (2013) Herbivory mediated by coupling between biomechanical traits of plants and grasshoppers. Functional Ecology, 27, 479489.Google Scholar
IPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat.Google Scholar
Isaac, M. E., Cerda, R., Rapidel, B., Martin, A. R., Dickinson, A. K. & Sibelet, N. (2018) Farmer perception and utilization of leaf functional traits in managing agroecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 6980.Google Scholar
Iversen, C. M., McCormack, M. L., Powell, A. S., Blackwood, C. B., Freschet, G. T., Kattge, J., Roumet, C., Stover, D. B., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Valverde-Barrantes, O. J., Bodegom, P. M. & Violle, C. (2017) A global Fine-Root Ecology Database to address below-ground challenges in plant ecology. New Phytologist, 215, 1526.Google Scholar
Jablonski, N. G. & Chaplin, G. (2010) Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 89628968.Google Scholar
Jakobsson, A. & Eriksson, O. (2000) A comparative study of seed number, seed size, seedling size and recruitment in grassland plants. Oikos, 88, 494502.Google Scholar
Jamil, T., Ozinga, W. A., Kleyer, M. & ter Braak, C. J. F. (2013) Selecting traits that explain species–environment relationships: a generalized linear mixed model approach. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 9881000.Google Scholar
Jo, I., Fridley, J. D. & Frank, D. A. (2016) More of the same? In situ leaf and root decomposition rates do not vary between 80 native and nonnative deciduous forest species. New Phytologist, 209, 115122.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. D. & Steiner, K. E. (1997) Long-tongued fly pollination and evolution of floral spur length in the Disa draconis Complex (Orchidaceae). Evolution, 51, 4553.Google Scholar
Jonas, C. S. & Geber, M. A. (1999) Variation among populations of Clarkia unguiculata (Onagraceae) along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. American Journal of Botany, 86, 333343.Google Scholar
Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H. & Shachak, M. (1994) Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos, 69, 373386.Google Scholar
Jordan, R., Singer, F., Vaughan, J. & Berkowitz, A. (2009) What should every citizen know about ecology? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 495500.Google Scholar
Jost, L. (2007) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology, 88, 24272439.Google Scholar
Jung, V., Violle, C., Mondy, C., Hoffmann, L. & Muller, S. (2010) Intraspecific variability and trait‐based community assembly. Journal of Ecology, 98, 11341140.Google Scholar
Junker, R. R., Kuppler, J., Bathke, A. C., Schreyer, M. L. & Trutschnig, W. (2016) Dynamic range boxes – a robust nonparametric approach to quantify size and overlap of n-dimensional hypervolumes. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 15031513.Google Scholar
Kaldhusdal, A., Brandl, R., Müller, J., Möst, L. & Hothorn, T. (2014) Spatio-phylogenetic multispecies distribution models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 187197.Google Scholar
Karger, D. N., Cord, A. F., Kessler, M., Kreft, H., Kuehn, I., Pompe, S., Sandel, B., Cabral, J. S., Smith, A. B., Svenning, J. C., Tuomisto, H., Weigelt, P. & Wesche, K. (2016) Delineating probabilistic species pools in ecology and biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25, 489501.Google Scholar
Kattge, J., Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, C., Leadley, P., Bonisch, G., Garnier, E., Westoby, M., Reich, P. B., Wright, I. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Violle, C., Harrison, S. P., van Bodegom, P. M., Reichstein, M., Enquist, B. J., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Ackerly, D. D., Anand, M., Atkin, O., Bahn, M., Baker, T. R., Baldocchi, D., Bekker, R., Blanco, C. C., Blonder, B., Bond, W. J., Bradstock, R., Bunker, D. E., Casanoves, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chambers, J. Q., Chapin, F. S., Chave, J., Coomes, D., Cornwell, W. K., Craine, J. M., Dobrin, B. H., Duarte, L., Durka, W., Elser, J., Esser, G., Estiarte, M., Fagan, W. F., Fang, J., Fernandez-Mendez, F., Fidelis, A., Finegan, B., Flores, O., Ford, H., Frank, D., Freschet, G. T., Fyllas, N. M., Gallagher, R. V., Green, W. A., Gutierrez, A. G., Hickler, T., Higgins, S. I., Hodgson, J. G., Jalili, A., Jansen, S., Joly, C. A., Kerkhoff, A. J., Kirkup, D., Kitajima, K., Kleyer, M., Klotz, S., Knops, J. M. H., Kramer, K., Kuhn, I., Kurokawa, H., Laughlin, D., Lee, T. D., Leishman, M., Lens, F., Lenz, T., Lewis, S. L., Lloyd, J., Llusia, J., Louault, F., Ma, S., Mahecha, M. D., Manning, P., Massad, T., Medlyn, B. E., Messier, J., Moles, A. T., Muller, S. C., Nadrowski, K., Naeem, S., Niinemets, U., Nollert, S., Nuske, A., Ogaya, R., Oleksyn, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Onoda, Y., Ordonez, J., Overbeck, G., Ozinga, W. A., et al. (2011) TRY – a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17, 29052935.Google Scholar
Kazakou, E., Violle, C., Roumet, C., Navas, M. L., Vile, D., Kattge, J. & Garnier, E. (2014) Are trait-based species rankings consistent across data sets and spatial scales? Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 235247.Google Scholar
Keane, R. M. & Crawley, M. J. (2002) Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 164170.Google Scholar
Keck, F., Rimet, F., Bouchez, A. & Franc, A. (2016) phylosignal: an R package to measure, test, and explore the phylogenetic signal. Ecology and Evolution, 6, 27742780.Google Scholar
Keddy, P. A. (1992a) A pragmatic approach to functional ecology. Functional Ecology, 6, 621626.Google Scholar
Keddy, P. A. (1992b) Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3, 157164.Google Scholar
Keesstra, S., Nunes, J., Novara, A., Finger, D., Avelar, D., Kalantari, Z. & Cerdà, A. (2018) The superior effect of nature based solutions in land management for enhancing ecosystem services. Science of the Total Environment, 610–611, 9971009.Google Scholar
Kichenin, E., Wardle, D. A., Peltzer, D. A., Morse, C. W. & Freschet, G. F. (2013) Contrasting effects of plant inter- and intraspecific variation on community-level trait measures along an environmental gradient. Functional Ecology, 27, 12541261.Google Scholar
Kingston, T. & Rossiter, S. J. (2004) Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea’s bats. Nature, 429, 654657.Google Scholar
Kissling, W. D., Walls, R., Bowser, A., Jones, M. O., Kattge, J., Agosti, D., Amengual, J., Basset, A., van Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Denny, E. G., Deudero, S., Egloff, W., Elmendorf, S. C., Alonso García, E., Jones, K. D., Jones, O. R., Lavorel, S., Lear, D., Navarro, L. M., Pawar, S., Pirzl, R., Rüger, N., Sal, S., Salguero-Gómez, R., Schigel, D., Schulz, K. S., Skidmore, A. & Guralnick, R. P. (2018) Towards global data products of Essential Biodiversity Variables on species traits. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2, 15311540.Google Scholar
Klaiber, J., Altermatt, F., Birrer, S., Chittaro, Y., Dziock, F., Gonseth, Y., Hoess, R., Keller, D., Köchler, H., Luka, H., Manzke, U., Müller, A., Pfeifer, M. A., Roesti, C., Schlegel, J., Schneider, K., Sonderegger, P., Walter, T., Holderegger, R. & Bergamini, A. (2017) Fauna Indicativa. Birmensdorf: Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL.Google Scholar
Klaus, V. H., Kleinebecker, T., Boch, S., Muller, J., Socher, S. A., Prati, D., Fischer, M. & Holzel, N. (2012) NIRS meets Ellenberg’s indicator values: prediction of moisture and nitrogen values of agricultural grassland vegetation by means of near-infrared spectral characteristics. Ecological Indicators, 14, 8286.Google Scholar
Kleyer, M., Bekker, R. M., Knevel, I. V., Bakker, J. P., Thompson, K., Sonnenschein, M., Poschlod, P., van Groenendael, J. M., Klimes, L., Klimešová, J., Klotz, S., Rusch, G. M. et al. (2008) The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. Journal of Ecology, 96, 12661274.Google Scholar
Kleyer, M., Dray, S., Bello, F., Lepš, J., Pakeman, R. J., Strauss, B., Thuiller, W. & Lavorel, S. (2012) Assessing species and community functional responses to environmental gradients: which multivariate methods? Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 805821.Google Scholar
Kleyer, M., Trinogga, J., Cebrián-Piqueras, M. A., Trenkamp, A., Fløjgaard, C., Ejrnæs, R., Bouma, T. J., Minden, V., Maier, M., Mantilla-Contreras, J., Albach, D. C. & Blasius, B. (2019) Trait correlation network analysis identifies biomass allocation traits and stem specific length as hub traits in herbaceous perennial plants. Journal of Ecology, 107, 829842.Google Scholar
Klimešová, J., Danihelka, J., Chrtek, J., de Bello, F. & Herben, T. (2017) CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and bud-bank traits of the Central European flora. Ecology, 98, 1179.Google Scholar
Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. & Briemle, G. (2002) BIOLFLOR: eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (vol. 38). Bundesamt für naturschutz Bonn.Google Scholar
Klumpp, K. & Soussana, J. F. (2009) Using functional traits to predict grassland ecosystem change: a mathematical test of the response-and-effect trait approach. Global Change Biology, 15, 29212934.Google Scholar
Knight, T. M., McCoy, M. W., Chase, J. M., McCoy, K. A. & Holt, R. D. (2005) Trophic cascades across ecosystems. Nature, 437, 880883.Google Scholar
Koide, R. T., Fernandez, C. & Malcolm, G. (2014) Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function. New Phytologist, 201, 433439.Google Scholar
Kostikova, A., Litsios, G., Salamin, N. & Pearman, P. B. (2013) Linking life-history traits, ecology, and niche breadth evolution in North American eriogonoids (Polygonaceae). American Naturalist, 182, 760774.Google Scholar
Kotowska, A. M., Cahill, J. F. & Keddie, B. A. (2010) Plant genetic diversity yields increased plant productivity and herbivore performance. Journal of Ecology, 98, 237245.Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B. & Ackerly, D. D. (2010) Functional trait and phylogenetic tests of community assembly across spatial scales in an Amazonian forest. Ecological Monographs, 80, 401422.Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B., Adler, P. B., Godoy, O., James, E. C., Fuller, S., Levine, J. M. & Fox, J. (2015) Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Functional Ecology, 29, 592599.Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B., Cornwell, W. K., Webb, C. O. & Ackerly, D. D. (2007) Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities. The American Naturalist, 170, 271283.Google Scholar
Krasnov, B. R., Shenbrot, G. I., Khokhlova, I. S. & Degen, A. A. (2016) Trait-based and phylogenetic associations between parasites and their hosts: a case study with small mammals and fleas in the Palearctic. Oikos, 125, 2938.Google Scholar
Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Aizen, M. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., LeBuhn, G., Minckley, R., Packer, L., Potts, S. G., Roulston, T. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Vázquez, D. P., Winfree, R., Adams, L., Crone, E. E., Greenleaf, S. S., Keitt, T. H., Klein, A. M., Regetz, J. & Ricketts, T. H. (2007) Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change. Ecology Letters, 10, 299314.Google Scholar
Krishna, A., Guimarães, P. R., Jordano, P. & Bascompte, J. (2008) A neutral-niche theory of nestedness in mutualistic networks. Oikos, 117, 16091618.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, H., Peltzer, D. A. & Wardle, D. A. (2010) Plant traits, leaf palatability and litter decomposability for co-occurring woody species differing in invasion status and nitrogen fixation ability. Functional Ecology, 24, 513523.Google Scholar
Laliberté, E. & Legendre, P. (2010) A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology, 91, 299305.Google Scholar
Laliberté, E., Wells, J. A., DeClerck, F., Metcalfe, D. J., Catterall, C. P., Queiroz, C., Aubin, I., Bonser, S. P., Ding, Y., Fraterrigo, J. M., McNamara, S., Morgan, J. W., Merlos, D. S., Vesk, P. A. & Mayfield, M. M. (2010) Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities. Ecology Letters, 13, 7686.Google Scholar
Lamanna, C., Blonder, B., Violle, C., Kraft, N. J. B., Sandel, B., Simova, I., Donoghue, J. C., Svenning, J. C., McGill, B. J., Boyle, B., Buzzard, V., Dolins, S., Jørgensen, P. M., Marcuse-Kubitza, A., Morueta-Holme, N., Peet, R. K., Piel, W. H., Regetz, J., Schildhauer, M., Spencer, N., Thiers, B., Wiser, S. K. & Enquist, B. J. (2014) Functional trait space and the latitudinal diversity gradient. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 1374513750.Google Scholar
Lanta, V. & Lepš, J. (2008) Effect of plant species richness on invasibility of experimental plant communities. Plant Ecology, 198, 253263.Google Scholar
Larsen, T. H., Williams, N. M. & Kremen, C. (2005) Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters, 8, 538547.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. (2011) Nitrification is linked to dominant leaf traits rather than functional diversity. Journal of Ecology, 99, 10911099.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. (2014a) Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven ecological restoration. Ecology Letters, 17, 771784.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. (2014b) The intrinsic dimensionality of plant traits and its relevance to community assembly. Journal of Ecology, 102, 186193.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. (2018) Rugged fitness landscapes and Darwinian demons in trait-based ecology. New Phytologist, 217, 501503.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. & Laughlin, D. E. (2013) Advances in modeling trait-based plant community assembly. Trends in Plant Science, 18, 584593.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C. & Messier, J. (2015) Fitness of multidimensional phenotypes in dynamic adaptive landscapes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30, 487496.Google Scholar
Laughlin, D. C., Joshi, C., Richardson, S. J., Peltzer, D. A., Mason, N. W. H. & Wardle, D. A. (2015) Quantifying multimodal trait distributions improves trait-based predictions of species abundances and functional diversity. Journal of Vegetation Science, 26, 4657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laughlin, D. C., Joshi, C., van Bodegom, P. M., Bastow, Z. A. & Fulé, P. Z. (2012) A predictive model of community assembly that incorporates intraspecific trait variation. Ecology Letters, 15, 12911299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavania, U. C., Srivastava, S., Lavania, S., Basu, S., Misra, N. K. & Mukai, Y. (2012) Autopolyploidy differentially influences body size in plants, but facilitates enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites, causing increased cytosine methylation. Plant Journal, 71, 539549.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. (2013) Plant functional effects on ecosystem services. Journal of Ecology, 101, 48.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. & Garnier, E. (2002) Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Functional Ecology, 16, 545556.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. & Grigulis, K. (2012) How fundamental plant functional trait relationships scale-up to trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services. Journal of Ecology, 100, 128140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavorel, S., Grigulis, K., Lamarque, P., Colace, M.-P., Garden, D., Girel, J., Pellet, G. & Douzet, R. (2011) Using plant functional traits to understand the landscape distribution of multiple ecosystem services. Journal of Ecology, 99, 135147.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S., Grigulis, K., McIntyre, S., Williams, N. S. G., Garden, D., Dorrough, J., Berman, S., Quetier, F., Thebault, A. & Bonis, A. (2008) Assessing functional diversity in the field – methodology matters! Functional Ecology, 22, 134147.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S., Landsberg, J. & Forbes, T. D. A. (1997) Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12, 474478.Google Scholar
Lavorel, S., Storkey, J., Bardgett, R. D., de Bello, F., Berg, M. P., Le Roux, X., Moretti, M., Mulder, C., Pakeman, R. J., Díaz, S. & Harrington, R. (2013) A novel framework for linking functional diversity of plants with other trophic levels for the quantification of ecosystem services. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 942948.Google Scholar
Lawton, J. H. (1994) What do species do in ecosystems? Oikos, 71, 367374.Google Scholar
Lawton, J. H. (1996) Corncrake pie and prediction in ecology. Oikos, 76, 34.Google Scholar
Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Borger, L., Quero, J. L., Garcia-Gomez, M., Soriano, S., Maestre, F. T. & Gross, N. (2015) Traits of neighbouring plants and space limitation determine intraspecific trait variability in semi-arid shrublands. Journal of Ecology, 103, 16471657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., de Bello, F., Vandewalle, M., Lepš, J. & Sykes, M. T. (2014) Species richness of limestone grasslands increases with trait overlap: evidence from within- and between-species functional diversity partitioning. Journal of Ecology, 102, 466474.Google Scholar
Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Gross, N., Maestre, F. T., Maire, V., de Bello, F., Fonseca, C. R., Kattge, J., Valencia, E., Lepš, J. & Liancourt, P. (2017) Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands. Journal of Ecology, 105, 10581069.Google Scholar
Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Soliveres, S., Gross, N., Torices, R., Berdugo, M. & Maestre, F. T. (2019) Phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic richness have both positive and negative effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 84198424.Google Scholar
Le Lann, C., Visser, B., Meriaux, M., Moiroux, J., van Baaren, J., van Alphen, J. J. M. & Ellers, J. (2014) Rising temperature reduces divergence in resource use strategies in coexisting parasitoid species. Oecologia, 174, 967977.Google Scholar
Lecerf, A. & Chauvet, E. (2008) Intraspecific variability in leaf traits strongly affects alder leaf decomposition in a stream. Basic and Applied Ecology, 9, 598605.Google Scholar
Lefcheck, J. S. & Duffy, J. E. (2015) Multitrophic functional diversity predicts ecosystem functioning in experimental assemblages of estuarine consumers. Ecology, 96, 29732983.Google Scholar
Lefcheck, J. S., Byrnes, J. E. K., Isbell, F., Gamfeldt, L., Griffin, J. N., Eisenhauer, N., Hensel, M. J. S., Hector, A., Cardinale, B. J. & Duffy, J. E. (2015) Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats. Nature Communications, 6, 7.Google Scholar
Lennon, J. T. & Lehmkuhl, B. K. (2016) A trait-based approach to bacterial biofilms in soil. Environmental Microbiology, 18, 27322742.Google Scholar
Lepš, J., de Bello, F., Lavorel, S. & Berman, S. (2006) Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural communities: practical considerations matter. Preslia, 78, 481501.Google Scholar
Lepš, J., de Bello, F., Šmilauer, P. & Dolezal, J. (2011) Community trait response to environment: disentangling species turnover vs. intraspecific trait variability effects. Ecography, 34, 856863.Google Scholar
Letten, A. D., Keith, D. A. & Tozer, M. G. (2014) Phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity does not increase during temporal heathland succession. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 281, 20142102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, L. A. & Mehring, A. S. (2015) Optimization of bioretention systems through application of ecological theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2, 259270.Google Scholar
Levine, J. M., Adler, P. B. & Yelenik, S. G. (2004) A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecology Letters, 7, 975989.Google Scholar
Levine, J. M., Bascompte, J., Adler, P. B. & Allesina, S. (2017) Beyond pairwise mechanisms of species coexistence in complex communities. Nature, 546, 5664.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, T. M., Prado, P. I., Jordano, P., Bascompte, J. & Olesen, J. M. (2006) Structure in plant–animal interaction assemblages. Oikos, 113, 174184.Google Scholar
Liancourt, P., Callaway, R. M. & Michalet, R. (2005) Stress tolerance and competitive-response ability determine the outcome of biotic interactions. Ecology, 86, 16111618.Google Scholar
Liao, C., Peng, R., Luo, Y., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fang, C., Chen, J. & Li, B. (2008) Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: a meta-analysis. New Phytologist, 177, 706714.Google Scholar
Liebig, J. (1842) Chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Walton.Google Scholar
Liefting, M., Weerenbeck, M., van Dooremalen, C. & Ellers, J. (2010) Temperature-induced plasticity in egg size and resistance of eggs to temperature stress in a soil arthropod. Functional Ecology, 24, 12911298.Google Scholar
Lindenmayer, D. B. & Likens, G. E. (2010) The science and application of ecological monitoring. Biological Conservation, 143, 13171328.Google Scholar
Liow, L. H. (2007) Does versatility as measured by geographic range, bathymetric range and morphological variability contribute to taxon longevity? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 117128.Google Scholar
Lislevand, T., Figuerola, J. & Székely, T. (2007) Avian body sizes in relation to fecundity, mating system, display behavior, and resource sharing. Ecology, 88, 1605.Google Scholar
Liu, G. F., Freschet, G. T., Pan, X., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Li, Y. & Dong, M. (2010) Coordinated variation in leaf and root traits across multiple spatial scales in Chinese semi-arid and arid ecosystems. New Phytologist, 188, 543553.Google Scholar
