A concluding section annotates the contributions of this book to contemporary scholarship on non-Western world literature and intellectual history. It provides a critical assessment of humanism and literary form and makes suggestions for realignment and expansion. I locate twentieth-century modernity as an inter-linked and asymmetrical relationship between the metropolitan core and the global periphery. This is a relation that continues to structure the twenty-first-century world and the struggle for liberation in interesting and unforeseen ways.