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Chapter 17 - Activation Procedures

from Part II - Interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2021

Neville M. Jadeja
Neville M. Jadeja
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School
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Summary

Activation procedures are used to elicit epileptic activity. Hyperventilation and photic stimulation are commonly used activation procedures. Hyperventilation is contraindicated in cerebrovascular disease. The normal hyperventilation response consists of a high-amplitude, frontally dominant, generalized slowing (called buildup). This is age dependent and may be absent in older individuals. Hyperventilation provokes absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). Prolonged buildup may be seen in Moya-Moya disease. Photic stimulation normally results in symmetric, occipital dominant, repetitive sharps at the flash frequency or a slower harmonic (called driving). Photo paroxysmal response consists of induction of epileptic discharges with photic stimulation, while photo convulsive response results from a seizure elicited during photic stimulation.

Keywords

hyperventilationphotic stimulationbuildupMoya-Moya diseasephotoparoxysmal responsedrivingphoto convulsive response
Type
Chapter
Information
How to Read an EEG , pp. 160 - 168
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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References

Kane, N, Grocott, L, Kandler, R, Lawrence, S, Pang, C. Hyperventilation during electroencephalography: safety and efficacy. Seizure. 2014 Feb 1;23(2):129–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sunder, TR, Erwin, CW, Dubois, PJ. Hyperventilation induced abnormalities in the electroencephalogram of children with moyamoya disease. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1980 Aug 1;49(3–4):414–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité, D, Rubboli, G, Hirsch, E, et al. Methodology of photic stimulation revisited: updated European algorithm for visual stimulation in the EEG laboratory. Epilepsia. 2012 Jan;53(1):16–24.Google Scholar
Elleder, M, Franc, J, Kraus, J, et al. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in the Czech Republic: analysis of 57 cases. Report of the “Prague NCL group.” European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 1997 Jan 1;1(4):109–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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