Livesley, S. J., McPherson, G. M. & Calfapietra, C. (2016) The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45, 119124.Google Scholar
Livingston, G., Matias, M., Calcagno, V., Barbera, C., Combe, M., Leibold, M. A. & Mouquet, N. (2012) Competition–colonization dynamics in experimental bacterial metacommunities. Nature Communications, 3, 1234.Google Scholar
Loiola, P. P., de Bello, F., Chytry, M., Götzenberger, L., Carmona, C. P., Pysek, P. & Lososova, Z. (2018) Invaders among locals: alien species decrease phylogenetic and functional diversity while increasing dissimilarity among native community members. Journal of Ecology, 106, 22302241.Google Scholar
Loreau, M. & Hector, A. (2001) Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature, 412, 7276.Google Scholar
Loreau, M. & Hector, A. (2019) Not even wrong: comment by Loreau and Hector. Ecology, 100, e02794.Google Scholar
Loreau, M., Mouquet, N. & Holt, R. D. (2003) Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology. Ecology Letters, 6, 673679.Google Scholar
Loring, P. A., Chapin, F. S. & Gerlach, S. C. (2008) The services-oriented architecture: ecosystem services as a framework for diagnosing change in social ecological systems. Ecosystems, 11, 478489.Google Scholar
Lortie, C. J., Brooker, R. W., Choler, P., Kikvidze, Z., Michalet, R., Pugnaire, F. I. & Callaway, R. M. (2004) Rethinking plant community theory. Oikos, 107, 433438.Google Scholar
Losos, J. B. (2008) Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecology Letters, 11, 9951003.Google Scholar
Lososová, Z., de Bello, F., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., Sádlo, J., Winter, M. & Zelený, D. (2015). Alien plants invade more phylogenetically clustered community types and cause even stronger clustering. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24, 786794.Google Scholar
Lotka, A. J. (1925) Elements of physical biology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Lu, Z.-X., Yu, X.-P., Heong, K.-L.. & Hu, C. (2007) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on herbivores and its stimulation to major insect pests in rice. Rice Science, 14, 5666.Google Scholar
Luck, G. W., Harrington, R., Harrison, P. A., Kremen, C., Berry, P. M., Bugter, R., Dawson, T. P., de Bello, F., Díaz, S., Feld, C. K., Haslett, J. R., Hering, D., Kontogianni, A., Lavorel, S., Rounsevell, M., Samways, M. J., Sandin, L., Settele, J., Sykes, M. T., van den Hove, S., Vandewalle, M. & Zobel, M. (2009) Quantifying the contribution of organisms to the provision of ecosystem services. Bioscience, 59, 223235.Google Scholar
Luck, G. W., Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S. & Lumb, K. (2012) Improving the application of vertebrate trait-based frameworks to the study of ecosystem services. Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 10651076.Google Scholar
Luederitz, C., Brink, E., Gralla, F., Hermelingmeier, V., Meyer, M., Niven, L., Panzer, L., Partelow, S., Rau, A. L., Sasaki, R., Abson, D. J., Lang, D. J., Wamsler, C. & von Wehrden, H. (2015) A review of urban ecosystem services: six key challenges for future research. Ecosystem Services, 14, 98112.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. & Levins, R. (1967) Limiting similarity convergence and divergence of coexisting species. American Naturalist, 101, 377385.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Madin, J. S., Anderson, K. D., Andreasen, M. H., Bridge, T. C. L., Cairns, S. D., Connolly, S. R., Darling, E. S., Díaz, M., Falster, D. S., Franklin, E. C., Gates, R. D., Harmer, A. M. T., Hoogenboom, M. O., Huang, D., Keith, S. A., Kosnik, M. A., Kuo, C.-Y., Lough, J. M., Lovelock, C. E., Luiz, O., Martinelli, J., Mizerek, T., Pandolfi, J. M., Pochon, X., Pratchett, M. S., Putnam, H. M., Roberts, T. E., Stat, M., Wallace, C. C., Widman, E. & Baird, A. H. (2016) The Coral Trait Database, a curated database of trait information for coral species from the global oceans. Scientific Data, 3, 160017.Google Scholar
Maestre, F. T., Callaway, R. M., Valladares, F. & Lortie, C. J. (2009) Refining the stress-gradient hypothesis for competition and facilitation in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 97, 199205.Google Scholar
Majeková, M., Janeček, Š, Mudrák, O., Horník, J., Janečçková, P., Bartoš, M., Fajmon, K., Jiráská, Š., Götzenberger, L., Šmilauer, P., Lepš, J. & de Bello, F. (2016b) Consistent functional response of meadow species and communities to land-use changes across productivity and soil moisture gradients. Applied Vegetation Science, 19, 196205.Google Scholar
Majeková, M., Paal, T., Plowman, N. S., Bryndova, M., Kasari, L., Norberg, A., Weiss, M., Bishop, T. R., Luke, S. H., Sam, K., Le Bagousse–Pinguet, Y., Lepš, J., Götzenberger, L. & de Bello, F. (2016a) Evaluating functional diversity: missing trait data and the importance of species abundance structure and data transformation. PLOS ONE, 11., e0149270Google Scholar
Makkonen, M., Berg, M. P., van Hal, J. R., Callaghan, V. T., Press, M. C. & Aerts, R. (2011) Traits explain the responses of a sub-arctic Collembola community to climate manipulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 377384.Google Scholar
Malézieux, E., Crozat, Y., Duparz, C., Laurans, M., Makowski, D., Ozier-Lafontaine, H., Rapidel, B., de Tourdonnet, S. & Valantin-Morison, M. (2009) Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 4362.Google Scholar
Manly, B. F. J. (1995) A note on the analysis of species cooccurrences. Ecology, 76, 11091115.Google Scholar
Margalef, R. (1963) On certain unifying principles in ecology. American Naturalist, 97, 357374.Google Scholar
Marichal, R., Praxedes, C., Decaens, T., Grimaldi, M., Oszwald, J., Brown, G. G., Desjardins, T., da Silva, M. L., Martinez, A. F., Oliveira, M. N. D., Velasquez, E. & Lavelle, P. (2017) Earthworm functional traits, landscape degradation and ecosystem services in the Brazilian Amazon deforestation arc. European Journal of Soil Biology, 83, 4351.Google Scholar
Martello, F., de Bello, F., Morini, M. S. D., Silva, R. R., de Souza-Campana, D. R., Ribeiro, M. C. & Carmona, C. P. (2018) Homogenization and impoverishment of taxonomic and functional diversity of ants in Eucalyptus plantations. Scientific Reports, 8, 3266Google Scholar
Martin, A. R. & Isaac, M. E. (2015) Plant functional traits in agroecosystems: a blueprint for research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 14251435.Google Scholar
Mason, N. W. H., de Bello, F., Dolezal, J. & Lepš, J. (2011) Niche overlap reveals the effects of competition, disturbance and contrasting assembly processes in experimental grassland communities. Journal of Ecology, 99, 788796.Google Scholar
Mason, N. W. H., de Bello, F., Mouillot, D., Pavoine, S. & Dray, S. (2013) A guide for using functional diversity indices to reveal changes in assembly processes along ecological gradients. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 794806.Google Scholar
Mason, N. W. H., Lanoiselee, C., Mouillot, D., Wilson, J. B. & Argillier, C. (2008) Does niche overlap control relative abundance in French lacustrine fish communities? A new method incorporating functional traits. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 661669.Google Scholar
Mason, N. W. H., Mouillot, D., Lee, W. G. & Wilson, J. B. (2005) Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: the primary components of functional diversity. Oikos, 111, 112118.Google Scholar
Matos, P., Geiser, L., Hardman, A., Glavich, D., Pinho, P., Nunes, A., Soares, A. M. V. M. & Branquinho, C. (2017) Tracking global change using lichen diversity: towards a global-scale ecological indicator. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 788798.Google Scholar
Mayfield, M. M. & Levine, J. M. (2010) Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Ecology Letters, 13, 10851093.Google Scholar
Mayfield, M. M. & Stouffer, D. B. (2017) Higher-order interactions capture unexplained complexity in diverse communities. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 0062.Google Scholar
McCann, K. S. (2000) The diversity–stability debate. Nature, 405, 228233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, A. J., Riha, S. J. & Ditommaso, A. (2010) Early season height differences as robust predictors of weed growth potential in maize: new avenues for adaptive management? Weed Research, 50, 110119.Google Scholar
McDonald, T., Gann, G. D., Jonson, J. & Dixon, K. W. (2016) International standards for the practice of ecological restoration – including principles and key concepts. Washington, DC: Society for Ecological Restoration.Google Scholar
McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Weiher, E. & Westoby, M. (2006) Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 178185.Google Scholar
McGuire, K. L. (2007) Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest. Ecology, 88, 567574.Google Scholar
Meier, C. L. & Bowman, W. D. (2008) Links between plant litter chemistry, species diversity, and below-ground ecosystem function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 1978019785.Google Scholar
Memmott, J., Waser, N. M. & Price, V. M. (2004) Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271, 26052611.Google Scholar
Messier, J., Lechowicz, M. J., McGill, B. J., Violle, C. & Enquist, B. J. (2017) Interspecific integration of trait dimensions at local scales: the plant phenotype as an integrated network. Journal of Ecology, 105, 17751790.Google Scholar
Messier, J., McGill, B. J. & Lechowicz, M. J. (2010) How do traits vary across ecological scales? A case for trait-based ecology. Ecology Letters, 13, 838848.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. L. (1989) Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe. Environmental Pollution, 60, 101139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metz, J., Liancourt, P., Kigel, J., Harel, D., Sternberg, M. & Tielborger, K. (2010) Plant survival in relation to seed size along environmental gradients: a long-term study from semi-arid and Mediterranean annual plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 98, 697704.Google Scholar
Micó, E., Ramilo, P., Thorn, S., Müller, J., Galante, E. & Carmona, C. P. (2020) Contrasting functional structure of saproxylic beetle assemblages associated to different microhabitats. Scientific Reports, 10, 1520.Google Scholar
Milla, R., Osborne, C. P., Turcotte, M. M. & Violle, C. (2015) Plant domestication through an ecological lens. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30, 463469.Google Scholar
Minden, V. & Kleyer, M. (2011) Testing the effect–response framework: key response and effect traits determining above-ground biomass of salt marshes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, 387401.Google Scholar
Miner, B. G., Sultan, S. E., Morgan, S. G., Padilla, D. K. & Relyea, R. A. (2005) Ecological consequences of phenotypic plasticity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 685692.Google Scholar
