SHERLOCK HOLMES AND INVESTIGATION OR DISCOVERY

If you have read any Sherlock Holmes mysteries, you know that Holmes had several foils in the form of rather incompetent police investigators such as Inspector Lestrade and Inspector Gregory. Confidently believing that they had a case solved, Lestrade or Gregory had obviously overlooked details that were observed and then imaginatively analyzed by Holmes. In one case, The Boscombe Valley Mystery (Baring-Gould, 1967, vol. II, p. 148), Holmes tells his colleague Dr. Watson:

As an intelligence analyst, you are confronted daily with hundreds, perhaps thousands, of trifles or details. We could also refer to Sherlock Holmes’ observed trifles as one form of dot that we must try to connect. Taken alone, an individual trifle may mean very little. But some of them, taken in combination, may suggest new and important hypotheses or possibilities that should be taken very seriously. The trick is to be able to identify which combinations of trifles to examine carefully and which ones to ignore. This is where alternative schemes for selecting and marshaling trifles, together with our thoughts about them, become all important. As we noted in Section 1.1.4, it would not make any sense to examine all possible combinations of trifles, even if we could do so. Considerable imagination is required, both in deciding which trifle combinations to examine and in generating new and productive hypotheses from the trifle combinations you have identified. Given the extreme perils faced today, we need more Sherlock Holmeses and fewer Inspector Lestrades.

Sherlock Holmes also seemed particularly adept at asking questions as his investigations unfolded. The process of discovery involving the generation of new hypotheses or possibilities rests crucially on the questions we ask. One noted logician claims that Sherlock Holmes’ imaginative feats of skill were largely due to his skill at inquiry, the asking of questions (Hintikka, 1983, pp. 170–178). If we do not ask appropriate questions, as our intelligence investigations unfold, we stand little chance, without an abundance of luck, of generating hypotheses that stand some chance of containing truth.