This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the various ionospheres in the solar system. The order of presentation of the planetary ionospheres follows their position with respect to the Sun, that is, it starts with Mercury and ends with Pluto. The amount of information currently available varies widely, from a reasonably good description for Venus to just a basic guess for Pluto. In the last section of this chapter, the ionospheres of the various moons and that of Comet Halley are described. Here again the existing data are extremely limited and, with the exception of Titan, practically no new information will be forthcoming in the foreseeable future.

Mercury

Mercury does not have a conventional gravitationally bound atmosphere, as indicated in Section 2.4. The plasma population caused by photo and impact ionization of the neutral constituents, which is present in the neutral exosphere, is an ion exosphere, not a true ionosphere. No quantitative calculations of the plasma densities have been carried out to date. The global Na+ production rate was estimated to be a few times 1023 ions s–1, but no other studies have been published and there are no observations concerning the thermal plasma densities.

Venus

Of all the non-terrestrial thermospheres and ionospheres in the solar system, those of Venus have been the most studied, mainly because of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) spacecraft, which made measurements over the 14-year period from 1978 to 1992.