Mitchell, N., Carlson, J. E. & Holsinger, K. E. (2018) Correlated evolution between climate and suites of traits along a fast–slow continuum in the radiation of Protea. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 18531866.Google Scholar
Möbius, K. A. (1877) Die Auster und die Austernwirthschaft. Berlin: Verlag von Wiegandt, Hemple & Parey.Google Scholar
Mody, K., Unsicker, S. B. & Linsenmair, K. E. (2007) Fitness related diet-mixing by intraspecific host-plant-switching of specialist insect herbivores. Ecology, 88, 10121020.Google Scholar
Mokany, K., Ash, J. & Roxburgh, S. (2008) Functional identity is more important than diversity in influencing ecosystem processes in a temperate native grassland. Journal of Ecology, 96, 884893.Google Scholar
Moles, A. T. & Westoby, M. (2004) Seedling survival and seed size: a synthesis of the literature. Journal of Ecology, 92, 372383.Google Scholar
Moles, A. T., Gruber, M. A. M. & Bonser, S. P. (2008) A new framework for predicting invasive plant species. Journal of Ecology, 96, 1317.Google Scholar
Mols, C. M. M. & Visser, M. E. (2002) Great tits can reduce caterpillar damage in apple orchards. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 888899.Google Scholar
Monnet, A. C., Jiguet, F., Meynard, C. N., Mouillot, D., Mouquet, N., Thuiller, W. & Devictor, V. (2014) Asynchrony of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 780788.Google Scholar
Monty, A. & Mahy, G. (2010) Evolution of dispersal traits along an invasion route in the wind-dispersed Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae). Oikos, 119, 15631570.Google Scholar
Moore, B. D., Andrew, R. L., Kulheim, C. & Foley, W. J. (2014) Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytologist, 201, 733750.Google Scholar
Morales-Castilla, I., Davies, T. J., Pearse, W. D. & Peres-Neto, P. (2017) Combining phylogeny and co-occurrence to improve single species distribution models. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 740752Google Scholar
Moretti, M., de Bello, F., Ibanez, S., Fontana, S., Pezzatti, G. B., Dziock, F., Rixen, C. & Lavorel, S. (2013) Linking traits between plants and invertebrate herbivores to track functional effects of land-use changes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 949962.Google Scholar
Moretti, M., Dias, A. T. C., de Bello, F., Altermatt, F., Chown, S. L., Azcarate, F. M., Bell, J. R., Fournier, B., Hedde, M., Hortal, J., Ibanez, S., Ockinger, E., Sousa, J. P., Ellers, J. & Berg, M. P. (2017) Handbook of protocols for standardized measurement of terrestrial invertebrate functional traits. Functional Ecology, 31, 558567.Google Scholar
Mouchet, M., Guilhaumon, F., Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H., Tomasini, J. A. & Mouillot, D. (2008) Towards a consensus for calculating dendrogram-based functional diversity indices. Oikos, 117, 794800.Google Scholar
Mouillot, D., Bellwood, D. R., Baraloto, C., Chave, J., Galzin, R., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Kulbicki, M., Lavergne, S., Lavorel, S., Mouquet, N., Paine, C. E. T., Renaud, J. & Thuiller, W. (2013a) Rare species support vulnerable functions in high-diversity ecosystems. PLOS Biology, 11, 1001569.Google Scholar
Mouillot, D., Graham, N. A. J., Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H. & Bellwood, D. R. (2013b) A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28, 167177.Google Scholar
Mouillot, D., Mason, W. H. N., Dumay, O. & Wilson, J. B. (2005) Functional regularity: a neglected aspect of functional diversity. Oecologia, 142, 353359.Google Scholar
Mouillot, D., Villéger, S., Scherer-Lorenzen, M. & Mason, N. W. (2011) Functional structure of biological communities predicts ecosystem multifunctionality. PLOS ONE, 6, e17476.Google Scholar
Mudrák, O., Doležal, J., Vitová, A. & Lepš, J. (2019) Variation in plant functional traits is best explained by the species identity: stability of trait-based species ranking across meadow management regimes. Functional Ecology, 33, 746755.Google Scholar
Münkemüller, T., Lavergne, S., Bzeznik, B., Dray, S., Jombart, T., Schiffers, K. & Thuiller, W. (2012) How to measure and test phylogenetic signal. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 743756.Google Scholar
Muñoz, M. C., Schaefer, H. M., Böhning-Gaese, K. & Schleuning, M. (2017) Importance of animal and plant traits for fruit removal and seedling recruitment in a tropical forest. Oikos, 126, 823832.Google Scholar
Myhrvold, N. P., Baldridge, E., Chan, B., Sivam, D., Freeman, D. L. & Morgan Ernest, S. K. (2015) An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology, 96, 3109.Google Scholar
Naeem, S. & Wright, J. P. (2003) Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problem. Ecology Letters, 6, 567579.Google Scholar
Nakano, S. & Murakami, M. (2001) Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 166170.Google Scholar
Nesshöver, C., Assmuth, T., Irvine, K. N., Rusch, G. M., Waylen, K. A., Delbaere, B., Haase, D., Jones-Walters, L., Keune, H., Kovacs, E., Krauze, K., Külvik, M., Rey, F., van Dijk, J., Vistad, O. I., Wilkinson, M. E. & Wittmer, H. (2017) The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: an interdisciplinary perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 579, 12151227.Google Scholar
Nguyen, N. H., Song, Z., Bates, S. T., Branco, S., Tedersoo, L., Menke, J., Schilling, J. S. & Kennedy, P. G. (2016) FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. Fungal Ecology, 20, 241248.Google Scholar
Nickel, H. & Remane, R. (2002) Artenliste der Zikaden Deutschlands, mit Angaben zu Nährpflanzen, Nahrungsbreite, Lebenszyklen, Areal und Gefährdung (Hemiptera). Beiträge zur Zikandenkunde, 5, 2764.Google Scholar
Nunes, A., Köbel, M., Pinho, P., Matos, P., de Bello, F., Correia, O. & Branquinho, C. (2017) Which plant traits respond to aridity? A critical step to assess functional diversity in Mediterranean drylands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 239, 176184.Google Scholar
Nyffeler, M., Olson, E. J. & Symondson, W. O. C. (2016) Plant-eating by spiders. Journal of Arachnology, 44, 1527.Google Scholar
Oh, H. J., Jeong, H. G., Nam, G. S., Oda, Y., Dai, W., Lee, E. H., Kong, D., Hwang, S. J. & Chang, K. H. (2017) Comparison of taxon-based and trophi-based response patterns of rotifer community to water quality: applicability of the rotifer functional group as an indicator of water quality. Animal Cells and Systems, 21, 133140.Google Scholar
Olesen, J. M., Bascompte, J., Dupont, Y. L., Elberling, H., Rasmussen, C. & Jordano, P. (2011) Missing and forbidden links in mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 278, 725732.Google Scholar
Oliveira, B. F., Sao-Pedro, V. A., Santos-Barrera, G., Penone, C. & Costa, G. C. (2017) Data Descriptor: AmphiBIO, a global database for amphibian ecological traits. Scientific Data, 4, 170123.Google Scholar
Ostenfeld, C. H. (1908) The land-vegetation of the Færöes, with special reference to the higher plants. In: Botany of the Faeroes, Part III (ed. Warming, E.), pp. 8671026. Copenhagen and Christiania: Gylendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Ovaskainen, O., Roy, D. B., Fox, R., Anderson, B. J. & Orme, D. (2015) Uncovering hidden spatial structure in species communities with spatially explicit joint species distribution models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 428436.Google Scholar
Pagel, M. D. (1999) Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature, 401, 877884.Google Scholar
Paine, C. E. T., Baraloto, C. & Díaz, S. (2015) Optimal strategies for sampling functional traits in species-rich forests. Functional Ecology, 29, 13251331.Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J. (2004) Consistency of plant species and trait responses to grazing along a productivity gradient: a multi-site analysis. Journal of Ecology, 92, 893905.Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J. (2011) Multivariate identification of plant functional response and effect traits in an agricultural landscape. Ecology, 92, 13531365.Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J. (2014) Functional trait metrics are sensitive to the completeness of the species’ trait data? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 915.Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J. & Quested, H. M. (2007) Sampling plant functional traits: what proportion of the species need to be measured? Applied Vegetation Science, 10, 9196.Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J., Lennon, J. J. & Brooker, R. W. (2011) Trait assembly in plant assemblages and its modulation by productivity and disturbance. Oecologia, 167, 209218.Google Scholar
Paliy, O. & Shankar, V. (2016) Application of multivariate statistical techniques in microbial ecology. Molecular Ecology, 25, 10321057.Google Scholar
Palkovacs, E. P., Marshall, M. C., Lamphere, B. A., Lynch, B. R., Weese, D. J., Fraser, D. F., Reznick, D. N., Pringle, C. M. & Kinnison, M. T. (2009) Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution as agents of ecosystem change in Trinidadian streams. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 364, 16171628.Google Scholar
Palmer, M. A., Zedler, J. B. & Falk, D. A. (2016) Foundations of restoration ecology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Paradis, E. (2012) Analysis of phylogenetics and evolution with R. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Pardo, I., Roquet, C., Lavergne, S., Olesen, J. M., Gómez, D. & García, M. B. (2017) Spatial congruence between taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional hotspots: true pattern or methodological artefact? Diversity and Distributions, 23, 209220.Google Scholar
Parker, I. M., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W. M., Goodell, K., Wonham, M., Kareiva, P. M., Williamson, M. H., Von Holle, B., Moyle, P. B., Byers, J. E. & Goldwasser, L. (1999) Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invader. Biological Invasions, 1, 319.Google Scholar
Parmesan, C. & Yohe, G. (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421, 3742.Google Scholar
Parr, C. L., Dunn, R. R., Sanders, N. J., Weiser, M. D., Photakis, M., Bishop, T. R., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Arnan, X., Baccaro, F., Brandão, C. R. F., Chick, L., Donoso, D. A., Fayle, T. M., Gómez, C., Grossman, B., Munyai, T. C., Pacheco, R., Retana, J., Robinson, A., Sagata, K., Silva, R. R., Tista, M., Vasconcelos, H., Yates, M. & Gibb, H. (2017) GlobalAnts: a new database on the geography of ant traits (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity, 10, 520.Google Scholar
Pärtel, M., Szava-Kovats, R. & Zobel, M. (2011) Dark diversity: shedding light on absent species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 124128.Google Scholar
Pascual, M. & Dunne, J. A. (2006) Ecological networks: linking structure to dynamics in food webs. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Pataki, D. E., McCarthy, H. R., Gillespie, T., Jenerette, G. D. & Pincetl, S. (2013) A trait-based ecology of the Los Angeles urban forest. Ecosphere, 4, 120.Google Scholar
Pausas, J. G. & Verdú, M. (2010) The jungle of methods for evaluating phenotypic and phylogenetic structure of communities. BioScience, 60, 614625.Google Scholar
Pavoine, S. & Bonsall, M. B. (2011) Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biological Reviews, 86, 792812.Google Scholar
Pavoine, S., Gasc, A., Bonsall, M. B. & Mason, N. W. H. (2013) Correlations between phylogenetic and functional diversity: mathematical artefacts or true ecological and evolutionary processes? Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 781793.Google Scholar
Pavoine, S., Marcon, E. & Ricotta, C. (2016) ‘Equivalent numbers’ for species, phylogenetic or functional diversity in a nested hierarchy of multiple scales. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 11521163.Google Scholar
Pavoine, S., Vallet, J., Dufour, A. B., Gachet, S. & Daniel, H. (2009) On the challenge of treating various types of variables: application for improving the measurement of functional diversity. Oikos, 118, 391402.Google Scholar
Pavoine, S., Vela, E., Gachet, S., de Bélair, G. & Bonsall, M. B. (2011) Linking patterns in phylogeny, traits, abiotic variables and space: a novel approach to linking environmental filtering and plant community assembly. Journal of Ecology, 99, 165175.Google Scholar
Pearman, P. B., Lavergne, S., Roquet, C., Wüest, R., Zimmermann, N. E. & Thuiller, W. (2014) Phylogenetic patterns of climatic, habitat and trophic niches in a European avian assemblage. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 414424.Google Scholar
Peay, K. G. (2016) The mutualistic niche: mycorrhizal symbiosis and community dynamics. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 47, 143164.Google Scholar
Peco, B., Navarro, E., Carmona, C. P., Medina, N. G. & Marques, M. J. (2017) Effects of grazing abandonment on soil multifunctionality: the role of plant functional traits. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 249, 215225.Google Scholar
Pellissier, L., Albouy, C., Bascompte, J., Farwig, N., Graham, C., Loreau, M., Maglianesi, M. A., Melián, C. J., Pitteloud, C., Roslin, T., Rohr, R., Saavedra, S., Thuiller, W., Woodward, G., Zimmermann, N. E. & Gravel, D. (2018) Comparing species interaction networks along environmental gradients. Biological Reviews, 93, 785800.Google Scholar
Pennell, M. W. & Harmon, L. J. (2013) An integrative view of phylogenetic comparative methods: connections to population genetics, community ecology, and paleobiology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1289, 90105.Google Scholar
Pennell, M. W., FitzJohn, R. G., Cornwell, W. K. & Harmon, L. J. (2015) Model adequacy and the macroevolution of angiosperm functional traits. American Naturalist, 186, E33E50.Google Scholar
Penone, C., Davidson, A. D., Shoemaker, K. T., Di Marco, M., Rondinini, C., Brooks, T. M., Young, B. E., Graham, C. H. & Costa, G. C. (2014) Imputation of missing data in life-history trait datasets: which approach performs the best? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 961970.Google Scholar
Peres-Neto, P. R., Dray, S. & ter Braak, C. J. F. (2017) Linking trait variation to the environment: critical issues with community-weighted mean correlation resolved by the fourth-corner approach. Ecography, 40, 806816.Google Scholar
Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jaureguiberry, P., Bret-Harte, M. S., Cornwell, W. K., Craine, J. M., Gurvich, D. E., Urcelay, C., Veneklaas, E. J., Reich, P. B., Poorter, L., Wright, I. J., Ray, P., Enrico, L., Pausas, J. G., de Vos, A. C., Buchmann, N., Funes, G., Quétier, F., Hodgson, J. G., Thompson, K., Morgan, H. D., ter Steege, H., Sack, L., Blonder, B., Poschlod, P., Vaieretti, M. V., Conti, G., Staver, A. C., Aquino, S. & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2013) New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 61, 167234.Google Scholar
Perez-Ramos, I. M., Matias, L., Gomez-Aparicio, L. & Godoy, O. (2019) Functional traits and phenotypic plasticity modulate species coexistence across contrasting climatic conditions. Nature Communications, 10, 2555.Google Scholar
Perović, D. J., Gïmez-Virués, S., Landis, D. A., Wäckers, F., Gurr, G. M., Wratten, S. D., You, M. S. & Desneux, N. (2018) Managing biological control services through multi-trophic trait interactions: review and guidelines for implementation at local and landscape scales. Biological Reviews, 93, 306321.Google Scholar
Perring, M. P., Standish, R. J., Price, J. N., Craig, M. D., Erickson, T. E., Ruthrof, K. X., Whiteley, A. S., Valentine, L. E. & Hobbs, R. J. (2015) Advances in restoration ecology: rising to the challenges of the coming decades. Ecosphere, 6, art131.Google Scholar
Petchey, O. L. & Gaston, K. J. (2002) Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecology Letters, 5, 402411.Google Scholar
Petchey, O. L. & Gaston, K. J. (2006) Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters, 9, 741758.Google Scholar
Petchey, O. L., Hector, A. & Gaston, K. J. (2004) How do different measures of functional diversity perform? Ecology, 85, 847857.Google Scholar
Petersen, H. & Luxton, M. (1982) A comparative-analysis of soil fauna populations and their role in decomposition processes. Oikos, 39, 287388.Google Scholar
Pey, B., Laporte, B. & Hedde, M. (2014) BETSI. https://portail.betsi.cnrs.fr/.Google Scholar
Pfennig, D. W. & McGee, M. (2010) Resource polyphenism increases species richness: a test of the hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 365, 577591.Google Scholar
Pfestorf, H., Weiß, L., Müller, J., Boch, S., Socher, S. A., Prati, D., Schöning, I., Weisser, W., Fischer, M. & Jeltsch, F. (2013) Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity on grassland plant diversity. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 15, 111.Google Scholar
Phillips, B. L., Brown, G. P. & Shine, R. (2010) Life-history evolution in range-shifting populations. Ecology, 91, 16171627.Google Scholar
Phillips, B. L., Brown, G. P., Webb, J. K. & Shine, R. (2006) Invasion and the evolution of speed in toad. Nature, 439, 803.Google Scholar
Piccini, I., Nervo, B., Forshage, M., Celi, L., Palestrini, C., Rolando, A. & Roslin, T. (2018) Dung beetles as drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality: are response and effect traits interwoven? Science of the Total Environment, 616, 14401448.Google Scholar
Pickett, S. T. A. & Bazzaz, F. A. (1978) Organization of an assemblage of early successional species on a soil moisture gradient. Ecology, 59, 12481255.Google Scholar
Pierce, S., Negreiros, D., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Kattge, J., Díaz, S., Kleyer, M., Shipley, B., Wright, S. J., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Onipchenko, V. G., van Bodegom, P. M., Frenette-Dussault, C., Weiher, E., Pinho, B. X., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Grime, J. P., Thompson, K., Hunt, R., Wilson, P. J., Buffa, G., Nyakunga, O. C., Reich, P. B., Caccianiga, M., Mangili, F., Ceriani, R. M., Luzzaro, A., Brusa, G., Siefert, A., Barbosa, N. P. U., Chapin, F. S. III, Cornwell, W. K., Fang, J., Fernandes, G. W., Garnier, E., Le Stradic, S., Penuelas, J., Melo, F. P. L., Slaviero, A., Tabarelli, M. & Tampucci, D. (2017) A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide. Functional Ecology, 31, 444457.Google Scholar
Pillai, P. & Gouhier, T. C. (2019) Not even wrong: the spurious measurement of biodiversity’s effects on ecosystem functioning. Ecology, 100, e02645.Google Scholar
Pistón, N., de Bello, F., Dias, A. T. C., Götzenberger, L., Rosado, B. H. P., de Mattos, E. A., Salguero-Gómez, R. & Carmona, C. P. (2019) Multidimensional ecological analyses demonstrate how interactions between functional traits shape fitness and life history strategies. Journal of Ecology, 107, 23172328.Google Scholar
Piton, G., Legay, N., Arnoldi, C., Lavorel, S., Clément, J. C. & Foulquier, A. (2020) Using proxies of microbial community-weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 108, 876893.Google Scholar
Pizzatto, L. & Dubey, S. (2012) Colour-polymorphic snake species are older. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 210218.Google Scholar
Poisot, T., Canard, E., Mouillot, D., Mouquet, N. & Gravel, D. (2012) The dissimilarity of species interaction networks. Ecology Letters, 15, 13531361.Google Scholar
Pollock, L. J., Morris, W. K. & Vesk, P. A. (2012) The role of functional traits in species distributions revealed through a hierarchical model. Ecography, 35, 716725.Google Scholar
Post, D. M. & Palkovacs, E. P. (2009) Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology: interactions between the ecological theatre and the evolutionary play. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences, 364, 16291640.Google Scholar
Powell, J. R. & Rillig, M. C. (2018) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function. New Phytologist, 220, 10591075.Google Scholar
Prescott, C. E. & Zukswert, J. M. (2016) Invasive plant species and litter decomposition: time to challenge assumptions. New Phytologist, 209, 57.Google Scholar
Price, J. N. & Pärtel, M. (2013) Can limiting similarity increase invasion resistance? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Oikos, 122, 649656.Google Scholar
Prinzing, A. (2016) On the opportunity of using phylogenetic information to ask evolutionary questions in functional community ecology. Folia Geobotanica, 51, 6974.Google Scholar
Prinzing, A., Reiffers, R., Braakhekke, W. G., Hennekens, S. M., Tackenberg, O., Ozinga, W. A., Schaminée, J. H. J. & Van Groenendael, J. M. (2008) Less lineages – more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverse. Ecology Letters, 11, 809819.Google Scholar
Puy, J., Dvorakova, H., Carmona, C. P., de Bello, F., Hiiesalu, I. & Latzel, V. (2018) Improved demethylation in ecological epigenetic experiments: testing a simple and harmless foliar demethylation application. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 744753.Google Scholar
Pyron, R. A., Costa, G. C., Patten, M. A. & Burbrink, F. T. (2015) Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation. Biological Reviews, 90, 12481262.Google Scholar
Rafferty, N. E. & Ives, A. R. (2013) Phylogenetic trait-based analyses of ecological networks. Ecology, 94, 23212333.Google Scholar
Raunkiær, C. C. (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Read, J., Fletcher, T. D., Wevill, T. & Deletic, A. (2010) Plant traits that enhance pollutant removal from stormwater in biofiltration systems. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 12, 3453.Google Scholar
Rees, M. (1995) EC-PC comparative analyses? Journal of Ecology, 83, 891.Google Scholar
Reich, P. B. (2014) The world-wide ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. Journal of Ecology, 102, 275301.Google Scholar
Relyea, R. A. & Yurewicz, K. L. (2002) Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: integrating density- and trait-mediated effects. Oecologia, 131, 569579.Google Scholar
Renner, S. C. & van oesel, W. (2017) Ecological and functional traits in 99 bird species over a large-scale gradient in Germany. Data, 2, 12.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. J., Press, M. C., Parsons, A. N. & Hartley, S. E. (2002) How do nutrients and warming impact on plant communities and their insect herbivores? A 9-year study from a sub-Arctic heath. Journal of Ecology, 90, 544556.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, R. E. (2004) A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 7, 115.Google Scholar
Ricotta, C. & Moretti, M. (2011) CWM and Rao’s quadratic diversity: a unified framework for functional ecology. Oecologia, 167, 181188.Google Scholar
Ricotta, C., de Bello, F., Moretti, M., Caccianiga, M., Cerabolini, B. E. L. & Pavoine, S. (2016) Measuring the functional redundancy of biological communities: a quantitative guide. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 13861395.Google Scholar
Riibak, K., Reitalu, T., Tamme, R., Helm, A., Gerhold, P., Znamenskiy, S., Bengtsson, K., Rosen, E., Prentice, H. C. & Pärtel, M. (2015) Dark diversity in dry calcareous grasslands is determined by dispersal ability and stress-tolerance. Ecography, 38, 713721.Google Scholar
Rolo, V., Olivier, P. I. & van Aarde, R. (2017) Tree and bird functional groups as indicators of recovery of regenerating subtropical coastal dune forests. Restoration Ecology, 25, 788797.Google Scholar
Rosado, B. H. P., Dias, A. T. C. & de Mattos, E. (2013) Going back to basics: importance of ecophysiology when choosing functional traits for studying communities and ecosystems. Natureza & Conservação, 11, 1522.Google Scholar
Roscher, C., Schumacher, J., Gubsch, M., Lipowsky, A., Weigelt, A., Buchmann, N., Schmid, B. & Schulze, E.-D. (2012) Using plant functional traits to explain diversity–productivity relationships. PLOS ONE, 7, e36760.Google Scholar
Rosenfield, M. F. & Müller, S. C. (2017) Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176183.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, G. A. & Berenbaum, M. R. (2012) Herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites: ecological and evolutionary processes. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rota, C., Manzano, P., Carmona, C. P., Malo, J. E. & Peco, B. (2017) Plant community assembly in Mediterranean grasslands: understanding the interplay between grazing and spatio-temporal water availability. Journal of Vegetation Science, 28, 149159.Google Scholar
Roucou, A., Violle, C., Fort, F., Roumet, P., Ecarnot, M. & Vile, D. (2018) Shifts in plant functional strategies over the course of wheat domestication. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 2537.Google Scholar
Rudman, S. M., Kreitzman, M., Chan, K. M. A. & Schluter, D. (2017) Evosystem services: rapid evolution and the provision of ecosystem services. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 32, 403415.Google Scholar
Sabo, J. L. & Power, M. E. (2002) River–watershed exchange: effects of riverine subsidies on riparian lizards and their terrestrial prey. Ecology, 83, 18601869.Google Scholar
Salguero-Gómez, R., Jones, O. R., Archer, C. R., Bein, C., de Buhr, H., Farack, C., Gottschalk, F., Hartmann, A., Henning, A., Hoppe, G., Römer, G., Ruoff, T., Sommer, V., Wille, J., Voigt, J., Zeh, S., Vieregg, D., Buckley, Y. M., Che-Castaldo, J., Hodgson, D., Scheuerlein, A., Caswell, H. & Vaupel, J. W. (2016) COMADRE: a global data base of animal demography. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 371384.Google Scholar
Salguero-Gómez, R., Jones, O. R., Archer, C. R., Buckley, Y. M., Che-Castaldo, J., Caswell, H., Hodgson, D., Scheuerlein, A., Conde, D. A., Brinks, E., de Buhr, H., Farack, C., Gottschalk, F., Hartmann, A., Henning, A., Hoppe, G., Römer, G., Runge, J., Ruoff, T., Wille, J., Zeh, S., Davison, R., Vieregg, D., Baudisch, A., Altwegg, R., Colchero, F., Dong, M., de Kroon, H., Lebreton, J.-D., Metcalf, C. J. E., Neel, M. M., Parker, I. M., Takada, T., Valverde, T., Vélez-Espino, L. A., Wardle, G. M., Franco, M., Vaupel, J. W. & Rees, M. (2015) The COMPADRE plant matrix database: an open online repository for plant demography. Journal of Ecology, 103, 202218.Google Scholar
Sanford, G. M., Lutterschmidt, W. I. & Hutchison, V. H. (2002) The comparative method revisited. BioScience, 52, 830.Google Scholar
Sasaki, T., Katabuchi, M., Kamiyama, C., Shimazaki, M., Nakashizuka, T. & Hikosaka, K. (2014) Vulnerability of moorland plant communities to environmental change: consequences of realistic species loss on functional diversity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 299308.Google Scholar
Schaffers, A. P. & Sykora, K. V. (2000) Reliability of Ellenberg indicator values for moisture, nitrogen and soil reaction: a comparison with field measurements. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, 225244.Google Scholar
Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Palmborg, C., Prinz, A. & Schulze, E. D. (2003) The role of plant diversity and composition for nitrate leaching in grasslands. Ecology, 84, 15391552.Google Scholar
Schimper, A. F. W. (1903) Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Schleuning, M., Fründ, J. & García, D. (2015) Predicting ecosystem functions from biodiversity and mutualistic networks: an extension of trait-based concepts to plant–animal interactions. Ecography, 38, 380392.Google Scholar
Schlichting, C. D. & Levin, D. A. (1986) Phenotypic plasticity – an evolving plant character. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 29, 3747.Google Scholar
Schloss, C. A., Nunez, T. A. & Lawler, J. J. (2012) Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 86068611.Google Scholar
Schluter, D. & McPhail, J. D. (1992) Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist, 140, 85108.Google Scholar
Schmera, D., Eros, T. & Podani, J. (2009) A measure for assessing functional diversity in ecological communities. Aquatic Ecology, 43, 157167.Google Scholar
Schmera, D., Heino, J., Podani, J., Erös, T. & Dolédec, S. (2017) Functional diversity: a review of methodology and current knowledge in freshwater macroinvertebrate research. Hydrobiologia, 787, 2744.Google Scholar
Schmidt-Kloiber, A. & Hering, D. (2015) www.freshwaterecology.infoAn online tool that unifies, standardises and codifies more than 20,000 European freshwater organisms and their ecological preferences. Ecological Indicators, 53, 271282.Google Scholar
Schmitz, O. J. (2008) Effects of predator grassland hunting mode on grassland ecosystem function. Science, 319, 952954.Google Scholar
Schmitz, O. J. (2010) Resolving ecosystem complexity. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Schmitz, O. J., Buchkowski, R. W., Burghardt, K. T. & Donihue, C. M. (2015) Functional traits and trait-mediated interactions. Connecting community–level interactions with ecosystem functioning. Advances in Ecological Research, 52, 319343.Google Scholar
Schneider, F. D., Fichtmueller, D., Gossner, M. M., Güntsch, A., Jochum, M., König-Ries, B., Le Provost, G., Manning, P., Ostrowski, A., Penone, C. & Simons, N. K. (2019) Towards an ecological trait-data standard. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 20062019.Google Scholar
Schoener, T. W. (2011) The Newest Synthesis: understanding ecological dynamics. Science, 331, 426429.Google Scholar
Schouw, J. F. (1823) Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Pflanzengeographie. De Gruyter, Incorporated.Google Scholar
Schumacher, J. & Roscher, C. (2009) Differential effects of functional traits on aboveground biomass in semi-natural grasslands. Oikos, 118, 16591668.Google Scholar
Schwarz, N., Moretti, M., Bugalho, M. N., Davies, Z. G., Haase, D., Hack, J., Hof, A., Melero, Y., Pett, T. J. & Knapp, S. (2017) Understanding biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships in urban areas: a comprehensive literature review. Ecosystem Services, 27, 161171.Google Scholar
Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. (2008) Climate change can cause spatial mismatch of trophically interacting species. Ecology, 89, 34723479.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, J. A., Bailey, J. K., Rehill, B. J., Martinsen, G. D., Hart, S. C., Lindroth, R. L., Keim, P. & Whitham, T. G. (2004) Genetically based trait in a dominant tree affects ecosystem processes. Ecology Letters, 7, 127134.Google Scholar
Seabloom, E. W., Harpole, W. S., Reichman, O. J. & Tilman, D. (2003) Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 1338413389.Google Scholar
Sebastián-González, E. (2017) Drivers of species’ role in avian seed-dispersal mutualistic networks. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 878887.Google Scholar
Semper, C. (1881) Animal life as affected by the natural conditions of existence. New York: D. Appleton and Co.Google Scholar
Sengupta, S., Ergon, T. & Leinaaa, H. P. (2016) Genotypic differences in embryonic life history traits of Folsomia quadrioculata (Collembola: Isotomidae) across a wide geographical range. Ecological Entomology, 41, 7284.Google Scholar
Sgrò, C. M., Terblanche, J. S. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2016) What can plasticity contribute to insect responses to climate change? Annual Review of Entomology, 61, 433451.Google Scholar
Shipley, B. (2000) Cause and correlation in biology: a user’s guide to path analysis, structural equations and causal inference. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Shipley, B. (2012) From plant traits to vegetation structure. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Shipley, B., Belluau, M., Kühn, I., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Bahn, M., Penuelas, J., Kattge, J., Sack, L., Cavender-Bares, J., Ozinga, W. A., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Manning, P., Hickler, T., Sosinski, E., Pillar, V. D. P., Onipchenko, V. & Poschlod, P. (2017) Predicting habitat affinities of plant species using commonly measured functional traits. Journal of Vegetation Science, 28, 10821095.Google Scholar
Shipley, B., de Bello, F., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lalibertée, E., Laughlin, D. C. & Reich, P. B. (2016) Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait-based plant ecology. Oecologia, 180, 923931.Google Scholar
Shipley, B., Paine, C. E. T. & Baraloto, C. (2012) Quantifying the importance of local niche-based and stochastic processes to tropical tree community assembly. Ecology, 93, 760769.Google Scholar
Shipley, B., Vile, D. & Garnier, E. (2006) From plant traits to plant communities: a statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity. Science, 314, 812814.Google Scholar
Shurin, J. B. (2000) Dispersal limitation, invasion resistance, and the structure of pond zooplankton communities. Ecology, 81, 30743086.Google Scholar
Siefert, A., Violle, C., Chalmandrier, L., Albert, C. H., Taudiere, A., Fajardo, A., Aarssen, L. W., Baraloto, C., Carlucci, M. B., Cianciaruso, M. V., Dantas, V. D., de Bello, F., Duarte, L. D. S., Fonseca, C. R., Freschet, G. T., Gaucherand, S., Gross, N., Hikosaka, K., Jackson, B., Jung, V., Kamiyama, C., Katabuchi, M., Kembel, S. W., Kichenin, E., Kraft, N. J. B., Lagerstrom, A., Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Li, Y. Z., Mason, N., Messier, J., Nakashizuka, T., McC Overton, J., Peltzer, D. A., Perez-Ramos, I. M., Pillar, V. D., Prentice, H. C., Richardson, S., Sasaki, T., Schamp, B. S., Schob, C., Shipley, B., Sundqvist, M., Sykes, M. T., Vandewalle, M. & Wardle, D. A. (2015) A global meta-analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities. Ecology Letters, 18, 14061419.Google Scholar
Silvertown, J., Dodd, M., Gowing, D. J. G., Lawson, C. S. & McConway, K. J. (2006a) Phylogeny and the hierarchical organization of plant diversity. Ecology, 87, S39S49.Google Scholar
Silvertown, J., Poulton, P., Johnston, E., Edwards, G., Heard, M. & Biss, P. M. (2006b) The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology. Journal of Ecology, 94, 801814.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. S. (1970) Taxonomic diversity of island biotas. Evolution, 24, 2347.Google Scholar
Šmilauer, P. & Lepš, J. (2014) Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO 5. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Smith, A. B., Godsoe, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Wang, H. H. & Warren, D. (2018) Niche estimation above and below the species level. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34, 260273.Google Scholar
Smith, T. M., Shugart, H. H. & Woodward, F. I. (1997) (eds.) Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Solé-Senan, X. O., Juárez-Escario, A., Robleño, I., Conesa, J. A. & Recasens, J. (2017) Using the response–effect trait framework to disentangle the effects of agricultural intensification on the provision of ecosystem services by Mediterranean arable plants. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 247, 255264.Google Scholar
Soliveres, S., Lehmann, A., Boch, S., Altermatt, F., Carrara, F., Crowther, T. W., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Kempel, A., Maynard, D. S., Rillig, M. C., Singh, B. K., Trivedi, P. & Allan, E. (2018) Intransitive competition is common across five major taxonomic groups and is driven by productivity, competitive rank and functional traits. Journal of Ecology, 106, 852864.Google Scholar
Spasojevic, M. J. & Suding, K. N. (2012) Inferring community assembly mechanisms from functional diversity patterns: the importance of multiple assembly processes. Journal of Ecology, 100, 652661.Google Scholar
Speight, M. C. D. (2014) Syrph the Net: the database of European Syrphidae (Diptera). Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera). Syrph the Net Publications.Google Scholar
Spielman, D., Brook, B. W. & Frankham, R. (2004) Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 1526115264.Google Scholar
Spitz, J., Ridoux, V. & Brind’Amour, A. (2014) Let’s go beyond taxonomy in diet description: testing a trait-based approach to prey–predator relationships. Journal of Animal Ecology, 83, 11371148.Google Scholar
Stavert, J. R., Linan-Cembrano, G., Beggs, J. R., Howlett, B. G., Pattemore, D. E. & Bartomeus, I. (2016) Hairiness: the missing link between pollinators and pollination. Peerj, 4, 18.Google Scholar
Sterk, M., Gort, G., Klimkowska, A., van Ruijven, J., van Teeffelen, A. J. A. & Wamelink, G. W. W. (2013) Assess ecosystem resilience: linking response and effect traits to environmental variability. Ecological Indicators, 30, 2127.Google Scholar
Stevenson, P. R. & Guzmán-Caro, D. C. (2010) Nutrient transport within and between habitats through seed dispersal processes by woolly monkeys in North-Western Amazonia. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 9921003.Google Scholar
Storkey, J. (2006) A functional group approach to the management of UK arable weeds to support biological diversity. Weed Research, 46, 513522.Google Scholar
Stubbs, W. J. & Wilson, J. B. (2004) Evidence for limiting similarity in a sand dune community. Journal of Ecology, 92, 557567Google Scholar
Suding, K. N., Lavorel, S., Chapin, F. S., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Goldberg, D., Hooper, D. U., Jackson, S. T. & Navas, M. L. (2008) Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants. Global Change Biology, 14, 11251140.Google Scholar
Sultan, S. E. (1996) Phenotypic plasticity for offspring traits in Polygonum persicaria. Ecology, 77, 17911807.Google Scholar
Sultan, S. E. (2000) Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends in Plant Science, 5, 537542.Google Scholar
Swan, C. M. & Palmer, M. A. (2006) Composition of speciose leaf litter alters stream detritivore growth, feeding activity and leaf breakdown. Oecologia, 147, 469478.Google Scholar
Swanson, H. K., Lysy, M., Power, M., Stasko, A. D., Johnson, J. D. & Reist, J. D. (2015) A new probabilistic method for quantifying n-dimensional ecological niches and niche overlap. Ecology, 96, 318324.Google Scholar
Swenson, N. G. (2014a) Functional and phylogenetic ecology in R. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Swenson, N. G. (2014b) Phylogenetic imputation of plant functional trait databases. Ecography, 37, 105110.Google Scholar
Swenson, N. G. & Enquist, B. J. (2009) Opposing assembly mechanisms in a Neotropical dry forest: implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology, 90, 21612170.Google Scholar
Swenson, N. G., Enquist, B. J., Pither, J., Thompson, J. & Zimmerman, J. K. (2006) The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics. Ecology, 87, 24182424.Google Scholar
Swenson, N. G., Enquist, B. J., Thompson, J. & Zimmerman, J. K. (2007) The influence of spatial and size scale on phylogenetic relatedness in tropical forest communities. Ecology, 88, 17701780.Google Scholar
Tacutu, R., Thornton, D., Johnson, E., Budovsky, A., Barardo, D., Craig, T., Diana, E., Lehmann, G., Toren, D., Wang, J., Fraifeld, V. E., de Magalhaes, J. P. (2018) Human Ageing Genomic Resources: new and updated databases. Nucleic Acids Research 46, D1083D1090.Google Scholar
Tamme, R., Götzenberger, L., Zobel, M., Bullock, J. M., Hooftman, D. A. P., Kaasik, A. & Pärtel, M. (2014) Predicting species’ maximum dispersal distances from simple plant traits. Ecology, 95, 505513.Google Scholar
Taugourdeau, S., Villerd, J., Plantureux, S., Huguenin-Elie, O. & Amiaud, B. (2014) Filling the gap in functional trait databases: use of ecological hypotheses to replace missing data. Ecology and Evolution, 4, 944958.Google Scholar
Tavşanoğlu, Ç. & Pausas, J. G. (2018) A functional trait database for Mediterranean Basin plants. Scientific Data, 5, 180135.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. R., Lenoir, L., Vegerfors, B. & Persson, T. (2019) Ant and earthworm bioturbation in cold–temperate ecosystems. Ecosystems, 22, 981994.Google Scholar
Thomas, C. D., Bodsworth, E. J., Wilson, R. J., Simmons, A. D., Davies, Z. G., Musche, M. & Conradt, L. (2001) Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins. Nature, 411, 577581.Google Scholar
Thompson, K., Askew, A. P., Grime, J. P., Dunnett, N. P. & Willis, A. J. (2005) Biodiversity, ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities. Functional Ecology, 19, 355358.Google Scholar
Thornhill, I. A., Biggs, J., Hill, M. J., Briers, R., Gledhill, D., Wood, P. J., Gee, J. H. R., Ledger, M. & Hassall, C. (2018) The functional response and resilience in small waterbodies along land-use and environmental gradients. Global Change Biology, 24, 30793092.Google Scholar
Thorpe, R. S., Reardon, J. T. & Malhotra, A. (2005) Common garden and natural selection experiments support ecotypic differentiation in the Dominican anole (Anolis oculatus). American Naturalist, 165, 495504.Google Scholar
Thuiller, W., Guéguen, M., Georges, D., Bonet, R., Chalmandrier, L., Garraud, L., Renaud, J., Roquet, C., Van Es, J., Zimmermann, N. E. & Lavergne, S. (2014) Are different facets of plant diversity well protected against climate and land cover changes? A test study in the French Alps. Ecography, 37, 12541266.Google Scholar
Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S. & Araujo, M. B. (2005) Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 347357.Google Scholar
Tilman, D., Wedin, D. & Knops, J. (1996) Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature, 379, 718720.Google Scholar
Tobner, C. M., Paquette, A., Gravel, D., Reich, P. B., Williams, L. J. & Messier, C. (2016) Functional identity is the main driver of diversity effects in young tree communities. Ecology Letters, 19, 638647.Google Scholar
Trochet, A., Moulherat, S., Calvez, O., Stevens, V. M., Clobert, J. & Schmeller, D. S. (2014) A database of life-history traits of European amphibians. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2, e4123. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e4123Google Scholar
Turcotte, M. M., Reznick, D. N. & Hare, J. D. (2011) The impact of rapid evolution on population dynamics in the wild: experimental test of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ecology Letters, 14, 10841092.Google Scholar
Umana, M. N., Mi, X. C., Cao, M., Enquist, B. J., Hao, Z. Q., Howe, R., Iida, Y., Johnson, D., Lin, L. X., Liu, X. J., Ma, K. P., Sun, I. F., Thompson, J., Uriarte, M., Wang, X. G., Wolf, A., Yang, J., Zimmerman, J. K. & Swenson, N. G. (2017) The role of functional uniqueness and spatial aggregation in explaining rarity in trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 777786.Google Scholar
USDA & NRCS (2018) The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, NC: National Plant Data Team.Google Scholar
Uyeda, J. C., Zenil-Ferguson, R. & Pennell, M. W. (2018) Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods. Systematic Biology, 67, 10911109.Google Scholar
Valencia, E., Gross, N., Quero, J. L., Carmona, C. P., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Dumack, K., Hamonts, K., Singh, B. K., Bonkowski, M. & Maestre, F. T. (2018) Cascading effects from plants to soil microorganisms explain how plant species richness and simulated climate change affect soil multifunctionality. Global Change Biology, 24, 56425654.Google Scholar
Valencia, E., Maestre, F. T., Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y., Quero, J. L., Tamme, R., Börger, L., García-Gómez, M. & Gross, N. (2015) Functional diversity enhances the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to aridity in Mediterranean drylands. New Phytologist, 206, 660671.Google Scholar
van Kleunen, M., Weber, E. & Fischer, M. (2010) A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecology Letters, 13, 235245.Google Scholar
van Klink, R., Lepš, J., Vermeulen, R. & de Bello, F. (2019) Functional differences stabilize beetle communities by weakening interspecific temporal synchrony. Ecology, 100, e02748.Google Scholar
Vandewalle, M., de Bello, F., Berg, M. P., Bolger, T., Dolédec, S., Dubs, F., Feld, C. K., Harrington, R., Harrison, P. A. & Lavorel, S. (2010) Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 29212947.Google Scholar
Vellend, M. (2010) Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 85, 183206.Google Scholar
Vellend, M. (2016) The theory of ecological communities. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Verdú, M., Rey, P. J., Alcántara, J. M., Siles, G. & Valiente-Banuet, A. (2009) Phylogenetic signatures of facilitation and competition in successional communities. Journal of Ecology, 97, 11711180.Google Scholar
Vesk, P. A. & Westoby, M. (2001) Predicting plant species’ responses to grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 897909.Google Scholar
Via, S. (1999) Reproductive isolation between sympatric races of pea aphids. I. Gene flow restriction and habitat choice. Evolution, 53, 14461457.Google Scholar
Via, S. (2001) Sympatric speciation in animals: the ugly duckling grows up. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16, 381390.Google Scholar
Vilà, M., Espinar, J. L., Hejda, M., Hulme, P. E., Jarošík, V., Maron, J. L., Pergl, J., Schaffner, U., Sun, Y. & Pyšek, P. (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 14, 702708.Google Scholar
Villéger, S., Grenouillet, G. & Brosse, S. (2013) Decomposing functional diversity reveals that low functional diversity is driven by low functional turnover in European fish assemblages. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22, 671681.Google Scholar
Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H. & Mouillot, D. (2008) New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 89, 22902301.Google Scholar
Violle, C., Enquist, B. J., McGill, B. J., Jiang, L., Albert, C. H., Hulshof, C., Jung, V. & Messier, J. (2012) The return of the variance: intraspecific variability in community ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27, 244252.Google Scholar
Violle, C., Navas, M. L., Vile, D., Kazakou, E., Fortunel, C., Hummel, I. & Garnier, E. (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos, 116, 882892.Google Scholar
Violle, C., Nemergut, D. R., Pu, Z. C. & Jiang, L. (2011) Phylogenetic limiting similarity and competitive exclusion. Ecology Letters, 14, 782787.Google Scholar
Violle, C., Thuiller, W., Mouquet, N., Munoz, F., Kraft, N. J. B., Cadotte, M. W., Livingstone, S. W. & Mouillot, D. (2017) Functional rarity: the ecology of outliers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 356367.Google Scholar
Visser, M. E. & Holleman, L. J. M. (2001) Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 268, 289294.Google Scholar
Visser, M. E., Noordwijk, A. V., Tinbergen, J. M. & Lessells, C. M. (1998) Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 265, 18671870.Google Scholar
Volterra, V. (1926) Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d’individui in specie animali conviventi. Memoria della Reale Accademia. Nazionale dei Lincei, 2, 31113.Google Scholar
von Döhren, P. & Haase, D. (2015) Ecosystem disservices research: a review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecological Indicators, 52, 490497.Google Scholar
von Liebig, J. (1843) Die Wechselwirthschaft. Justus Liebigs Annalen DerChemie, 46, 5897.Google Scholar
Vos, V. C. A., van Ruijven, J., Berg, M. P., Peeters, E. & Berendse, F. (2011) Macro-detritivore identity drives leaf litter diversity effects. Oikos, 120, 10921098.Google Scholar
Walker, B., Kinzig, A. & Langridge, J. (1999) Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: the nature and significance of dominant and minor species. Ecosystems, 2, 95113.Google Scholar
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bairlein, F. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416, 389395.Google Scholar
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setala, H., van der Putten, W. H. & Wall, D. H. (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science, 304, 16291633.Google Scholar
Warming, E. (1909) Oecology of plants – an introduction to the study of plant-communities. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Watson, H. C. (1847–1859) Cybele Britannica: or British plants and their geographical relations. London: Longman & Company.Google Scholar
Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A. & Donoghue, M. J. (2002) Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 475505.Google Scholar
Weiher, E. & Keddy, P. A. (1995) Assembly rules, null models, and trait dispersion: new questions from old patterns. Oikos, 74, 159.Google Scholar
Weiher, E., Clarke, G. D. P. & Keddy, P. A. (1998) Community assembly rules, morphological dispersion, and the coexistence of plant species. Oikos, 81, 309322.Google Scholar
Westoby, M. (1998) A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil, 199, 213227.Google Scholar
Westoby, M., Falster, D. S., Moles, A. T., Vesk, P. A. & Wright, I. J. (2002) Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 125159.Google Scholar
Westoby, M., Leishman, M. R. & Lord, J. M. (1995) On misinterpreting the ‘phylogenetic correction’. Journal of Ecology, 83, 531.Google Scholar
Whitham, T. G., Bailey, J. K., Schweitzer, J. A., Shuster, S. M., Bangert, R. K., Leroy, C. J., Lonsdorf, E. V., Allan, G. J., DiFazio, S. P., Potts, B. M., Fischer, D. G., Gehring, C. A., Lindroth, R. L., Marks, J. C., Hart, S. C., Wimp, G. M. & Wooley, S. C. (2006) A framework for community and ecosystem genetics: from genes to ecosystems. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7, 510523.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. H. (1956) Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs, 26, 180.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. J. & Fernández-Palacios, J. M. (2007) Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Wilby, A. (2002) Ecosystem engineering: a trivialized concept? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 307308.Google Scholar
Wildi, O. (2016) Why mean indicator values are not biased. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27, 4049.Google Scholar
Wilman, H., Belmaker, J., Simpson, J., de la Rosa, C., Rivadeneira, M. M. & Jetz, W. (2014) EltonTraits 1.0: species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology, 95, 2027.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. B. (2007) Trait-divergence assembly rules have been demonstrated: limiting similarity lives! A reply to Grime. Journal of Vegetation Science, 18, 451452.Google Scholar
Winfrey, B. K., Hatt, B. E. & Ambrose, R. F. (2018) Biodiversity and functional diversity of Australian stormwater biofilter plant communities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 170, 112137.Google Scholar
Wisz, M. S., Pottier, J., Kissling, W. D., Pellissier, L., Lenoir, J., Damgaard, C. F., Dormann, C. F., Forchhammer, M. C., Grytnes, J. A., Guisan, A., Heikkinen, R. K., Høye, T. T., Kühn, I., Luoto, M., Maiorano, L., Nilsson, M. C., Normand, S., Öckinger, E., Schmidt, N. M., Termansen, M., Timmermann, A., Wardle, D. A., Aastrup, P. & Svenning, J.-C. (2013) The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling. Biological Reviews, 88, 1530.Google Scholar
Wittmann, M. E., Barnes, M. A., Jerde, C. L., Jones, L. A. & Lodge, D. M. (2016) Confronting species distribution model predictions with species functional traits. Ecology and Evolution, 6, 873879.Google Scholar
Wolf, A., Doughty, C. E. & Malhi, Y. (2013) Lateral diffusion of nutrients by mammalian herbivores in terrestrial cosystems. PLOS ONE, 8, 110.Google Scholar
Wong, B. B. M. & Candolin, U. (2015) Behavioral responses to changing environments. Behavioral Ecology, 26, 665673.Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. & Westoby, M. (2002) Leaves at low versus high rainfall: coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology. New Phytologist, 155, 403416.Google Scholar
Wright, I. J., Dong, N., Maire, V., Prentice, I. C., Westoby, M., Díaz, S., Gallagher, R. V., Jacobs, B. F., Kooyman, R., Law, E. A., Leishman, M. R., Niinemets, U., Reich, P. B., Sack, L., Villar, R., Wang, H. & Wilf, P. (2017) Global climatic drivers of leaf size. Science, 357, 917921.Google Scholar
Wright, I. J., Reich, P. B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D. D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Diemer, M., Flexas, J., Garnier, E., Groom, P. K., Gulias, J., Hikosaka, K., Lamont, B. B., Lee, T., Lee, W., Lusk, C., Midgley, J. J., Navas, M. L., Niinemets, U., Oleksyn, J., Osada, N., Poorter, H., Poot, P., Prior, L., Pyankov, V. I., Roumet, C., Thomas, S. C., Tjoelker, M. G., Veneklaas, E. J. & Villar, R. (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature, 428, 821827.Google Scholar
Yang, L. H. & Rudolf, V. H. W. (2010) Phenology, ontogeny and the effects of climate change on the timing of species interactions. Ecology Letters, 13, 110.Google Scholar
Yang, N., Butenschoen, O., Rana, R., Kohler, L., Hertel, D., Leuschner, C., Scheu, S., Polle, A. & Pena, R. (2019) Leaf litter species identity influences biochemical composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 29, 8596.Google Scholar
Yu, Q. & Pulkkinen, P. (2003) Genotype–environment interaction and stability in growth of aspen hybrid clones. Forest Ecology and Management, 173, 2535.Google Scholar
Zelený, D. (2018) Which results of the standard test for community-weighted mean approach are too optimistic? Journal of Vegetation Science, 29, 953966.Google Scholar
Zelený, D. & Schaffers, A. P. (2012) Too good to be true: pitfalls of using mean Ellenberg indicator values in vegetation analyses. Journal of Vegetation Science, 23, 419431.Google Scholar
Zimmer, M., Pennings, S. C., Buck, T. L. & Carefoot, T. H. (2002) Species-specific patterns of litter processing by terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in high intertidal salt marshes and coastal forests. Functional Ecology, 16, 596607.Google Scholar
Ziter, C. (2016) The biodiversity–ecosystem service relationship in urban areas: a quantitative review. Oikos, 125, 761768.Google Scholar
Zizzari, Z. V. & Ellers, J. (2014) Rapid shift in thermal resistance between generations through maternal heat exposure. Oikos, 123, 13651370.Google Scholar
Zobel, M. (1997) The relative role of species pools in determining plant species richness: an alternative explanation of species coexistence? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12, 266269.Google Scholar
Zobel, M. (2016) The species pool concept as a framework for studying patterns of plant diversity. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27, 818.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×